土木工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)課件L

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1、單擊此處編輯母版標(biāo)題樣式,單擊此處編輯母版文本樣式,第二級(jí),第三級(jí),第四級(jí),第五級(jí),*,*,*,單擊此處編輯母版標(biāo)題樣式,單擊此處編輯母版文本樣式,第二級(jí),第三級(jí),第四級(jí),第五級(jí),*,土木工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ),http:/,Lesson 2 Building and Architecture 建筑物和建筑學(xué),New words and phrases:,shelter,encompass identical illumination,parlance edifice,dominant,repetition nave,aisle transept apse balustrade,intermediate

2、 clue colonnade,aspiration,incarnation blank wall,無(wú)窗墻，擋墻,cave dweller,（史前的）穴居人,Gothic cathedral,哥特式大教堂,1.shelter,n.隱蔽處，躲避處 from,The umbrella is a shelter from rain.,v.躲避+from,The wall sheltered us from the wind.,7.dominant a.占優(yōu)勢(shì)的，有統(tǒng)治權(quán)的,The dominant influence in her life was her father.,在她一生中對(duì)她影響最大的是

3、她的父親。,v.dominate 支配，占優(yōu)勢(shì),17.aspiration n.志氣，抱負(fù),He has no aspiration for fame or gain.他不圖名利。,She has aspirations to become a great writer.,她有作名作家的抱負(fù)。,Words,The purpose of a building is to provide a shelter for the performance of human activities,一座建筑物的作用是為人類(lèi)活動(dòng)的進(jìn)行提供一個(gè)躲避處。,From the time of the cave dwel

4、lers to the present，one of the first needs of man has been a shelter from the elements,從穴居時(shí)代到現(xiàn)在，人類(lèi)最重要的需求之一就是有一個(gè)躲避風(fēng)雨的地方。,In a more general sense,the art of building encompasses all of mans efforts to control its environment and direct natural forces to his own needs,從更一般的意義上說(shuō)，建筑的藝術(shù)包含了人類(lèi)為了他自己的需要而控制環(huán)境和

5、引導(dǎo)自然力的所有努力。,insense 在意義上說(shuō),in all senses 在任何意義上說(shuō),in the proper(strict,literal)sense 在本來(lái)（嚴(yán)格、字面）的意義上說(shuō),Building,This art includes，in addition to buildings，all the civil engineering structures such as dams，canals，tunnels，aqueducts，and bridges,除了建筑物，這藝術(shù)還包括所有的土木工程結(jié)構(gòu)物，比如大壩、運(yùn)河、隧道、溝渠和橋梁。,The scientific basis,

6、for the design of buildings as shelters and for the design of civil engineering structures for other purposes,is identical,對(duì)于作為躲避處的建筑物和作其他用途的土木工程結(jié)構(gòu)物，它們的設(shè)計(jì)科學(xué)依據(jù)是相同的。,It is,only as a result of the specialized requirements of our modern society,that,these two fields have developed along separate paths,只

7、是出于現(xiàn)代社會(huì)的特定需要，這兩個(gè)領(lǐng)域才沿著不同的路徑發(fā)展。,Building,In a similar manner，the master builder concerned with the building as a shelter is no longer an individual；instead，his work is done by a team of several specialists：the planner，the architect，the engineer，and the builder,同樣地，關(guān)注作為遮風(fēng)避雨的建筑物的主要營(yíng)造商也不再是一個(gè)單獨(dú)的個(gè)體；相反，他的工作

8、是由幾個(gè)專(zhuān)家（規(guī)劃者、建筑師、工程師和建筑工人）組成的一個(gè)小組來(lái)完成的。,The execution of a modern building depends on the collective talents of this team,一座現(xiàn)代化建筑的實(shí)現(xiàn)依賴(lài)這個(gè)小組集體的智慧。,The form of a building is an outgrowth of its function，its environment，and various socioeconomic factors,建筑物的結(jié)構(gòu)形式是它的功能、環(huán)境和各種社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)因素共同作用的產(chǎn)物。,Building,An apartme

