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1、專題三　代詞和介詞 考點一　代詞 一、人稱代詞 數(shù)、格 人稱　　 單數(shù) 復數(shù) 主格 賓格 主格 賓格 第一人稱 I me we us 第二人稱 you you you you 第三人稱 he him they them she her it it He would drown his sadness in coffee. 他會借咖啡來澆愁。 Thank you for your letter. 謝謝你的來信。 I bought a present for him. 我給他買了件禮物。 二、物主代詞 詞義 類別　

2、我的 你的 他的 她的 它的 我們的 你們的 他們的 形容詞性 my your his her its our your their 名詞性 mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs Is this your seat，sir? 這是你的座位嗎，先生？ The government has changed its policy. 政府已經(jīng)改變了政策。 This is not my dictionary.Mine is lent to Lucy. 這不是我的字典，我的借給露西了。 This

3、camera is mine and that is yours. 這部照相機是我的，那部是你的。 Every person showed his ticket，and I showed mine too. 每個人都出示了票，我也出示了我的。 三、反身代詞 人稱 數(shù)　　 第一人稱 第二人稱 第三人稱 單數(shù) myself yourself himself，herself，itself 復數(shù) ourselves yourselves themselves 反身代詞的基本用法 四、不定代詞 1．both，all，either，any，neither，no

4、ne的區(qū)別 詞義 指代　　 都 任何一個 都不 兩個人或物 both either neither 三個或三個以上的人或物；不可數(shù)名詞 all any none (2016·四川高考)Both men and women are living longer these days in industrialized countries. 在工業(yè)化國家，現(xiàn)在男性和女性都會活得更長。 2．one，another，the other，some，others，the others的區(qū)別 單數(shù) one一個 another另外一個 the other另一個 復數(shù)

5、some一些 others一些 the others其余 ①I have two books；one is English，and is French. 我有兩本書；一本是英語書，一本是法語書。 ②There are many books on the table：some are English；the others are French. 桌子上有很多書：一些是英語書，剩下的是法語書。 3．none，nobody/no one，nothing的區(qū)別 none 指代人或物 用來回答How many/ How much...？ 相當于not a/an/any＋名詞或no＋

6、名詞nobody (no one) 指代人 用來回答Who...？ 相當于not anyone；not anybody nothing 指代物 用來回答What...？ 相當于not anything —How much money do you have? —None. ——你有多少錢？ ——一點也沒有。 If I had some money，I would lend him some，but unfortunately，I have none.(none＝not any money) 如果我有錢的話，我就借給他了，但遺憾的是，我沒錢。 I wished so

7、meone could help me，but there was no one at the moment.(no one＝not anyone) 我希望當時有人能幫我，但當時沒有人。 4．many，much，few，little，a few，a little的區(qū)別 詞義 指代　　　　 多 少 復數(shù)名詞 many few 不可數(shù)名詞 much little 詞義 指代　　　　 (有)一些 幾乎沒有 復數(shù)名詞 a few few 不可數(shù)名詞 a little little 注意：only a few＝few；only a little＝litt

8、le；quite a few＝many；quite a little＝much。 (2016·浙江高考)A scientist working at her lab bench and a six-month-old baby playing with his food might seem to have little in common. 一位在她的實驗臺工作的科學家和一個六個月大的玩弄食物的孩子似乎沒有共同之處。 5．one，ones，the one，the ones，that，those的區(qū)別 one 替代a/an＋單數(shù)名詞 ones 替代零冠詞＋復數(shù)名詞 the on

9、e 替代the＋單數(shù)名詞 the ones 替代the＋復數(shù)名詞 that 替代the＋單數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞(尤其是有后置定語時) those 替代the＋復數(shù)名詞(尤其是有后置定語時) We have various summer camps for your holidays.You can choose one (＝a summer camp)based on your own interests. 我們?yōu)槟募倨谔峁┝烁鞣N各樣的夏令營，您可以根據(jù)自己的興趣選擇一種。(one代替“a/an＋單數(shù)名詞”) 考點二　介詞 一、介詞 1．表示方位的at，in，on，to

