高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法 倒裝句

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1、Compiled by Ma Junqi 倒裝句 英語(yǔ)句子的主語(yǔ)通常位于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前，這種語(yǔ)序被稱(chēng)為正常語(yǔ)序。但有時(shí)出于強(qiáng)調(diào)或某種特殊的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)的需要，需要將謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞放在主語(yǔ)之前，這種語(yǔ)序則叫倒裝語(yǔ)序。按倒裝的形式，倒裝可分為兩類(lèi)，一是完全倒裝，二是部分倒裝。完全倒裝是指全部謂語(yǔ)放在主語(yǔ)之前，部分倒裝是指只把助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或be動(dòng)詞放在主語(yǔ)之前，謂語(yǔ)的主體部分仍在主語(yǔ)之后。 一、完全倒裝 1. 用于 there be 句型。 例：There are many students in the classroom. 原句自然順序是：Many students are there

2、in the classroom. ★2. 表示地點(diǎn)的here和there位于句首時(shí)，其后用完全倒裝形式。這類(lèi)倒裝句的謂語(yǔ)通常是動(dòng)詞be和come, go等表示移動(dòng)或動(dòng)態(tài)的不及物動(dòng)詞，以及stand, lie, live等表示狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞(表示存在)。 例：Here comes the bus. 公共汽車(chē)來(lái)了。 There goes the last train. 最后一班火車(chē)開(kāi)走了。 There stood a desk against the wall. 靠墻放著一張書(shū)桌。 注意：若主語(yǔ)為人稱(chēng)代詞，則不倒裝。如： Here you are. 這就是你要的東西。（給你。） Her

3、e it comes. 它來(lái)了。 ★3. 表示方向的副詞away, down, in, off, out, over, round, up等位于句首時(shí)，其后用完全倒裝語(yǔ)序。這類(lèi)倒裝句的謂語(yǔ)通常表示動(dòng)態(tài)的不及物動(dòng)詞。 Out rushed the puppy. 小狗沖了出去。 Away went the girl. 那個(gè)女孩走遠(yuǎn)了。 Down came the rain and up went the umbrellas.下雨了，傘都撐起來(lái)了。 注：若主語(yǔ)為人稱(chēng)代詞，則不能用倒裝。如： In he comes. 他走了進(jìn)來(lái)。 Down it came.它掉了下來(lái)。 ★4. 表示時(shí)

4、間或順序的副詞now, then 等位于句首時(shí)，其后用完全倒裝語(yǔ)序。這類(lèi)倒裝句的謂語(yǔ)通常表示動(dòng)態(tài)的不及物動(dòng)詞。如： Now comes your turn. 現(xiàn)在輪到你了。 Then came a new difficulty. 這時(shí)又產(chǎn)生了一個(gè)新的困難。 ★5. 當(dāng)句首狀語(yǔ)是表示地點(diǎn)的介詞詞組時(shí)，也常引起全部倒裝。 South of the city lies the factory. 工廠位于城市南部。 From the valley came a frightening sound. 一個(gè)令人害怕的聲音從村子里傳了出來(lái)。 Under the tree stands a lit

5、tle boy. 一個(gè)小男孩站在樹(shù)下。 ★6. 表語(yǔ)置于句首時(shí)，倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)采用“表語(yǔ)＋連系動(dòng)詞＋主語(yǔ)”的結(jié)構(gòu) 1)形容詞＋連系動(dòng)詞＋主語(yǔ)　 Present at the meeting were Professor White, Professor Smith and many other guests. 出席本次會(huì)議的有懷特教授、史密斯教授和其他各位嘉賓。 2) 分詞＋連系動(dòng)詞＋主語(yǔ) Gone are the days when they could do what they liked. 他們想做什么就做什么的日子過(guò)去了。 Attending the meeting was Mr

