備戰(zhàn)2018年高考英語(yǔ) 考點(diǎn)一遍過(guò)專(zhuān)題21 關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句(含解析)
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1、 考點(diǎn)21 關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句 高考頻度:★★★★★ 【考點(diǎn)解讀】 定語(yǔ)從句在高考的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)方面的考查主要體現(xiàn)在單選題,語(yǔ)法填空及短文改錯(cuò)中,在單項(xiàng)選擇中主要考查定語(yǔ)從句的一些基本用法,如常見(jiàn)關(guān)系詞的選擇,在選擇的過(guò)程中,一定要注意限制性與非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別,定語(yǔ)從句與名詞性從句,及狀語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞的區(qū)別等,有時(shí)也會(huì)與其他修飾性的句型結(jié)構(gòu)之間進(jìn)行誤導(dǎo)性考查,如與強(qiáng)調(diào)句性等,所以重點(diǎn)掌握的是從高考題中總結(jié)規(guī)律,達(dá)到熟練應(yīng)用。 【高考預(yù)測(cè)】 定語(yǔ)從句是歷年高考的重點(diǎn),主要考查常見(jiàn)關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的用法,比如which/that/as/ when/where的用法及區(qū)
2、別性的選擇等,及與其他從句如名詞性從句的區(qū)別等。在高考的中主要體現(xiàn)在語(yǔ)法填空,短文改錯(cuò),完型填空等中,且完形填空80%每年會(huì)出一道題。 考向一常見(jiàn)關(guān)系代詞的基本用法 1. that 可指人或物;在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ),表語(yǔ)。指人時(shí),相當(dāng)于who或 whom;指物時(shí),相當(dāng)于which。不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句;不可置于介詞后作賓語(yǔ)。 2. which 指物;在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ)。如: The book which/that was on the desk was bought by my father.(主語(yǔ)) 3. who, whom, whose (1)who: 主
3、格, 在從句中作主語(yǔ),只可指人 (2)whom: 賓格,在從句中只能作賓語(yǔ); 只可指人 (3)whose: 表所屬關(guān)系,在從句中作定語(yǔ)。譯為:某人的,某物的 (4)whose + 名詞 =the + n. + of which (某物的) = he + n. + of whom (某人的) 注意: ① 關(guān)系代詞作介詞賓語(yǔ) (在定語(yǔ)從句中,介詞提前時(shí),介詞后:表人用 whom;表物用 which) ② 關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中用作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí), 介詞可放于從句之首, 也可放于從句之末. 但以放于句首較為正式.(介詞前置,必須注意不影響動(dòng)詞詞組的含義。關(guān)系代詞who 和 that 用作介
4、詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí), 介詞必須放在句末。) 4. as as 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句, 在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ) (1)如為限制性的,多用于the same …as ; the same as(與……相同);such …as …(如此,這樣); as many/much as(和……一樣多);so/as …as(與……一樣)等結(jié)構(gòu)中。如: (2)如為非限制性的,as還可以單獨(dú)引導(dǎo)一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句,代替整個(gè)主句,這種定語(yǔ)從句可置于句首,句中或句尾,譯為"正如,這一點(diǎn)"。(動(dòng)詞常為know, see, expect, point out, etc.) As we all know, smoking is
5、 harmful to ones health . (as 作賓語(yǔ))眾所周知,吸煙有害健康。 1. (2017新課標(biāo)卷III短文改錯(cuò))Around me in picture are the things they were very important in my life at that time: car magazines and musical instruments. 【參考答案】 they→that/which 【答案解析】考查定語(yǔ)從句。they不能引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,因?yàn)橹复鷗hings,所以把they改為that或者which。 2.(2017北京卷單項(xiàng)填空)The
6、 little problems ________ we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions. A. that B. as C. where D. when 【參考答案】A 3.Among the many dangers__________ sailors have to face, probably the greatest of all is fog. A. which B. what
7、 C. where D. when 【參考答案】A 【答案解析】分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,________sailors have to face 是定語(yǔ)從句,修飾先行詞the many dangers,且從句缺少賓語(yǔ),要用關(guān)系代詞。 因此A選項(xiàng)正確。句意為" 在水手不得不面對(duì)的許多危險(xiǎn)中,可能最大的是霧霾。"學(xué)/ 考向二that、 which只能用其中一個(gè)的情況 1. 只能用that,不能用which的情況 (1)先行詞是all,something,everything,anything,nothing,little,much,few等不定代詞或先行詞被all,an
