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1、企業(yè)經(jīng)營模擬遊戲企業(yè)經(jīng)營模擬遊戲簡介簡介陶幼慧高大資管系經(jīng)營競賽教學法經(jīng)營競賽教學法( Business Game ) z或稱管理競賽 ( Management Game ) z透過實際的系統(tǒng)來模擬各類經(jīng)營情境，以培育經(jīng)營人才在決策制定、環(huán)境與競爭分析、以及解決各類管理問題之能力z為美國各大學企管研究所經(jīng)常使用的管理教育教學方式，在國內(nèi)也受到許多大專院校企管學系的歡迎企業(yè)經(jīng)營遊戲的濫觴企業(yè)經(jīng)營遊戲的濫觴zThe American Management Association created one of the first business management games in 1956zC
2、urrent management games are typically centered on an organization, or a functional area of that organization, within a particular industry.資歷來源：Miles, W.G., Biggs, W.D. and Schubert, J.N. (1986), “Student perceptions of skill acquisition through cases and a general management simulation: a compariso
3、n”, Simulation & Games, Vol. 17 No. 1, pp. 7-24.企業(yè)經(jīng)營管理競賽過程企業(yè)經(jīng)營管理競賽過程z由一群背景不同的學員組成數(shù)家假想企業(yè)，在模擬的產(chǎn)業(yè)環(huán)境下激烈競爭，以追求企業(yè)之最大利潤為其持續(xù)努力的目標z學員各自擔任相當企業(yè)中部門分工下的職務，如生產(chǎn)、行銷、財務等z仔細分析來自企業(yè)內(nèi)外、所有可能的數(shù)據(jù)資料，與種種正式、非正式的情報而作出代表各單位的判斷z經(jīng)過不斷的討論協(xié)調(diào)等集體決策的程序，最後共同決定代表公司現(xiàn)階段經(jīng)營方向的一組數(shù)字或文字性的決策值z再將各公司的決策值投入產(chǎn)業(yè)環(huán)境，在相互競爭中，市場狀況即刻產(chǎn)生變化，各企業(yè)盈虧立現(xiàn)z在保有公司現(xiàn)有市場優(yōu)勢
4、、或改善劣勢之企圖下，於是各公司又進入另一個決策程序，如此周而復始z最後主辦單位或教師根據(jù)勝負決定標準判定企業(yè)經(jīng)營之績效 經(jīng)營競賽教學法特色經(jīng)營競賽教學法特色相對於其他企管教育教學法而言：z能創(chuàng)造接近企業(yè)真實情況的學習情境 z學習目標明確且其挑戰(zhàn)性 z提供動態(tài)學習的環(huán)境 z學習成果迅速回饋 z強調(diào)數(shù)字分析、重視理性研判 z兼具角色扮演的效果、培養(yǎng)參與決策的能力 z協(xié)助建立整體觀 國內(nèi)的發(fā)展國內(nèi)的發(fā)展z國內(nèi)目前以企業(yè)營運模擬系統(tǒng) ( BOSS: Business Operations Simulation System )為主要的商業(yè)化產(chǎn)品z國立政治大學企業(yè)管理研究所教授吳思華與光華策進基金會於
5、一九八四年合作發(fā)展的一套軟體，參考R. C. Henshaw & J.R.Jacson 於1973年發(fā)表之“Executive Game” 所研發(fā)z經(jīng)過長達十年時間的實際教學與不斷地改進，同時每年都舉辦多次的全國性競賽，使這套系統(tǒng)的架構(gòu)漸臻完善。透過 BOSS 互動及模擬式的教學方法，能讓學員於寓教於樂中熟悉企業(yè)經(jīng)營之整體理念，並了解企業(yè)經(jīng)營之競爭過程缺點缺點z相較於課堂講授法與個案討論法，經(jīng)營競賽教學法或管理競賽無疑是更接近實作(learning by doing)的教學方法，可以提供那些已具備各功能部門基本知識的企管系學生一個非常逼真的綜合應用練習z因為經(jīng)營競賽在設計上模擬企業(yè)的總體運作，
6、較適合已修完大部分企業(yè)管理課程的高年級學生或由各有專長的學生組隊合作，而且競賽過程是正式的、理性的、嚴肅的，不但無法在一般的管理課程中作為輔助的學習活動，也不如簡單明確的學習遊戲能夠引起學生動機z管理競賽與學習遊戲都是做中學的體驗式學習。兩者皆可歸類為模擬，是管理教育中真正能夠提供學生實作訓練機會，跨越知與行的障礙的教學方法。競賽競賽zGaming consists of “interactions among players placed in a prescribed setting and constrained by a set of rules and procedures” (Hs
7、u, 1989) zThis interaction that excludes acting, can also include “competition, cooperation, conflict, even collusion” (Hsu, 1989) zGames of this type are thought to have originated in China around 3000 BC from Wei Chi, the precursor of chess (Hsu, 1989) or from Wie-Hai, a Hindu game (Wilson, 1968)z
8、These games were militarily oriented. Winning occurred when ones opponent was defeated through the eradication of his or her armies.資料來源：1. Hsu, E. (1989). Role-event gaming simulation in management education: Aconceptual framework and review. Simulation & Gaming, 20(4), 409438.2. Wilson, A. (1968),
9、 The Bomb and the Computer: Wargaming from Ancient Chinese Mapboard to Atomic Computer, Delacorte, New York, NY.Simulation and Simulators的差別的差別z“a simulator is a complex device that provides a highly realistic simulation of the operational situation and provides a situation adequate for practicing a
10、nd maintaining previously acquired skills”,zsimulation is the act of immersing the trainee in the simulator資料來源：Hays, R.T. and Singer, M.J. (1989), Simulation Fidelity in Training System Design: Bridging the Gap Between Reality and Training, Springer-Verlag, New York, NY.模擬模擬zUsing a symbolic model,
11、 computer simulation attempts to replicate the characteristics of the system through the use of mathematics or simple object representations. zThe interaction of the functional entities of the system is described with symbols, words, and mathematics.模擬範例模擬範例zWITNESS Simulation Model of loading facto
12、ry http:/ simulation of two Katana robots in a factory http:/ Titan | Business Simulation http:/ Titan Challenge 2010 JA Titan Challenge 2010 http:/ Simulations PIXELearning Stylehttp:/ - The Business Simulation Game http:/ to Win a Business Simulation http:/ Business Simulation Game http:/ To Win The BSGhttp:/ Games on BBCTV http:/ Virtual Leader Demo http:/ Training Content in Forterra Virtual World Platform http:/
企業(yè)經(jīng)營模擬游戲簡介