6、. Black. 布萊克先生出席了本次會(huì)議。 3) 介詞＋連系動(dòng)詞＋主語(yǔ) Among the goods are Christmas trees, flowers, candles and toys. 商品中有圣誕樹(shù)、花、蠟燭和玩具。 Among them was my friend Jim. 他們當(dāng)中就有我的朋友吉姆。 注：在表語(yǔ)置于句首的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)中，要注意其中的謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)與其后的主語(yǔ)保持一致，而不是與位于句首的表語(yǔ)保持一致。 In the box was a cat. 箱子里是一只貓。 In the box were two cats. 箱子里是兩只貓。 7. 使用完全倒裝以

7、保持句子結(jié)構(gòu)平衡，或?yàn)榱藦?qiáng)調(diào)表語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)，或?yàn)榱耸股舷挛慕Y(jié)構(gòu)緊湊。 They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of which sat a small boy. 強(qiáng)調(diào)狀語(yǔ) Inside the pyramids are the burial rooms for the kings and queens and long passages to these rooms. 保持句子結(jié)構(gòu)平衡 8. 在直接引語(yǔ)全部或部分置于句首時(shí)，引用動(dòng)詞和它的主語(yǔ)（名詞）往往要倒裝。主語(yǔ)是代詞時(shí)一般不倒裝。 “You’ve made great progress thi

8、s term.”said the teacher. “Tom”,said his father, “ You shouldn’t make friends with such boys!” “Let’s go,” said the man / he said. 二、部分倒裝 1. 用于疑問(wèn)句。 例：Do you speak English? ★2. 當(dāng)虛擬條件句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞含有 were, should, had 時(shí)，可省略 if ，并將 were, should, had置于句首。 例：Had you reviewed your lessons, you might have

9、 passed the examination. Had it rained yesterday, the crops would have been saved. Were it to rain tomorrow, the crops would be saved. Should it rain tomorrow, the crops would be saved. 注：若條件從句為否定句，否定詞not應(yīng)置于主語(yǔ)之后，而不能與were, should, had 等縮略成Weren’t, Shouldn’t, Hadn’t而置于句首。如： Were it not for your h

10、elp, I wouldnt be doing so well.若不是你幫忙，我現(xiàn)在不會(huì)干得這樣好。 ★3. 用于“形容詞(或名詞、動(dòng)詞、副詞)＋ as (though)” 引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。 例：Pretty as she is, she is not clever. 盡管她很漂亮，但她不聰明。 Try as he would, he might fail again. 無(wú)論他嘗試了多少次，總會(huì)失敗。 Child as he is, he knows a lot. 盡管他是一個(gè)孩子，他卻知道很多知識(shí)。（要特別注意位于句首的名詞前習(xí)慣上不用冠詞，即使其前有形容詞修飾也不用冠詞） M

11、uch as I have travelled, I have never seen such a beautiful place. 我旅游那么多次，卻從未見(jiàn)過(guò)如此美麗的地方。 Successful as he is, he is not proud.他雖然成功，但不驕傲。 Much as I like you, I couldn’t live with you.我盡管很喜歡你,卻不能和你在一起生活。 Fast as you read, you can’t finish the book in two days.盡管你讀得很快，你總不能在兩天之內(nèi)就讀完這本書(shū)。 ★4. 用于No soo

12、ner …than… / Hardly… when… / Scarcely…when… 和 Not until的句型中。 No sooner had she gone out than the class began. 她剛走出去課就開(kāi)始了。 No sooner had I got into the house than the phone rang.我剛進(jìn)屋，電話鈴就響了。 Hardlyhad they reachedEdinburgh when they were ordered to return to London. 他們剛到達(dá)愛(ài)丁堡就被命令返回倫敦。 Not until th

13、e teacher came did he finish his homework. 直到老師回來(lái)他才完成了作業(yè)。 Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room. 直到孩子睡著了母親才離開(kāi)房間。 ★★5. 當(dāng) never, hardly, seldom, scarcely, little, at no time, in no case, by no means, on no condition, on no accounts, under no circumstances, not only, barely,