8、y,every,no,little,much,some等詞修飾。 ?All the people that come from the country work much harder. 所有來(lái)自農(nóng)村的人工作都更努力得多。 (2)先行詞被序數(shù)詞、 形容詞最高級(jí)、 the only, the very, the last等修飾時(shí), 關(guān)系代詞通常只用that, 不用which.如: ?The first English novel that I read was Cities. 我讀的第一本英文小說(shuō)是《城市》。 ?This is one of the most exciting fo
9、otball games that I have ever seen. 這是我見(jiàn)過(guò)的最激動(dòng)人心的足球比賽之一。 ?This is the only thing that we can do now. 這是我們現(xiàn)在惟一能做的事情。 (3)先行詞既有人又有物時(shí), 關(guān)系代詞只用that, 不用which.如: ?The scientist and his achievements that you told me about are admired by us all. 我們所有人都?xì)J佩你告訴我的那位科學(xué)家和他所取得的成就。 ?The foreign visitors spoke
10、 highly of the pioneers and their performances that they saw at the Children’s Palace. 外國(guó)游客高度贊揚(yáng)了他們?cè)谏倌陮m所看到的少先隊(duì)員以及他們的表演。 (4) 關(guān)系代詞在限定性定語(yǔ)從句中作表語(yǔ)并帶有類(lèi)比含義時(shí), 通常只用that, 不用which.如: ? He is no longer the star that he was. 他不再是過(guò)去的那位明星了。 ? Our school is no longer the school that it used to be. 我們的學(xué)校不再是以前的那
11、所學(xué)校了。 (5) 句中其他位置已出現(xiàn)which, 為避免重復(fù), 不用which而用that引導(dǎo)限定性定語(yǔ)從句。如: ?Which is the car that has overtaken us? 超過(guò)我們的是哪輛車(chē)? 2. 只用which,不能用that的情況 (1) 在介詞提前到關(guān)系代詞之前形成“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)修飾表事物的先行詞時(shí), 關(guān)系代詞必須用which.如: ?The house in which we live is very large. 我們住的房子非常大。 ?This is the reference book of which the teacher
12、 is speaking. 這就是老師正在談及的那本參考書(shū)。 注意: 如果介詞不放在修飾事物的限定性定語(yǔ)從句的句首, which就可換為that, 如: ?This is the question which/that we’ve had so much discussion about. =This is the question about which we’ve had so much discussion. 這就是我們已經(jīng)多次討論過(guò)的問(wèn)題。 (2) 先行詞為“those+表事物的復(fù)數(shù)名詞”時(shí), 關(guān)系代詞通常只用which而不用that.例如: ?Students shou
13、ld keep in mind those regulations which restrict their behavior. 學(xué)生應(yīng)牢記那些規(guī)范自己的行為準(zhǔn)則。 ?A bookshop should deal with a variety of those best sellers which are newly published. 書(shū)店應(yīng)該經(jīng)營(yíng)新出版的各種暢銷(xiāo)書(shū)。 (3)當(dāng)先行詞指物,關(guān)系詞在句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ),引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞只能用which,而不用that。 1.(2017新課標(biāo)卷I語(yǔ)法填空)Like anything, it is possible
14、to have too much of both, 70 is not good for the health. 【參考答案】 which 2.(2017新課標(biāo)卷II短文改錯(cuò))In their spare time, they are interesting(改為interested) in planting vegetables in their garden, that is on the rooftop of their house. 【參考答案】 which 【答案解析】非限制性定語(yǔ)從句需要用which引導(dǎo),故將that改為which。
15、 題組一 基礎(chǔ)過(guò)關(guān) I.單句語(yǔ)法填空 1.Ellen was a painter of birds and of nature, ________, for some reason, had withdrawn from all human society. 2.Care of the soul is a gradual process in ________ even the small details of life should be considered. 3.That evening, ________ I will tell you more about later,
16、 I ended up working very late. 4.Happiness and success often come to those ________ are good at recognizing their own strengths. 5.Mo Yan was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2012, ________ made one of the Chinese peoples long-held dreams come true. 6.The president of the World Bank say
