概要寫作 1 說明文
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1、Four short words sum up what has lifted most successful individuals above the crowd: a little bit more. ------------------------------------------author ------------------------------------------date 概要寫作 1 說明文 概要寫作 1 說明文 概要寫作(Summary Writing) 一、概要寫作的定義(Definition of Summary)?? A?su
2、mmary?is?a?brief?statement?of?the main point of?a?longer?composition, which reproduces?the?theme?of?the?original?with?no more than 60 words.?? 二、寫作指導 概要寫作,是對一篇文章的主題思想的簡單陳述。它用最簡潔的語言概括了原文的主題,主要包括三個步驟:(1)閱讀;(2)寫作;(3)修改成文。 第一步:閱讀 A.認真閱讀給定的原文材料,如果一遍不能理解,就多讀兩遍;閱讀次數(shù)越多,你對原文的理解就越深刻。 B.劃出那些能概括文章主題
3、思想的單詞、短語或短句子;決定原文中哪些部分重要,哪些部分次重要了;對重要部分的主要觀點進行概括。 C.簡要地記下主要觀點——主題、標題、細節(jié)等你認為對概括概要寫作重要的東西。 第二步:動手寫作 A. 概要寫作應盡量用自己的話完成,不要直接引用原文的句子; B. 應該遵循原文的邏輯順序,這樣你就不必重新組織觀點、事實; C.要全面、清晰地表明原文所載的信息,以便你的讀者不需翻閱原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意; D. 寫概要寫作時可以采用下列幾種小技巧: 1) 刪除細節(jié),只保留主要觀點; 2) 選擇一至兩個例子:原文中可能包括5個或更多的例子
4、,你只需從中篩選一至二個例子; 3) 把長段的描述變成短小、簡單的句子:如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十個句子,那么你只要把它們變成一兩句即可。 4) 避免重復:在原文中,為了強調某個主題,可能會重復論證說明,但是這在概要寫作中是不能使用的;應該刪除那些突出強調的重述句。 5) 壓縮長句: 如下列兩例: ? “His courage in battle might without exaggeration “He was very brave in battle.” be called lion-like.” 可以概括為:_____
5、___________________________________________________________ ? “He was hard up for money He was in financial difficulties. and was being pressed by his creditor.” 可以概括為:________________________________________________________________ 6) 你還可以使用詞組代替整句或者從句: 請看下面的例子: ? “Beautiful mount
6、ains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by only a few people, are today accessible to many, thanks to better wages, paid holidays, new hotels and better transportation services. in the past. Today, b
7、etter wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.” 可以概括為: ________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________
8、________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ 7) 使用概括性的名詞代替具體的詞,比如: ? “She brought home several Chinese and English She brought home a lo
9、t of books to read during the vocation. novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vocation.” 可以概括為: ________________________________________________________________ 8) 使用最短的連接詞: 比如,可以使用but, then, thus, yet, though,不能使用at
10、 the same time, in the first place, because of these, on the other hand等較長的連接詞。通常,使用分號就能夠達成使用連接詞的效果。 9) 文章中的第一人稱說的話通常在概要寫作中轉換成第三人稱,從而把大段的對白簡化,比如: ? Kate looked at Paul disapprovingly Kate suggested to Paul that he should eat less salt. She thought that eating too much salt would do hard to
11、Paul’s health and that it could reduce the real tastes of food. But Paul disagreed. He said that food without salt would be tasteless. : “You use too much salt on your food, Paul — it’s not good for you!” Paul put down his knife and frowned:”Why on earth not! If you didn’t have salt on your food it
12、 would taste awful… like eating cardboard or sand… just imagine bread without salt in it, or potatoes or pasta cooked without salt!” Kate was patient. She didn’t want to quarrel with Paul. She wanted to persuade him. She said firmly:”But too much salt is bad for you. It cause high blood pressure and
13、 latter on, heart-attacks. It also disguises(掩飾) the taste of food, the real tastes which are much more subtle(微妙的) than salt, and which we have lost the sensitivity to appreciate any more.” 可以用第三人稱概括為: ______________________________________________________ _______________________________________
14、______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ 第三步:修改成文 草稿擬好以后,對它進行修改。 2 首先,與原文比較看是否把所有重要的觀點都概括了,概要寫作中的觀點是否與原文中的完全一致。 2 其次,如果出現(xiàn)了不必要的詞匯、短語或長句子,刪除它
