（通用版）2019高考英語(yǔ)二輪復(fù)習(xí) 第三板塊 語(yǔ)法填空與短文改錯(cuò) NO.2 再研考點(diǎn) 第一層級(jí) 第二講 代詞和介詞講義

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1、第二講代詞和介詞 近幾年，高考對(duì)代詞的考查主要集中在代詞的基本用法上，因此這類(lèi)試題一般較為簡(jiǎn)單。語(yǔ)法填空　側(cè)重對(duì)it用法的考查；而短文改錯(cuò)對(duì)代詞的考查主要集中在不定代詞、反身代詞、形容詞性物主代詞和代詞的格等的用法上。 考生在解題時(shí)要根據(jù)語(yǔ)境、句意判斷人稱(chēng)和數(shù)，應(yīng)仔細(xì)閱讀上下文，根據(jù)代詞具體指代的對(duì)象和在句中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞?，確定代詞的格。未來(lái)高考對(duì)代詞的考查將繼續(xù)側(cè)重代詞的基本用法，并會(huì)加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)境的真實(shí)性和復(fù)雜性。 (一)考點(diǎn)練悟(用代詞填空) “Without the ball, I'm half complete of 1.________ (I)，” Luis Figo, one

2、of the world's greatest football players once said. The Portuguese played his first international match in 1991 at the age of 18 and has kept scoring ever since. He reached a new mark on February 18 by playing 2.________ (he) hundredth match for his national team in a friendly match against Englan

3、d. A crowd of more than 30,000 fans watched and cheered for 3.________ (he) in Lisbon. “Figo, Figo，” 4.________ shouted excitedly when he walked onto the field. The Real Madrid player, 31, wanted to help his country in Euro 2004 and to win 5.________ Spanish Cup with Real Madrid. Madrid bought Figo

4、 from FC Barcelona for 82.4 million dollars in 2000, and he showed everyone what a great player he was by winning FIFA's Footballer of the Year award in 2001. “Figo works like an artist and has the skills to be the most complete player，” said FIFA President Joseph Blatter in 2001. “Figo 6.________

5、(he) is a real leader who always tries his best on the field and a good team player. 7.________ is no problem for him to work together with his teammate at Real Madrid, star footballer David Beckham.” In fact, Figo was the first 8.________ to welcome Beckham when he arrived. “We have a strong team,

6、and we can help one 9.________ and work together to be successful，” Figo said. 答案：1.myself　2.his　3.him　4.all　5.another　6.himself　7.It　8.one　9.another (二)快捷技法 思考趨向 1．當(dāng)提示詞為代詞時(shí)，需分析判斷用其主格、賓格、物主代詞、反身代詞中的哪種形式。 2．如空后無(wú)提示詞，且空格處在句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)時(shí)，考慮填代詞。 解題規(guī)則 1．人稱(chēng)代詞、物主代詞和反身代詞常考點(diǎn) (1)人稱(chēng)代詞中第三人稱(chēng)的主格(he,

7、 she, it, they)與賓格(him, her, it, them)常指代前文或后文出現(xiàn)的人或物。當(dāng)提示詞為人稱(chēng)代詞的主格時(shí)需考慮是否變?yōu)橘e格。(如題3) (2)形容詞性物主代詞(my, your, his, her, its, our, their)在句中作定語(yǔ)，常表示物體的所屬；而名詞性物主代詞(mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs)在句中可以作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)，但不可以作定語(yǔ)。(如題2) (3)反身代詞(myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, th

8、emselves)表示動(dòng)作的承受者就是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，可以在句中作賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ)。(如題1,6) 2．替代詞和不定代詞?？键c(diǎn) (1)替代詞that, those, one, ones ①that可以指代前面出現(xiàn)過(guò)的不可數(shù)名詞或單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，其復(fù)數(shù)形式為those。 ②one指代前面出現(xiàn)過(guò)的同類(lèi)事物中的“一個(gè)”，其復(fù)數(shù)形式為ones。(如題8) (2)不定代詞的用法 ①both, either, neither都強(qiáng)調(diào)兩者，可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)。neither表示“兩者都不”； either表示“兩者中任何一個(gè)”； both表示“兩者都”。 ②all和none都強(qiáng)調(diào)三者或三者以上，

9、all表示“全部都”，而none表示“全部都不”。(如題4) ③another表示“(三者或三者以上中的)另一個(gè)，再一個(gè)”； the other意為“(兩者中的)另一個(gè)”；other意為“其余的，另外的”； others泛指其余的人或物。(如題5,9) 3．it的?？键c(diǎn) (1)it可指代事物或上文提到過(guò)的內(nèi)容。 (2)it可作形式主語(yǔ)或形式賓語(yǔ)，用來(lái)指代不定式、動(dòng)詞-ing形式或從句，而把真正的主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)后置。(如題7) (3)表示“喜歡，恨”等情感的動(dòng)詞后面跟從句時(shí)，要先接it，再接從句，這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞有l(wèi)ike, love, hate, dislike, appreciate等。 (