17、s he has a passion for China, ________ he remembers starting as early as his childhood. 7.Finally he reached a lonely island ________ was completely cut off from the outside world. 題組二能力提升 單項(xiàng)填空 1.This year’s children’s party, __________ some parents were invited to, was a great success. A.which
18、 B.why C.whose D.where 2.The death of the closest relatives, __________ almost every one of us has experienced, always makes people feel bitter and unbearable. A.which B.who C.as D.the one 3.—Have you heard any news about Sarah? —Yes, she was promoted to president of her comp
19、any, __________surprised everyone. A.who B.that C.which D.it 4.There is no success without hard work; success is something __________is only earned after much labor. A.which B.that C.what D.不填 5.It is said that a most popular emoji (expression of emotion on the Internet) is th
20、e "face with the rolling eyes", ______ is used in 14 percent of text messages. A.that B.what C.which D.whose 6.He isn’t such a man ______ he used to be. A.who B.whom C.that D.as 7.It was the training__________he had as a young man__________ made him such a good engineer. A.wh
21、at, that B.that, what C.that, which D.which, that 8.Actually, there are grammatical mistakes many students make __________keep them from writing the good compositions. A.what B.that C.who D.whether 9.Many universities share teaching resources online, creating a le
22、arning space ______ benefits life-long learners. A.how B.what C.which D.where 10.Something______ really_______ ,in my opinion, is having computer skills. A.that; counts B.which; counts C.that; counts on D.which; counts on 題組三體驗(yàn)真題 1.(2016北京)I live next door to a
23、couple ________ children often make a lot of noise. A. whose B. why C. where D. which 2. (2016浙江) Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears , none of ______ has been proved. A. whom B. which C. what D. that 3.(2014山東)A comp
24、any ______profits from home markets are declining may seek opportunities abroad. A. which B. whose C. who D. why 題組一 基礎(chǔ)過(guò)關(guān) I.單句語(yǔ)法填空 1. who 【解析】句意:埃倫是一個(gè)專(zhuān)畫(huà)鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)和自然風(fēng)景的畫(huà)家。由于某種原因,她遠(yuǎn)離了人類(lèi)社會(huì)。此題考查非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,修飾先行詞Ellen。因?yàn)殛P(guān)系詞指人并且在從句中作主語(yǔ),所以只能用who。 2. which 3. which 【解
25、析】句意:那晚我工作到很晚,稍后我會(huì)告訴你更多關(guān)于那晚的事。先行詞為that evening,將先行詞代入非限制性定語(yǔ)從句后為:I will tell you more about that evening later.由此可見(jiàn)關(guān)系詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作about的賓語(yǔ),且表示"物",故用which引導(dǎo)。 4. who 【解析】句意:幸福和成功經(jīng)常青睞那些善于發(fā)現(xiàn)自身長(zhǎng)處的人。先行詞為those,將先行詞代入非限制性定語(yǔ)從句后為:Those are good at recognizing their own strengths.由此可見(jiàn),先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ),且表示"人",故用who。