10、，beside/by和near 介詞 用法 at 一般指在較小的地方 in 一般指在較大的地方，或在某一范圍內(nèi) on 一般指在物體的表面，或相鄰并接壤的兩個地域 to 表示某范圍外不接壤的兩位置 beside/by “在……的旁邊” near “接近；靠近” I met him at the shop. Shandong Province lies in the east of China. The picture is hanging on the wall. Jiangsu Province is to the southeast of Hebei Pr

11、ovince. She was standing beside her mother. There is a supermarket near my home. 2．表示方位的between 和among 介詞 用法 between 在兩者或每兩者之間 among 在三者或三者以上之間 I sat down between Sue and Jane. The teacher was standing among the students. 3．表示方位的across，through，over和past 介詞 用法 across 從……的表面穿過 through

12、 從……的內(nèi)部穿過 over 從……的上面跨過 past 從……的旁邊經(jīng)過 He walked across the square to meet us. The thief jumped over the fence and fled away. 4．表示時間點的at，in和on 介詞 用法 示例 at 表示在某個時間點、時刻或重大節(jié)日 at 9：00；at noon；at daybreak；at Christmas in 表示在某個較長的時間內(nèi)，如世紀、朝代或年月；泛指的上午、下午、傍晚 in the 21st century；in September；i

13、n the morning on 表示在具體某一天或具體某一天的上午、下午、晚上 on 2nd，September；on the morning of 1st，May 5.表示時間段的for和 since 介詞 用法 for “for＋時間段”意為“多長時間”，表示動作持續(xù)的時間長短，一般作完成時、過去時或?qū)頃r的時間狀語 since “since＋時間點”意為“自從(過去某時)以來”，作完成時的時間狀語 He has lived in the small village for five years. He has worked in this company sin

14、ce graduation. 6．表示交通方式的by，in和on 介詞 用法 by “by＋名詞”表示交通方式時，名詞前不加冠詞 in/on in/on后的名詞必須有冠詞或代詞等修飾 My brother usually goes to school by bike. My father often goes to work in his car/on his bicycle. 7．表示“用……”的by，in和with 介詞 用法 by 指“靠……手段，用……方法，憑借……”，后可接名詞、代詞或動名詞 in 多用于表示語言、材料的名詞前 with 多用于表

15、示有形的工具或身體器官的名詞前 He made a living by selling newspapers when he was young. All the applicants are required to fill in the form in ink. They are busy digging with spades. 8．表示“除……外”的except，except for 和besides 介詞 用法 except 表示“除……之外(其他的都)”，其后的賓語是被排除在外的，側(cè)重同類事物的排除 except for 其后被排除的內(nèi)容與主語往往不是同一類的

16、 besides 表示“除……之外(其他的也)”，其后的賓語是被包括在內(nèi)的 All my friends took part in the party except John. His composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes. He has learned German，F(xiàn)rench besides English. 9．其他常考介詞的用法 (1)against的用法 ①(表示態(tài)度)反對 An agreement seems to be impossible because the majority of t

17、he committee members are against it. ②(表示對比)以……為背景 The skier's red clothes stood out clearly against the snow. ③(表示方位)倚靠著…… The girl was leaning against the wall with her arms folded. (2)beyond的用法 ①(表示位置)在……另一邊，在……更遠處 The small village is 20 miles beyond the town. ②(表示時間)晚于…… He delayed the

18、 matter beyond the fixed time. ③(表示程度)超出，非……所能及 To be acknowledged as the first to receive this honor is beyond expression in words for me. (3)over的用法 ①(表示方位)越過 The airplane flew over the mountains and disappeared in the distance. ②(表示等級或數(shù)目)高于，在……之上，超過 He has got the job because he has the ad

19、vantage over others of knowing many languages. ③(表示時間或過程)在……期間 I'm sorry I didn't phone you，but I've been very busy over the past couple of weeks. (4)to的用法 ①(表示方向、距離)到，向，去 It was on the way to the railway station. ②(表示時間)直到……為止，到 He wakes at a quarter to six every morning. ③(表示比較、比例、參照)與……相比