10、4)it常用于一些固定搭配中，如it is no wonder that “難怪……”；make it“成功；趕上”；when it comes to ...“當(dāng)提到……”等。 (一)考點(diǎn)練悟 下文中共有6處錯(cuò)誤，每句中最多有一處。請(qǐng)找出并改正。 How time flies! I had hardly had time to enjoy the warmth of your home when it's time to go back to school. This winter I spent ten days studying maths, chemistry and phys

11、ics, none of which was easy for mine. But I still had some fun during the Spring Festival. I attended uncle's wedding and my new aunt was very beautiful. To our disappointment, I didn't get much lucky money as I had expected. I also went to the cinema with several classmates. They played jokes on e

12、ach other and had a big meal in a restaurant called “Red Lobster”. The food there was very delicious and we all really enjoyed myself. 答案：第二句：your→my 第三句：mine→me 第五句：attended后加my 第六句：our→my 第八句：They→We 第九句：myself→ourselves (二)快捷技法 思考趨向 1．考慮是否存在指代錯(cuò)誤，即所用代詞與其指代的對(duì)象是否相符。 2．考慮代詞是否存在數(shù)和格的誤用。 3．考

13、慮人稱(chēng)代詞與反身代詞是否存在錯(cuò)用。 4．考慮物主代詞是否誤用。 5．考慮不定代詞的錯(cuò)用。 解題規(guī)則 1．代詞的錯(cuò)用 代詞數(shù)的錯(cuò)用 人稱(chēng)代詞、物主代詞以及反身代詞等都有單復(fù)數(shù)之分，要根據(jù)上下文確定單復(fù)數(shù)。 物主代詞的錯(cuò)用 形容詞性物主代詞相當(dāng)于形容詞，不能單獨(dú)使用，常用來(lái)修飾名詞；名詞性物主代詞相當(dāng)于名詞，常單獨(dú)使用，不能修飾名詞。 人稱(chēng)代詞與反身代詞的錯(cuò)用 反身代詞是指代主語(yǔ)的，使動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者把動(dòng)作反射到本人身上。若所用代詞與主語(yǔ)不一致，就要用人稱(chēng)代詞而不用反身代詞。 不定代詞的錯(cuò)用 常見(jiàn)的有many與much, some(thing)與any(thing), oth

14、er與another，表示兩者的both, either, neither與表示三者或三者以上的all, none等。 代詞的指代錯(cuò)誤 若文中出現(xiàn)代詞，它所代替的詞一定存在于前文或后文的某處，要注意它們的前后一致性。 2．代詞的缺失與多余 代詞的缺失 主要是人稱(chēng)代詞與物主代詞的缺失，若缺少主語(yǔ)需考慮是否用人稱(chēng)代詞，還要根據(jù)上下文考慮名詞前是否缺少物主代詞，另外還要注意it的缺失。 代詞的多余 主要是定語(yǔ)從句中代詞的多余和固定結(jié)構(gòu)中代詞的多余。在定語(yǔ)從句中，若引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作賓語(yǔ)，此時(shí)就不能再用it, him或them等作賓語(yǔ)；在句式“sb./sth.＋be＋adj.＋to do”

15、中，do后不能再用it或them。 高考對(duì)介詞的考查主要集中在介詞的基本用法及含介詞的固定搭配的用法上。語(yǔ)法填空題對(duì)介詞的考查形式為純空格，即沒(méi)有提示詞，這對(duì)考生正確理解句意和掌握的知識(shí)提出了較高的要求。短文改錯(cuò)題對(duì)介詞的考查主要涉及介詞的多余、缺失或誤用，其中固定搭配中介詞的誤用是考查的重點(diǎn)。因此，考生應(yīng)在掌握介詞基本用法的同時(shí)，注意總結(jié)和積累其與名詞、形容詞、動(dòng)詞等搭配構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)的意義和用法。 (一)考點(diǎn)練悟(用適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~填空) In the chemistry lab, because 1.________ the student's carelessness, the t

16、ube cracked and the liquid in it caused a fire on the table. Fortunately, he put it out 2.________ time at last. In fact, it is common to have some small accidents caused 3.________ carelessness. I used to enjoy cooking, so I always sought a chance to cook. However, the desire led 4.________ an acc

