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1、Translation of Classical Noun TCM Terms,Foreign language teaching center Shanghai University of TCM,Overview of Classical Noun TCM Terms,Unit one,Learning Objectives,了解“陰陽”、“五行”等中醫(yī)經(jīng)典名詞術(shù)語的醫(yī)學(xué)內(nèi)涵。 掌握與西醫(yī)術(shù)語的差異，理解中醫(yī)的思維模式，熟悉中醫(yī)經(jīng)典名詞術(shù)語與現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)術(shù)語的差異。 掌握中醫(yī)經(jīng)典名詞術(shù)語翻譯的原則與方法。,,由于中西方醫(yī)學(xué)是在兩種完全不同的文化背景下發(fā)展起來的，因此部分中醫(yī)名詞術(shù)語代表的完全是
2、中醫(yī)特有概念，很難在英文中找到對應(yīng)詞或等價物，在翻譯時只能采用音譯的方法，需要是加上必要的英文解釋。例如中醫(yī)的“陰”、“陽”等。,,yin: a philosophical term in ancient China, referring to things or characters opposite to yang. The condition which appears as inert, internal, downward, cold, dim, material, inhibitive, and declining is attributive to yin. In TCM, it
3、 is widely used for explaining the physiological and pathological phenomena of human body, and for directing the diagnosis and treatment of the disease, for example, interior-syndrome are ascribed to yin.,,yang: a philosophical term in ancient China, referring to things or characters opposite to yin
4、. The condition which appears as active, external, upward, hot, bright, functional, exciting, and hyperactive is attributive to yang. In TCM, it is widely used for explaining the physiological and pathological phenomena of human body, and for directing the diagnosis and treatment of the disease, for
5、 example, superficies-syndrome, heat-syndrome, sthenia-syndrome are ascribed to yang.,,同樣屬于此類的中醫(yī)經(jīng)典名詞術(shù)語還有以下幾個： 氣 qi 神 shen 命門 mingmen 三焦 sanjiao,Classical Noun TCM Terms on Five-organs and diseases,Unit Two,,中醫(yī)有一些器官名稱術(shù)語，這些名詞術(shù)語與西醫(yī)器官相比，大部分所指代內(nèi)容基本相同，因此在翻譯時完全可以借助于西醫(yī)術(shù)語進(jìn)行英譯，例如： 肝 liver 心 heart 脾 spleen 肺 l
6、ung 腎 kidney 手 hand 腳 foot 四肢 extremities 關(guān)節(jié) joint,,此外，由于疾病屬于客觀存在物，不管人們?nèi)绾畏Q呼它，它總是客觀存在的。所以，中西醫(yī)在疾病名稱方面，也有部分情況時完全對應(yīng)的，在翻譯這些術(shù)語時，也可以借助西醫(yī)術(shù)語進(jìn)行英譯，例如： 感冒 cold 梅毒 syphilis 瘧疾 malaria 白喉 diphtheria 麻疹 measles 黃疸 jaundice 便秘 constipation 呃逆 hiccup,Classical Noun TCM Terms on “經(jīng)絡(luò)”,Unit Three,,“經(jīng)絡(luò)”是中醫(yī)中重要的術(shù)語，目前對于其英譯
7、主要有meridian與channel兩種。要探究究竟哪種譯法更貼切，我們需要從其內(nèi)涵開始探討： Meridian指a great circle of the celestial sphere passing through its poles and the zenith of a given place. 而Channel則指a usually tubular enclosed passage : conduit.從解釋上可以看出meridian最初指經(jīng)線；而channel則指 通道/渠道之意。中醫(yī)上的經(jīng)絡(luò)是指氣血運(yùn)行的通道，從這個意義上講channel更符合中醫(yī)五行的概念。,Transl
8、ation Exercises,Unit Four,I. Translate the following terms and expressions into English:,1.六淫 2.七情 3.五行 4.津液 5.營血 6.肝火,II. Translate the following sentences into Chinese.,1. 陰陽的對立消長是宇宙的基本規(guī)律 2. 陰陽相對平衡的破壞就會導(dǎo)致陰或陽的偏盛或偏衰。 3. 相生是指一事物對另一事物有促進(jìn)、助長和資生的作用。 4. 相乘和相侮是不正常的相克現(xiàn)象。 5. 五臟與形體諸竅連成一個整體。,III. Translate th