20、，相對于……而言 I prefer oranges to apples. ④(表示對象關(guān)系)屬于，對，給 The hospital is attached to the university. ⑤達到(某一點或某個限度) Temperatures dropped to 25 degrees below zero. (5)under的用法 ①在……下面，在……之下 She placed the ladder under the window. ②在……過程中 The possibility of employing more staff is still under disc

21、ussion. ③(數(shù)字、數(shù)量、年齡或價格)低于，少于，在……以下 These toys are not suitable for children under five. ④受……影響 She's been under a lot of pressure at work. (6)with的用法 ①和……一起，和，同，跟 Would you like to go shopping with me? ②(表示同時或同一方向)隨著 With time going by，the little tree has grown up. ③具有，帶有 The dictionary is

22、 what I want，but I don't have enough money with me. ④由于，因為 He trembled with fear. ⑤(表示方式)用 He cut it with a knife. 二、介詞短語 介詞的固定搭配考查有兩種：一是考查固定搭配中的介詞；二是考查介詞短語。 (2016·四川高考)The common cold is a good example：women，on average，get fewer colds than men. 普通感冒就是一個很好的例子：平均來說，女士比男士更少感冒。 ?？冀樵~短語 1．介詞與名詞

23、的常用搭配 (1)at＋n.表示狀態(tài) at a loss不知所措 at breakfast早餐時 at peace處于和平中 at rest靜止，不動 at sea在海上，在航海 at war在戰(zhàn)爭中 (2)at＋n.表示時間 at Christmas在圣誕節(jié) at dusk在黃昏 at dawn在黎明 at daybreak在拂曉 at midnight在午夜 at night在夜里 at noon在正午 at present目前 (3)以at開頭組成的短語 at the beginning of 在……的開始 at the cost of 以……的代價 at th

24、e end of 在……的盡頭 at the foot of 在……腳下 (4)on＋n.表示狀態(tài) on line在工作(或運行) on sale出售，打折 on show在展出 on the decrease在減少 on the go在忙碌中 on the increase在增加 on the way在途中 on trial在受審 (5)以on開頭的介詞短語 on account of因為 on behalf of代表 on condition that 在……的條件下，如果 on no account/condition/occasion 決不 on the basi

25、s of 以……為基礎(chǔ) on the occasion of 在……時 (6)by＋n.表示方式 by accident偶然 by air/plane乘飛機 by chance偶然 by coincidence碰巧 by force用暴力 by hand用手工 by mistake錯誤地 by the day按天算 by nature天生地 by radio通過收音機 (7)in＋n.表示方式 in cash用現(xiàn)金付款 in width在寬度上 in depth在深度上 in detail詳細地 in English用英語 in height在海拔上 in length

26、在長度上 in ink用墨水 in shape在外形上 in size在大小上 (8)in＋n.表示狀態(tài) in anger生氣地 in battle在戰(zhàn)斗中 in bed在床上 in comfort舒適地 in danger處于危險中 in debt負債 in delight高興地 in despair絕望 in need需要 in order按次序的；井然有序 in peace平靜地，平安地 in practice在實踐中 in print已出版 in prison在獄中 in public公開地 in rags穿著破爛 in ruins成為廢墟 in secret秘密

27、地 (9)以in開頭構(gòu)成的介詞短語 in the face of面對 in addition to另外 in need of需要 in no case決不 in no time立刻 in no way決不 in respect of關(guān)于 in response to作為回應 in return作為回報 in spite of盡管 (10)of＋n.表示特征(等于相應的形容詞) of benefit有益處的 of help有幫助的 of importance重要的 of interest有趣的 of significance有意義的 of use有用的 (11)out of

28、＋n.表示狀態(tài) out of danger脫離危險 out of date過期 out of debt不欠債 out of fashion不流行 out of luck不走運 out of mind發(fā)狂 out of office在野 out of order出故障 out of patience不耐煩 out of season過季 out of shape走樣，不成形 out of sight看不到 out of trouble擺脫困難 out of work失業(yè) (12)under＋n.表示被動 under attack 遭到襲擊 under discussion 在