15、們,保持語言簡單明了。 2 最后,檢查拼寫、語法和標點符號的錯誤。最后,。 經過上述步驟和方法,一篇概要寫作就可以完成了。 三、說明文概要寫作要點點撥 說明文體的閱讀材料內容大致可以分為以下幾類: 1. 現(xiàn)象分析類: u 介紹某現(xiàn)象及其成因、結果,即“現(xiàn)象+成因+結果” ? The article points out the common phenomenon—(主題),which…(補充解釋) ? (in the passage)the writer introduces… to us, especially its…., from which we know…
16、 2. 利弊對比類: u 描寫某事物的性質功能,即“對象+性質功能+利弊” ? (in the passage)the writer introduces… to us, especially its…, from which we know… ? The article compares the disadvantages/benefits of A and B. A …while B … ? The passage shows that A and B are similar in that … . However, A …while B … . ? The passage
17、 discusses the impact of sth. ? On the positive side, … , but it may also… 3. 研究報告類: u 針對某個問題提出解決方法或措施, 即“問題+解決方法” ? As is reported in the study, … . ? The passage tells us…. So the author tells us how to ... , including …… ? The study reveals/shows/indicates/suggests that… ? The purpose of
18、 the report is to show that… 在寫作前,我們要通讀短文,確定其內容是屬于那種類型,然后選擇確當?shù)哪0濉? 注意:不要關注一些次要的細節(jié)卻遺漏重要的要點,盡量少使用原文語句,多用自己的概括性的語言;不要超出60個單詞。 u 課堂訓練: Directions: Please read the following passage and write a summary The article points out the problem of packaging. About one third of rubbish results from
19、the packaging materials, which cause damage to the environment during their production and after ending in landfills. Though the programs carried out to combat the problem are temporarily successful, the problem remains a great concern. (50 words) of it in no more than 60 words. A large source of
20、 rubbish is packaging material, which often makes up more than 30 percent of the total. To understand why this is true, think of the packaging commonly used for a simple product, such as toothpaste. The packaging includes not only the tube for the toothpaste, but also the box for the tube. This box
21、is put into a plastic wrapper. Then, the boxes are transported in a cardboard container. Most packaging material ends up in a landfill after it is thrown away. Though necessary, landfills take up valuable space, often stink(發(fā)出惡臭), and can leak harmful substances into the soil. Landfills not include
22、d, the production of packaging material itself is a major source of air and water pollution. People are now trying to solve the problems caused by packaging materials. In 1991, Germany took the lead by requiring companies to recycle the packaging used for their goods. To do this, the companies set
23、up recycling bins in every neighborhood. Consumers now separate their rubbish into three categories—metal, plastic and paper cartons. They then put it into the appropriate bin. The rubbish sorted, it is transported to a recycling company for processing. The programme worked well at first. However,
24、the amount of rubbish has begun to increase again. One reason for this is that many consumers no longer reduce waste because they think the problem is solved. It seems that to properly deal with the problem of rubbish, everyone must remain alert and do their part. (255 words) 材料分析:根據(jù)文本內容,這是一篇講包裝材
25、料所帶來的問題/惡劣影響/惡果 _______________________ 的說明文;在寫作之前,我們必須首先弄清每一段落的主要內容是什么。 第一段A large source of rubbish is packaging material, which often makes up more than 30 percent of the total. 的中心句是_____________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________
26、_________________,同時也點明了文章的主題,后面就在以牙膏 __________為例。 第二段主要包括兩方面內容,一是垃圾進入填埋場后所造成的污染 _______________________________________________;二是這些包裝材料在生產過程中會產生對空氣和水的污染 _____________________________________________________________________________。 第三段人們正在采取措施解決包裝材料所帶來的問題 主要在講_____________________________
27、__________________________________,其中_____________________________________________________________________________是段落的中心“People are now trying to solve the problems caused by packaging materials.” 句,后面就列舉在德國政府、公司和消費者(個人)所采取的不同措施 了______________________________________________________。 第四段開頭的howeve