9、e following passage into Chinese.,The concept of yin-yang is probably the single most important and instinctive theory of Chinese medicine. It could be said that all Chinese medical physiology, pathology and treatment can, eventually, be reduced to yin-yang. The concept of yin-yang is extremely simp
10、le, yet very profound. One can seemingly understand it on a rational level, and yet, continually find new expressions of it in clinical practice and , in deed, in life.,Translation of Classical Verbal TCM Terms,Unit Five,Learning Objectives,了解中醫(yī)經(jīng)典動詞術(shù)語的醫(yī)學(xué)內(nèi)涵，分析其語法結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)與內(nèi)部邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)。 理解中醫(yī)的思維模式，熟練掌握各種結(jié)構(gòu)中醫(yī)經(jīng)典動詞術(shù)
11、語翻譯的方法。,,1. 掌握中醫(yī)經(jīng)典動詞術(shù)語的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)，并掌握其英譯的方法，如：主謂結(jié)構(gòu)（胞衣不下）、主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)（表邪入里）等，如主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)術(shù)語可以用主語+動詞ing形式+賓語的形式來翻譯，如“表邪入里”譯為exterior pathogen entering the interior；“肝氣犯胃”譯為liver qi invading stomach，“入”和“犯”各用“enter”和“invade”的動詞ing形式翻譯，并在前后加上主語和賓語。,,2. 中醫(yī)經(jīng)典動詞術(shù)語應(yīng)以過程中除須注意其語法結(jié)構(gòu)外， 同時還要注意術(shù)語內(nèi)部的邏輯關(guān)系，如目的關(guān)系，因果關(guān)系，并列關(guān)系，轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系等。以目的關(guān)系為
12、例，可以用英文介詞to或者for來表示。如“護(hù)肝明目”譯為reinforcing the livers function to improve the acuity of sight；“活血調(diào)經(jīng)”譯為promoting blood flow for regulating menstruation。,Syntactic Structure of Classical Verbal TCM Terms,Unit Six,中醫(yī)經(jīng)典動詞術(shù)語語法結(jié)構(gòu)分類及其英譯：,主謂結(jié)構(gòu)術(shù)語的翻譯：根據(jù)英語多用名詞詞組的特點(diǎn)，主謂結(jié)構(gòu)術(shù)語可以翻譯成英語的名詞詞組。如：“胞衣不下”譯為retention of place
13、nta；“大便滑脫”譯為incontinence of feces，這兩個術(shù)語沒有將“不下”、“滑脫”用相應(yīng)的英語動詞翻譯，而是用名詞+of+主語的形式來翻譯。另外，“肌膚甲錯”譯為squamous and dry skin；“面色蒼白”譯為pale complexion，考慮到“甲錯”、“蒼白”既可視為謂語，但其含義也是修飾主語，所以這兩個術(shù)語可采用形容詞加名詞的翻譯方法。,,主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)術(shù)語的翻譯：主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)術(shù)語可以用主語+動詞ing形式+賓語的形式來翻譯，如“表邪入里”譯為exterior pathogen entering the interior；“肝氣犯胃”譯為liver qi in
14、vading stomach，“入”和“犯”各用“enter”和“invade”的動詞ing形式翻譯，并在前后加上主語和賓語。,,動賓結(jié)構(gòu)術(shù)語的翻譯：動賓結(jié)構(gòu)術(shù)語可以用動詞+ing的形式后接賓語來翻譯。如：“補(bǔ)益心氣”譯為benefiting heart qi；“調(diào)和氣血”譯為harmonizing qi and blood，“補(bǔ)益”和“調(diào)和”分別用“benefit”和“harmonize”翻譯，并取ing形式，再加上相應(yīng)的賓語。,,述補(bǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)術(shù)語的翻譯：述補(bǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)是指動詞擔(dān)任述語，并有補(bǔ)語對其進(jìn)行修飾、補(bǔ)充，如“平素自汗”中“自汗”作述語，由“平素”對其進(jìn)行修飾。翻譯時可譯成名詞詞組或動詞ing