17、ident. Once I stayed 5.________ home alone. I found it a chance to cook. I put all the food I needed 6.________ a pot. Then I had to wait 7.________ it to boil. In order to kill the waiting time, I went to watch TV. Only in a few minutes was I fascinated by a wonderful programme. It was about half

18、an hour later that I remembered my food. I turned off the cooker immediately but unfortunately the food ran over 8.________ the pot. I was blamed and had to clean the kitchen. So we should pay attention 9.________ everything we are doing to avoid accidents. 答案：1.of　2.in　3.by　4.to　5.at　6.into　7.for

19、 8．from　9.to (二)快捷技法 思考趨向 1．若空格后是名詞、代詞或動(dòng)名詞，且它們?cè)诰渲胁皇亲髦髡Z(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，那么空格處一般是填介詞。(如題1,2,3,6,8) 2．看空格前的動(dòng)詞或形容詞，若空格處能與之構(gòu)成固定搭配，且空格后的成分又作賓語(yǔ)，那么空格處一般填介詞。(如題4,5,7,9) 解題規(guī)則 1．幾組常見(jiàn)介詞的辨析 (1)表示時(shí)間的in, on, at ①in表示在某段較長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間內(nèi)(如世紀(jì)、年代、月份等)或泛指上午、下午、晚上等。 ②on表示在具體的日子或具體的某一天的上午、下午、晚上等。 ③at表示某個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)、時(shí)刻等。 (2)表示時(shí)

20、間的in和after ①in表示“在……時(shí)間之內(nèi)/之后”，所在的句子必須表示將來(lái)。 ②after表示“在……時(shí)間之后”，通?！癮fter＋時(shí)間段”與過(guò)去時(shí)連用。 (3)表示方位的through和across ①through表示“從……的內(nèi)部穿過(guò)”。 ②across表示“從……表面穿過(guò)”。 (4)表示交通方式的by和on/in ①by后可直接跟涉及和不涉及交通工具的名詞，名詞前不加冠詞。 ②on/in后跟交通工具時(shí)，名詞前應(yīng)有冠詞、物主代詞、指示代詞等修飾語(yǔ)。 (5)表示“用……”的by, in, with ①by指“靠……手段，用……方法，憑借……”，后可接名詞、代詞或

21、動(dòng)名詞。 ②in多用于表示語(yǔ)言、材料的名詞前。 ③with多用于表示工具或身體器官的名詞前。 (6)表示“除……之外”的besides和except ①besides表示“除……之外還……”。 ②except表示“除……之外”。 2．其他常考的介詞 with (1)(表示狀態(tài))具有，帶有 (2)(表示伴隨)隨著 (3)(表示原因)由于，因?yàn)? (4)(表示關(guān)系)和……一起 (5)構(gòu)成with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu) against (1)(表示態(tài)度)反對(duì) (2)(表示對(duì)比)以……為背景 (3)(表示方位)倚靠著…… of (1)表示“……的” (2

22、)“of＋n.”相當(dāng)于該名詞對(duì)應(yīng)的形容詞 for “for＋時(shí)間段”表示“長(zhǎng)達(dá)……” despite 盡管，雖然 without 如果沒(méi)有 beyond 超出，超越 3．介詞在固定搭配中的考查 介詞在固定搭配中的考查主要有以下幾種形式： (1)介詞與名詞的搭配 (2)介詞與形容詞的搭配 (3)介詞與動(dòng)詞的搭配 (一)考點(diǎn)練悟 下文中共有6處錯(cuò)誤，每句中最多有兩處。請(qǐng)找出并改正。 Studying on the UK has been a good experience for me. When I first arrived, I found life ve

23、ry hard as I didn't know anybody here, but I soon got to know other Chinese students at the university. Later I became interested communicating to people from various cultures, and I made more friends. During my study, I chose to live in my classmates in the dormitory. I think it's better than livi

24、ng in a British family because of I can meet people from different countries easily. The courses here are excellent. I enjoy the way the teachers give lessons. We are encouraged to think for ourselves, which is quite different with what I have experienced before. 答案：第一句：on→in 第三句：interested后加in; t

25、o→with 第四句：第一個(gè)in→with 第五句：去掉of 第八句：with→from (二)快捷技法 思考趨向 1．判斷介詞與其后的名詞搭配是否得當(dāng)。 2．判斷介詞與前面的動(dòng)詞或形容詞的搭配是否得當(dāng)或存在多余、遺漏的情況。 3．判斷固定搭配中的介詞是否被篡改。 解題規(guī)則 1．介詞的錯(cuò)用 介詞基本用法的錯(cuò)用 有時(shí)我們會(huì)受漢語(yǔ)的影響錯(cuò)用介詞，例如：“在……幫助下”，英語(yǔ)應(yīng)用with the help of而不是under the help of。 固定搭配中介詞的錯(cuò)用 介詞可與名詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞等構(gòu)成固定搭配，其中的介詞是固定的。有時(shí)搭配中介詞不同，意義也不同。