14、rarely, little, not a bit等含有否定意義的副詞若位于句首，則其后要用部分倒裝。 例：Never shall I do this again. 我再也不會(huì)這么做了。 At no time can you say “no” to the order. 你絕不可以對(duì)任何命令說(shuō)“不”。 Seldom does he read in his free hours.他空余時(shí)間很少看書(shū)。 By no means should he be left alone.絕不能把他單獨(dú)留下。 Hardly could the old man stand on his feet in t

15、he strong wind.老人在這陣狂風(fēng)中幾乎站不住了。 Never will you achieve anything if you spend your time that way.你若總是這樣消磨時(shí)間，就永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)有所成就。 Not only did he speak more correctly, but he spoke more easily.不僅他講得更正確，也講得更不費(fèi)勁了。 In no case should you give up.你絕不能放棄。 On no accounts can my name be mentioned to anyone.我的名字是絕不能向

16、任何人提起的。 Little did they know they were to be reunited ten years later.他們簡(jiǎn)直想不到10年后竟又能團(tuán)聚。 Nowhere is drug abuse more of a problem than in the US. 沒(méi)有什么地方吸毒問(wèn)題比美國(guó)更嚴(yán)重。 ★注：in no time (立即，馬上)位于句首時(shí)，其后無(wú)需用倒裝語(yǔ)序，因?yàn)樵摱陶Z(yǔ)并不表示否定意義。須十分注意in no time和at no time的區(qū)別。 如：In no time he worked out the problem.他馬上就算出了那道題。

17、★6. 當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)受副詞only的修飾且置于句首時(shí)，其后通常要用部分倒裝的形式。 例：Only in this way can we live a happy life.只有這樣，我們才能快樂(lè)地生活。 Only when he returned home did he realize what had happened.當(dāng)他回到家里時(shí)，才知道出了什么事。 Only then did I realize the importance of study. 到那時(shí)我才意識(shí)到學(xué)習(xí)的重要。 Only by working hard can you achieve success. 只有努力工作才能成

18、功。 Only when the class began did he realize he had left the book at home. 上課的時(shí)候他才意識(shí)到他把書(shū)丟在家里了。 ★7. so / neither / nor 表示前面所說(shuō)的情況也適合于后者時(shí)（意思為“也”），用“so / neither / nor+助動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)”這樣的倒裝句式 (so用于前后為肯定的情況，neither / nor用于前后為否定的情況)。如： He can sing English songs and so can I. 他會(huì)唱英語(yǔ)歌，我也會(huì)。 He didn’t see the film,

19、and neither did I. 他沒(méi)有看這部電影，我也沒(méi)有看。 She is every beautiful and so was her mother when she was young. 她很美，她媽媽年輕時(shí)也很美。 ★注：注意該結(jié)構(gòu)與表示強(qiáng)調(diào)或同意的“so+主語(yǔ)+特殊動(dòng)詞”結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別。如： “It was cold yesterday.” “So it was.” “昨天很冷。”“的確很冷。” “Father, you promised.” “Well, so I did.” “爸爸，你答應(yīng)過(guò)的?！薄班牛谴饝?yīng)過(guò)?！? “He studies very hard.” “Y

20、es, so he did and so did you.” “他學(xué)習(xí)很刻苦?！薄笆堑?，他的確學(xué)習(xí)很刻苦，你學(xué)習(xí)也很刻苦。” ★8. 在 so / such that 的結(jié)構(gòu)中，若so / such置于句首，則句子部分倒裝。 例：So difficult a problem is it that I can’t work it out. 這個(gè)問(wèn)題太難了，我解決不了。 Such a noble person is he that people all respect him. 他是一個(gè)非常高尚的人，人們都尊敬他。 ★9. 當(dāng)however, no matter how引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，常把however / no matter how + 形容詞 / 副詞放在句首，此時(shí)主謂不倒裝。 例：However difficult the work is, I will finish it. 無(wú)論工作有多難，我都會(huì)完成。 However much the book costs, I will buy it. 無(wú)論這本書(shū)多貴，我都會(huì)買(mǎi)。 10. 用于某些祝愿的句子。 例：May you succeed. 祝你成功。