15、形式的詞組 +副詞的形式，如：“平素自汗”譯為usually spontaneous perspiration；“常易感冒”譯為often catching cold，“自汗”和“感冒”各用了名詞詞組“spontaneous perspiration”和動詞ing詞組“catching cold”，然后用副詞“usually”和“often”來修飾。,,聯(lián)合術(shù)語的翻譯：聯(lián)合的四字格術(shù)語一般可用動詞（ing）+名詞+and+動詞（ing）+名詞的形式來翻譯，如：“補(bǔ)火壯陽”譯為reinforcing fire and strengthening yang；“補(bǔ)脾健胃”譯為supplement t
16、he spleen and fortify the stomach，這兩個術(shù)語的兩個動賓結(jié)構(gòu)都分別翻譯出，并在中間加上and連接。,Inner Logic Structure of Classical Verbal TCM Terms,Unit Seven,中醫(yī)經(jīng)典動詞術(shù)語內(nèi)部邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)分類及其英譯,目的關(guān)系：如“護(hù)肝明目”譯為reinforcing the livers function to improve the acuity of sight，用to引導(dǎo)出目的狀語，表示“護(hù)肝”的目的是為了“明目”。而“活血調(diào)經(jīng)”被譯為promoting blood flow for regulating
17、 menstruation，其中用介詞for動詞ing詞組，也可表明目的關(guān)系。,,因果關(guān)系：如“腎虛水泛”譯為water diffusion due to kidney deficiency，用“due to”表示“水泛”是由于“腎虛”的原因。又如“胞寒不孕”譯為sterility due to uterine cold，同樣用到“due to”表示因果關(guān)系。,,并列關(guān)系：如“清肺養(yǎng)陰”譯為nourishing the lung and preserving its yin essence，用連接詞and表現(xiàn)了并列關(guān)系。 轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系：如“補(bǔ)而不滯”譯為supplement without cau
18、sing stagnation，用without引出“補(bǔ)”卻不會發(fā)生“阻滯”的結(jié)果。,Translation Exercises,Unit Eight,I. Translate the following terms and expressions into English:,1. 淡滲利濕 2. 扶正祛邪 3. 養(yǎng)血柔肝 4. 燥濕化痰 5. 固表止汗 6. 活血化瘀 7. 斂肺止咳 8. 清熱化痰 9. 軟堅(jiān)散結(jié) 10. 潤肺化痰,II. Translate the following sentences into Chinese.,1. 養(yǎng)陰清熱適用于熱病后期陰虛火旺的證候。 2. 表邪
19、入里為病進(jìn)，里邪出表為病退。 3. 熱結(jié)腸胃則腹脹滿痛拒按，大便秘結(jié)。 4. 肝風(fēng)內(nèi)動是體內(nèi)陽氣亢逆變動而形成的一種病理狀態(tài)。 5. 補(bǔ)氣健脾適宜于治療脾氣虛弱證。,III. Translate the following passage into Chinese.,After making a diagnosis and identifying the pattern, the next logical step is that of determining the principle of treatment to be adopted. The practitioner of Chine
20、se medicine will need formulate a rational and coherent plan of action as to what should be treated first, what is primary and what is secondary in patients condition, what is the relative importance of the acute or chronic condition and what method of treatment should be used.,English wordschoice o
21、f Classical Verbal TCM Terms,Unit Nine,中醫(yī)經(jīng)典動詞術(shù)語英譯選詞處理：,“化”字是中醫(yī)文獻(xiàn)或中醫(yī)術(shù)語中常用的漢字，可出現(xiàn)在中醫(yī)藥學(xué)的陰陽五行、氣血津液、藏象、經(jīng)絡(luò)、病因病機(jī)、治法與方劑等學(xué)說或?qū)W科中。含“化”字的中醫(yī)術(shù)語數(shù)以百計(jì)，不勝枚舉，如“制化”、“從化”、“陰陽轉(zhuǎn)化”、“肝陽化風(fēng)”、“芳香化濕”等等。目前關(guān)于“化”字的英譯，就有cause、change、convert、digest、digest、dispel、dissipate、dyspepsia、eliminate、form、generate、relieve、remove、resolve、tran