29、討論中 under pressure 在壓力下 under repair 在修理中 under treatment 在治療中 under way 在進行中 (13)以under開頭的短語 under the care of... 在……的看護下 under the command of... 在……的統(tǒng)帥之下 under the control of... 在……控制下 under the direction of... 在……指導下 (14)with＋n.表示情緒 with anger生氣地 with confidence有信心地 with courage英勇地 w

30、ith delight/joy高興地 with difficulty困難地 with fear害怕地 with interest有興趣地 with pleasure樂意地 with pride驕傲地 with satisfaction滿意地 (15)beyond＋n.表示“超出……，難以……” beyond compare 無與倫比 beyond comprehension 難以理解 beyond control 失控 beyond description 難以描述 beyond doubt 不用懷疑，確實 beyond expression 難以表達 beyond

31、measure 非常；極其 2．形容詞與介詞的常用搭配 (1)adj.＋about be anxious about 憂慮…… be careful about 小心…… be concerned about 擔心…… be curious about 對……好奇 be excited about 對……感到興奮 (2)adj.＋at be angry at 惱怒于 be astonished at 對……吃驚 be bad at 不擅長 be delighted at 因……而高興 (3)adj.＋in be absorbed in 專注于 be active

32、 in 積極于 be confident in 對……有信心 be diligent in 勤于 be dressed in 穿著…… be engaged in 忙于…… be excellent in 在……方面優(yōu)秀 be experienced in 在……方面有經(jīng)驗 (4)adj.＋for be anxious for 急切盼望，渴望 be eager for 渴望 be famous for 以……著名 be fit for 適合，勝任 be good for 對……有益 (5)adj.＋from be absent from 缺席 be differe

33、nt from 不同于 be far from 遠離 be free from 不受……影響 be safe from 免受……的傷害 (6)adj.＋to be blind to 對……是盲目的 be close to 接近 be contrary to 與……相反 be deaf to 不愿意聽 be devoted to 致力于…… be equal to 等于…… be fair to 對……公平 be familiar to 被……所熟悉 be friendly to 對……友好 be good to 對……好 be grateful to 對……心存感

34、激 be harmful to 對……有危害 (7)adj.＋of be afraid of 害怕 be ashamed of 為……感到羞恥 be aware of 意識到 be capable of 能夠 be composed of 由……組成 (8)adj.＋with by angry with(sb.) 對(某人)發(fā)怒 be busy with 忙于 be combined with 與……結(jié)合 be concerned with 與……有關(guān)；涉及，關(guān)心，關(guān)注 be connected with 與……有關(guān) 核心考點針對練 Ⅰ.單句語法填空 1．(

35、2017·東營一模) is generally acknowledged that young people from poorer socio-economic backgrounds tend to do less well in our education system. 2．(2017·青島一模)My feet had hardly touched the sandy bottom when the two men jumped down，one on each side of (I)． 3．(2017·資陽一診) wasn't until

36、 two days ago that Dad allowed me to drive on the motorway. 4．(2017·汕頭二模)This is 18-year-old Musa Bockarie's story about how first aid saved (he) life. 5．(2017·青島檢測)In the winter of 1891，a certain college was having some trouble with (it)boy students. 6．(2017·濟南模擬)When he was 30，back

37、in 1953，he was working a research assistant in the university. 7．(2017·資陽一診)“Speed up.70 kph isn't fast enough.You are holding up traffic，”ordered another voice from the seat next me. 8．(2017·青島模擬)The game was played two teams. 【導學號：92872179】 9．(2017·河南中原名校模擬)I sat on the s

38、ide of the stage， my script open on a music stand in front of me. 10．(2017·安慶模擬)Even though our eyes are closed，they move rapidly from side side. 【答案】　 1．It　[句意：人們普遍認為，在我們的教育體制里，有比較貧困的社會經(jīng)濟背景的年輕人往往會表現(xiàn)不佳。it作形式主語，“that young people from poorer socio-economic backgrounds tend to do less