26、 2．介詞的多余與缺失 介詞的多余 及物動(dòng)詞后可以直接跟賓語(yǔ)，無(wú)需再加介詞；last, next等后跟名詞表時(shí)間時(shí)無(wú)需加介詞。 介詞的缺失 不及物動(dòng)詞后跟賓語(yǔ)時(shí)應(yīng)加相應(yīng)的介詞。 注意固定搭配中介詞的有無(wú)。 [課堂應(yīng)用體驗(yàn)] 　 Ⅰ.語(yǔ)法填空 (2018·洛陽(yáng)聯(lián)考)I have never liked my English name.My parents didn't know that Cindy was short for Cynthia, or th

27、at Cindy Brady was the Cindy of the moment.They __1__ (choose) it because it sounds like my Chinese name, Shin-tzer. My name isn't full of flowers like most Chinese girls' names.My grandfather wanted me to have __2__ (strong) of character, not mere physical beauty.“Cindy” seems colorless by compari

28、son.It's just a couple of syllables that sound good together. I grew up __3__ (speak) English and eating with a fork.Yet the customs about names are extremely __4__ (tradition), down to our use of an ancient naming poem. Most Chinese names are __5__ of a kind, a coupling of two words out of thousa

29、nds of possibilities expressing the family's hopes for the child.It was March when my brother and his wife __6__ (expect) their second boy.The emails began to fly as we conferred about the baby's Chinese name.My brother's wife is Korean, so the name had to sound good __7__ Korean, too.One thing was

30、certain — his name would contain the word “shi”， or “world”， __8__ can also mean “generation”．We are on the __9__ (six) word of a couplet that my family has used to name its __10__ (son) for generations. 語(yǔ)篇解讀：本文是一篇夾敘夾議文。作者通過(guò)敘述自己名字的由來(lái)及成長(zhǎng)經(jīng)歷，介紹了中國(guó)人起名的特點(diǎn)及寓意。 1．chose　考查動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)。父母為作者起名字發(fā)生在過(guò)去，所以此處用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。 2

31、．strength　考查名詞。作者的祖父想讓作者意志力堅(jiān)強(qiáng)。have在此處為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，意為“有”，后跟名詞作賓語(yǔ)。 3．speaking　考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。作者是講英語(yǔ)和用叉子吃飯長(zhǎng)大的。此處的主語(yǔ)I與動(dòng)詞speak之間為邏輯上的主動(dòng)關(guān)系，故填speaking?！癮nd eating”也是提示。 4．traditional　考查形容詞。然而關(guān)于名字的風(fēng)俗是非常傳統(tǒng)的。此處應(yīng)用形容詞作表語(yǔ)。 5．ones　考查代詞。根據(jù)下文中的“a coupling of two words out of thousands of possibilities expressing the family's

32、hopes for the child”的提示可知，此處為泛指，且與下文中的“two words”相呼應(yīng)，所以此處用代詞one的復(fù)數(shù)形式表示泛指。 6．were expecting　考查動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)。那是在三月份的時(shí)候，作者的哥哥和他的妻子一直期待著他們第二個(gè)兒子的出生。此處敘述的是發(fā)生在過(guò)去的事情，應(yīng)用過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)，且表示過(guò)去某一階段持續(xù)的動(dòng)作，故用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)。 7．in　考查介詞。表示用某種語(yǔ)言用介詞in。 8．which　考查定語(yǔ)從句?？仗幰龑?dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，且在從句中作主語(yǔ)，修飾先行詞“the word ‘shi’， or ‘world’”，故應(yīng)填which。 9．sixth　考查序

33、數(shù)詞。此處表示第六個(gè)字。故應(yīng)用序數(shù)詞，表示“第六個(gè)”。 10．sons　考查名詞復(fù)數(shù)。此處指給祖祖輩輩的子孫起名。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知，此處應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)。 Ⅱ.短文改錯(cuò) Last weekend my friends and I did something fair cool — we made the film on my mobile phone. We all had different thing to do.My friends were the actors, but I was the director. My mum provided us some old clothes and

34、my friends all put it on. They looked very funny. My brother plays the guitar in the film. We watched the whole thing on my computer after get back to my house. It was amazed. Now I have made up my mind to become a film director in the future. I'll do what I can to make it to come true. 答案：第一句：fair→fairly; the→a 第二句：thing→things 第三句：but→and 第四句：us后加with; it→them 第六句：plays→played 第七句：get→getting 第八句：amazed→amazing 第十句：去掉第二個(gè)to 10