22、sform、transport等多種譯法。 但并不是所有選詞都合適，應(yīng)該進(jìn)行必要的篩選，篩選時應(yīng)根據(jù)動詞的詞義擇優(yōu)選擇?！盎弊衷谥嗅t(yī)中主要有以下意思；,“化”字在中醫(yī)中主要意思:,相當(dāng)于“產(chǎn)生、形成”，可選用為generate或cause。查Merriam-Webster詞典知，generate指to bring into existence，其后賓語常為正常生理物質(zhì)，而cause系指to serve as a cause，具“引起”之意，其后賓語可為病理產(chǎn)物，故前者可用于生理性術(shù)語而后者可用于病理性術(shù)語。例如：“制化”之“化”有“產(chǎn)生、形成”之意，可譯為restriction and ge
23、neration；而“化風(fēng)”、“化火”可譯為cause wind與cause fire。相比之下，change與convert也指變化，但前者指“一般變化”，后者指“根本改變”，二者均無“產(chǎn)生”之意；而form釋義為to serve to make up or constitute，主意為“構(gòu)成”，與“化”之“生”意有所差異。,“化”字在中醫(yī)中主要意思:,相當(dāng)于“性質(zhì)或形態(tài)改變”，可選用transform。Merriam-Webster詞典transform解釋為 to change in composition or structure 與to change the outward form
24、 or appearance，與“化”的此義吻合，故可采用之，例如“肝陽化風(fēng)”可譯為liver yang being transformed into wind。而英文中transport系指to transfer or convey from one place to another，只有“運(yùn)輸”之意而無“狀態(tài)改變”之意，故此譯不取transport而取transform。,“化”字在中醫(yī)中主要意思:,相當(dāng)于“去除，消除”，可選用eliminate、remove、resolve。前者側(cè)重于去除抽象物質(zhì)（如eliminate poverty），中者重于去除實(shí)質(zhì)性物質(zhì)（如remove a tum
25、or），而后者重于通過分解而逐步解決（to change by disintegration 或者to reduce by analysis）。如“化濕”可譯為to eliminate dampness、“消食化滯”可譯為promoting digestion to remove food stasis、“化痰” 可譯為to resolve phlegm。對比之下，dispel系指to drive away by or as if by scattering，重于驅(qū)散；dissipate系指to break up and drive off（as a crowd）或 to cause to s
26、pread thin or scatter and gradually vanish，重于擴(kuò)散；relieve指減緩、減輕，而無“消除”之意，與“消除”之意均有所差別，故不取。,“化”字在中醫(yī)中主要意思:,相當(dāng)于“消化”：可選用digest，例如“完谷不化”翻譯為diarrhea with undigested food。,Translation Exercises,Unit Ten,I. Translate the following terms and expressions into English:,1. 少陰寒化 2. 潤燥化痰 3. 芳香化濁 4. 少陰熱化 5. 溫化寒痰 6.
27、陰陽轉(zhuǎn)化 7. 活血化瘀 8. 肝陽化風(fēng) 9. 五志化火 10. 芳香化濕,II. Translate the following sentences into Chinese.,1.飲食不節(jié)主要損傷脾胃，導(dǎo)致脾胃功能失常。 2.經(jīng)脈中的氣血運(yùn)行循環(huán)灌注，如環(huán)無端。 3.津液停滯導(dǎo)致氣機(jī)不利，則稱作水停氣滯。 4.氣流行于全身而推動和激發(fā)著人體的各種勝利功能。 5. 氣機(jī)郁結(jié)會導(dǎo)致血液運(yùn)行及津液輸布代謝的障礙。,III. Translate the following passage into Chinese.,Formulas in Chinese medicine are not mere
28、 collections of medicinal substances in which the actions of one herb are simply added to those of another in a cumulative fashion. They are complex recipes of interrelated substances, each of which affects the actions of the others in formula. It is this complex interaction that makes the formulas so effective, but also makes them difficult to study.,Discussion,“補(bǔ)”目前就有 “invigorating”、“replenishing”、“strengthening”、“nourishing”、“benefiting”、“supplementing”、“recuperating”、“enriching”、“tonifying”、“boosting”等多種譯法，哪幾種譯法比較恰當(dāng)。,Thank You!,,
中醫(yī)經(jīng)典名詞術(shù)語英譯.ppt