39、 well in our education system”為主語從句，是真正的主語。] 2．me　[句意：我的雙腳剛接觸到沙質(zhì)底部，這時那兩個人就跳了下來，我左右兩側(cè)各有一個人。介詞后需用代詞賓格形式，故答案為me。] 3．It　[句意：直到兩天前父親才允許我駕車上高速公路。“It is/was not until...that...”為“not...until...”句型的強調(diào)句形式。] 4．his　[句意：這是關(guān)于急救如何挽救了18歲的Musa Bockarie生命的故事。設空處需用形容詞性物主代詞作名詞life的定語。] 5．its　[句意：在1891年冬季，某所大學在處理該校

40、男生問題方面出現(xiàn)了困難。設空處用its相當于the college's。] 6．a(chǎn)s　[句意：早在1953年，當時他30歲，他在那所大學里當了一名研究助理。work as從事……工作。] 7．to　[句意：“加快速度。每小時70千米還不夠快。你正在造成交通阻塞?！睆奈遗赃呑荒抢锇l(fā)出的另一個聲音命令道。next to意為“挨著”。] 8．between　[句意：比賽在兩支隊伍間進行。between兩者之間。] 9．with　[句意：我坐在舞臺的一側(cè)，我的劇本打開著，放在我前面的樂譜架上。with的復合結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語。] 10．to　[句意：盡管我們眼睛緊閉，但它們(眼球)從一側(cè)到另一側(cè)迅

41、速轉(zhuǎn)動。from...to...為固定搭配，意為“從……到……”。] Ⅱ.單句改錯 1．(2017·龍巖3月質(zhì)檢)I was so stubborn that I wouldn't say sorry to him，believing he had done nothing wrong. 【導學號：92872180】 2．(2017·焦作一模)When we handed the cleaners the hot porridge and e

42、xpressed us appreciation for their hard work，they looked a little surprised at first. 3．(2017·湖北七市3月聯(lián)考)Our parents check our bags to make it sure we're not getting into trou- ble.

43、 4．(2017·邯鄲一模)On the first day，we got up early to attend to the flag-raising ceremony. 5．(2017·中原名校聯(lián)盟4月仿真)Today，she lives thousands of miles away from me，but she sometimes e-mails with me about t

44、he books she is reading. 【答案】　 1．he→I　[句意：我如此固執(zhí)以至于我相信我做的沒有錯，不愿意向他道歉。根據(jù)上下文邏輯可知需將he改為I。] 2．us→our　[句意：當我們將熱粥遞給清潔工并表達我們對他們的艱苦工作的感激時，他們一開始顯得有點驚奇。名詞appreciation前需用形容詞性物主代詞，故將us改為our。] 3．去掉it　[句意：我們的父母檢查我們的書包以確保我們不會遇到麻煩。make s

45、ure為固定短語，不必在make和sure之間加it。] 4．去掉第二個to　[句意：第一天我們很早地起床以便參加升旗儀式。attend作“出席”講時為及物動詞，不必與介詞to連用。] 5．去掉with　[句意：現(xiàn)在她生活在離我?guī)浊в⒗镏?，但是她有時候會給我發(fā)電子郵件談論她正讀的圖書。e-mail作動詞時，為及物動詞，不必與介詞with連用。] 高考題型綜合練 Ⅰ.語法填空 George Washington was the first President of the United States of America.His first term 1 preside

46、nt was from 1789 to 1793 and his second term from 1793 to 1797. 2 he became president，he played important roles in the army， 3 (lead)the American Continental Army to victory over the British in 1783.Washington is often seen as the father of the United States and is probably the best 4 (know

47、)American politician ever. The likeness and the name of George Washington can still be seen in many places.There is the portrait of 5 (he)and three other American presidents carved into Mount Rushmore National Memorial.His image is also used on 6 one-dollar bill and the quarter-dollar coin.At

48、 least three universities 7 (name)after him. Washington's Birthday was first celebrated as a holiday in Columbia in 1880.It was made a federal holiday in 1885.The holiday was 8 (original)held on the anniversary of Washington's birth，on February 22.In 1971，this holiday was moved to the 9 (t