9、nt building，an office building，and a school differ in form because of the difference in the functions they fulfill,一幢公寓，一座辦公樓和一所學(xué)校在結(jié)構(gòu)形式上各有不同，因?yàn)樗鼈円獙?shí)現(xiàn)的功能是不一樣的。,In an apartment building every habitable space，such as living rooms and bedrooms，must have natural light from windows while bathrooms and kitc

10、hens can have artificial light and therefore can be in the interior of the building,在公寓里面，每一處居住的空間，比如起居室和臥室必須有從窗戶(hù)進(jìn)來(lái)的自然光，而浴室和廚房則可以用人工光線，因此可以布置在建筑的內(nèi)部。,This set of requirements places a natural limit on the depth of an apartment building,這些要求就使得公寓樓的進(jìn)深受到了正常的限制。,Building,Building,In office buildings，on t

11、he other hand，artificial light is accepted for more uniform illumination，and therefore the depth of such buildings is not limited by a need for natural light,另一方面，在辦公樓里，采用人工光源能夠獲得更加均勻的照明，因此這類(lèi)建筑的進(jìn)深就不會(huì)受到自然光要求的約束。,Environment may affect both the shape and appearance of a building,環(huán)境可能影響到建筑物的形狀和外觀。,An u

12、rban school may create its own environment by using blank walls to seal out the city completely，and a country school may develop as an integral part of the landscape，even though both schools fulfill the same function,一所城里的學(xué)?？梢杂脟鷫Π阉鞘型耆糸_(kāi)以創(chuàng)造一個(gè)自己的環(huán)境，一所鄉(xiāng)村學(xué)校則可以作為景觀的主要部分來(lái)加以發(fā)展，即使兩所學(xué)校要履行相同的功能。,Finally，the

13、 form of a building is affected by a variety of socioeconomic factors，including land costs，tenancy，building budget，and zoning restrictions,最后，建筑物的形式還要受到各種社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)因素包括土地費(fèi)用、租賃、工程預(yù)算和分區(qū)限制的影響。,High land costs in urban areas result in high buildings，while low land costs in the country result in low buildings,

14、城市的高地價(jià)導(dǎo)致建筑昂貴（或高層建筑），而鄉(xiāng)村的低地價(jià)使得建筑相對(duì)便宜（或多層建筑）。,A housing project for the rich will take a different form than a lowcost housing project,富人的住房建筑計(jì)劃不同于廉住房的建筑計(jì)劃。,Building,A prestige office building will be more generously budgeted form than other office buildings,一幢顯赫的辦公大樓所花的預(yù)算將比其他辦公樓多得多。,The bulk of a bui

15、lding and its outline may be limited by zoning restrictions.,建筑物的大小和外形可能受到分區(qū)的限制。,In all these examples，buildings with similar functions take on different forms,在所有的這些例子中，有著相似功能的建筑物往往采用的不同的結(jié)構(gòu)形式。,Building,Architecture is the art of building,建筑學(xué)是建筑的藝術(shù)。,Virtually all architecture is concerned with the e

16、nclosure of space for human use.,實(shí)質(zhì)上整個(gè)建筑學(xué)都與供人使用的圍合空間有關(guān)。,The precise activities to be housed in any specific building-ranging from an assembly line in a factory to a living room in a home-should dictate the size and shape of the several areas within,建筑物內(nèi)部一些空間的大小和形狀是由那些將要容納在該建筑物（如從工廠的裝配線到住宅中的起居室）里的確切活動(dòng)所規(guī)定。,These spaces also must be arranged in some logical relation to each other,這些空間的排列還應(yīng)有合理的關(guān)系。,Architecture,Furthermore，the movement of human beings within the building-“circulation”in architectural