26、5. which 【解析】句意:莫言被授予2012年諾貝爾文學(xué)獎(jiǎng),這使得中國(guó)人長(zhǎng)久以來(lái)?yè)碛械膲?mèng)想之一變成了現(xiàn)實(shí)。which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,指代前面整個(gè)主句。 6. which 【解析】句意:世界銀行主席說(shuō)他對(duì)中國(guó)有一種情結(jié),他記得這種情結(jié)始于他的兒童時(shí)代。先行詞是a passion for China,且在定語(yǔ)從句中作starting的賓語(yǔ),要用關(guān)系代詞,在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中用which。 7. which/that 【解析】句意:他最后到了一座完全與外面世界隔絕的孤島上。定語(yǔ)從句修飾的先行詞是island,將先行詞代入定語(yǔ)從句后為:The island was compl
27、etely cut off from the outside world.由此可見(jiàn)先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ),且先行詞表示"物",可以用which或that引導(dǎo)。 題組二能力提升 單項(xiàng)填空 1.A 【解析】考查定語(yǔ)從句。句意:一些父母被邀請(qǐng)參加今年的兒童聚會(huì),這是很大的成功。使用非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,先行詞是children’s party,指物,定語(yǔ)從句缺少賓語(yǔ),用which引導(dǎo)。故選A。 4.B 【解析】考查定語(yǔ)從句連接詞。句意:沒(méi)有一樣成功不通過(guò)艱辛的工作;成功是只有通過(guò)大量苦干后才能賺得的東西。根據(jù)句意及句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析可知,此處為定語(yǔ)從句,修飾先行詞something,修飾指物的不
28、定代詞時(shí),只能用that,不能用which,本題中的連接詞在從句中作主語(yǔ),不能省略。故選B。 5.C 【解析】考查非限定性定語(yǔ)從句。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知, 此處為非限定性定語(yǔ)從句, 先行詞為詞組face with the rolling eyes, 連接詞在從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)。故選C。 6.D 【解析】考查連詞。such… as是固定用法,as引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí),可以作主語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)。在本題中as作表語(yǔ)。句意:他不再是以前的那樣了。故選D。 7.D 【解析】考查強(qiáng)調(diào)句和定語(yǔ)從句?!癶e had as a young man”位于名詞the training之后,是其定語(yǔ)從句,且從句缺少賓語(yǔ),
29、指代the training,用which或that;“It was the training”與“made him such a good engineer”構(gòu)成強(qiáng)調(diào)句,強(qiáng)調(diào)主語(yǔ)the training,應(yīng)用that連接,故選D項(xiàng)。 8.B 【解析】考查定語(yǔ)從句連詞。先行詞為“grammatical mistakes”,關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,并在從句中作主語(yǔ)。grammatical mistakes后面還跟了一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句that/ which many students make.從句中引導(dǎo)詞that或which作make的賓語(yǔ),省去了。句意:事實(shí)上,許多學(xué)生所犯的語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤使他們寫(xiě)
30、不出好的作文來(lái)。故選B。 9.C 【解析】考查定語(yǔ)從句。句意:很多大學(xué)在網(wǎng)上分享教育資源,創(chuàng)造一種可以使終身學(xué)習(xí)者受益的學(xué)習(xí)空間。使用定語(yǔ)從句,先行詞是learning space,指物,定語(yǔ)從句中缺少主語(yǔ),用which引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。故選C。 10.A 【解析】考查定語(yǔ)從句。由句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,something后的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)是它的定語(yǔ)從句,指代不定代詞something,在從句中作主語(yǔ),應(yīng)用that;count用作不及物動(dòng)詞,表示“很重要”,count on…“指望;依賴(lài)”,關(guān)系代詞that指代something,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用單數(shù),故選A項(xiàng)。 題組三 體驗(yàn)真題 1.A 【解析】考查定語(yǔ)從句
31、的關(guān)系詞。a couple是先行詞,這對(duì)夫妻的孩子很吵,children和couple是所屬關(guān)系,故用whose作定語(yǔ),whose children相當(dāng)于the children of whom,故選A。 2.B 【解析】句意:關(guān)于人類(lèi)為什么哭的時(shí)候會(huì)流淚,科學(xué)家已經(jīng)提出了很多理論,沒(méi)有一個(gè)被證明了。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,"none of ______ has been proved"是定語(yǔ)從句,先行詞是theories,指物,定語(yǔ)從句中用代詞+介詞+關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)。故選B。 3.B 【解析】這是一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句,a company 是先行詞,profit和 a company是所屬關(guān)系,所以要用關(guān)系代詞whose。句意為:在國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)利潤(rùn)減少的公司可能會(huì)尋求國(guó)外發(fā)展的機(jī)會(huì)。故答案選B。 9
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