49、hree)Monday in February. This holiday is legally designated as “Washington's Birthday”．Though other institutions such as local governments and private 10 (business)may use other names，it is the federal government's policy to always refer to holidays by the names designated in the law. 【語篇解讀】　喬治

50、·華盛頓是美國歷史上第一位總統(tǒng)，也是刻入拉什莫爾山國家紀念公園的四位偉大總統(tǒng)之一。美國人民非常崇拜華盛頓，將他的誕辰紀念日定于二月份的第三個星期一。 1．a(chǎn)s　[考查介詞。根據(jù)上下文語境分析，此處表示作為總統(tǒng)的第一個任期是從1789年到1793年，第二個任期是從1793年到1797年。as“當作，作為”。] 2．Before　[考查連詞。根據(jù)語境可分析，他在當總統(tǒng)之前，在軍隊中起著重要作用。故需填入從屬連詞before。] 3．leading　[考查非謂語動詞。此處表示他在軍中擔任要職，他領(lǐng)導的美國大陸軍于1783年戰(zhàn)勝英軍。主語he與動詞lead之間是主謂關(guān)系，故用現(xiàn)在分詞短語作伴隨狀

51、語。] 4．known　[考查形容詞。由語境和句式結(jié)構(gòu)分析，空格處缺少形容詞，表示“知名的”。結(jié)合提示詞可知應填known。此處表示華盛頓通常被看作美國之父，他也可能是美國最著名的政治家。] 5．him　[考查代詞。根據(jù)語境分析，介詞of缺少賓語，且此處指代華盛頓，故用him。] 6．the　[考查冠詞。由下文的“the quarter-dollar coin”可判斷，此處為特指，即特指華盛頓的頭像印在the one-dollar bill上。] 7．a(chǎn)re named　[考查動詞時態(tài)、語態(tài)。本段的主體時態(tài)為一般現(xiàn)在時，且此處沒有明確的表示其他時態(tài)的時間狀語，由此可分析，此處應用一般現(xiàn)

52、在時，而句中的主語“three universities”與動詞name之間存在動賓關(guān)系，故應用一般現(xiàn)在時的被動語態(tài)，即are named。] 8．originally　[考查詞形轉(zhuǎn)換。根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析，此處的一般過去時的被動語態(tài)was held缺少副詞修飾，故該填入形容詞original的副詞形式，即originally。] 9．third　[考查序數(shù)詞。根據(jù)語境和上文的定冠詞the可判斷出，此處該填入基數(shù)詞three的序數(shù)詞，即third。在1971年，這一節(jié)日被移到了二月的第三個星期一。] 10．businesses　[考查名詞單復數(shù)。根據(jù)文中的關(guān)鍵信息“other institu

53、tions...local governments”可判斷出，此處應用名詞的復數(shù)形式businesses，表示多家私人企業(yè)。] Ⅱ.短文改錯 Dear Li Hua， Thank you for trusting me and told me your anxiety and puzzle before taking exams.Actually，it's a common experience for students in Senior 3.Please take thing easy and the following tips might be helpful. First，

54、talking to friends that you trust might make yourself feel better.You may find that you had similar feelings.Another effectively way to relax is to do sports regularly，which may benefit for you both physically and mentally.If you do so，you will full of energy when studying.Besides，after class，you ca

55、n go out of the classroom to have a walk or listen to some music to get refreshing. At last，remind yourself now or then that you can make it when you feel discouraged.I believe you can achieve your dream with your hard works! 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Yours， Zhang Ming 【答案】　 Dear Li Hua， Thank you for

56、trusting me and me your anxiety and puzzle before taking exams.Actually，it's a common experience for students in Senior 3.Please take easy and the following tips might be helpful. First，talking to friends that you trust might make feel better.You may find that you similar feelings.Another way

57、to relax is to do sports regularly，which may benefit you both physically and mentally.If you do so，you will full of energy when studying.Besides，after class，you can go out of the classroom to have a walk or listen to some music to get . At last，remind yourself now then that you can make it when you feel discouraged.I believe you can achieve your dream with your hard ！ 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Yours， Zhang Ming