28、r至關重要,說明德國的方法盡管起到了一定的作用,但包裝材料的污染仍然是一個大問題,我們絕不能放松警惕。 _____________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 弄清了每段的主要內容后,我們就按照概要寫作的幾個原則對其進行連接,在連接段落時需要添加必要的連接詞使其通順連貫即可: 四.小試牛刀 Read the following paragraphs and use
29、one sentence or phrase to write the summary of each paragraph. 1. An Iowa high school counselor gets a call from a parent protesting the “C” her child received on an assignment. “The parent argued every point in the essay,” recalls the counselor, who soon realized why the mother was so disappointed
30、 about the grade. “It became apparent that she’d written it.” . 2. In a survey, 90% of new teachers agreed that involving parents in their children education is a priority at their school but only 25% described their experience
31、 working with parents as “very satisfying”. When asked to choose the biggest challenge they face, 31% of them quoted involving parents and communicating with them as their top choice. 73% of new teachers said too many parents treat schools and teachers as enemies.
32、 . 3. At a time when competition is rising and resources are limited, when battles over testing force schools to adjust their priorities, when cell phone and e-mail speed up the information flow and all kinds of private ghosts and public quarrels slip into the pa
33、rent-teacher conference, it’s harder for both sides to step back and breathe deeply and look at the goals they share. . 4. Everyone says the parent-teacher conference should be pleasant, civilized, a kind of dialogue where pare
34、nts and teachers build partnership. But what most teachers feel, and certainly what all parents feel, is anxiety and panic. . 5. When a teacher asks parents to be partners, he or she doesn’t necessarily mean Mom or Dad should b
35、e camping in the classroom. Research shows that though students benefit modestly from having parents involved at school, what happens at home matters much more. According to research based on the National Education Longitudinal Study, a sample of nearly 25, 000 eighth graders, among four main areas
36、of parental involvement (home discussion, home supervision, school communication, and school participation), home discussion was the most strongly related to academic achievement. . 二、概要寫作的要點 (Essentials of Summary Writin
37、g) 1. Grasp main points and avoid covering every detail: To include all the main and supporting points delivered; To omit(省略) unnecessary details like examples, explanations and other unimportant information; 2. Stick to the original and avoid adding personal opinions: The summary should re
38、flect the content of the original passage only. Do not include your own ideas or emotions on the topic; 3. Use your own words and avoid copying the originals: To give the same attention and stress to the points as the author does in your own words in a condensed(簡潔的) manner. 三、Tips?on?summa
39、ry?writing?? 2 While?reading:?? · Is?the?passage an exposition(說明文), a?narration(記述文)or??an argumentation(議論文)??? · Are?there?any?topic?sentences?or?key?words??If?so,?underline(劃線) ?them and paraphrase(改述) them. 2 While?writing?? 1.?Structure: 1)?Topic?sentences 2)?Main?supporting?po
40、ints/evidence? 3)?About?60?words? 2.?Language: 1)?To?use?your?own?words 2)?To?be?concise(簡潔明了) -- leave?out?the?details -- reduce?the?examples ? -- simplify?the?descriptions -- eliminate?all?repetitions 3)?To?present?the?information?fairly,?do?not?give?your?own?comments? 4)?To?use?the?third?person?to?retell? 5)?Tenses (narration?often?in?the?past?tense)? --------------------------------------------------
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