2019-2020年高中英語基礎(chǔ)知識(shí) 代詞的講解與訓(xùn)練.doc

2019-2020年高中英語基礎(chǔ)知識(shí) 代詞的講解與訓(xùn)練代詞知識(shí)要點(diǎn) 1. 簡(jiǎn)述：代詞是代替名詞的一種詞類。大多數(shù)代詞具有名詞和形容詞的功能。英語中的代詞，按其意義、特征及在句中的作用分為：人稱代詞、物主代詞、指示代詞、反身代詞、相互代詞、疑問代詞、關(guān)系代詞和不定代詞八種。下面以表格的形式，具體說明代詞的類別： 2.分類： 1人稱代詞主格I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they賓格me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them2物主代詞形容詞性my, your, his, her, its, our, their名詞性mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs3反身代詞myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves4指示代詞this, that, these, those, such, some5不定代詞one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little, other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either6關(guān)系代詞that, which, who, whom, whose, as7疑問代詞who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever8相互代詞each other，one another 疑難突破代詞的用法：代詞種類基本用法1.人稱代詞。包括I,me,we,us,you,he,him,She,her,they,them等。人稱代詞有主格和賓語之分：主格用作主語，賓語用作賓語。但在口語中，當(dāng)人稱代詞用作表語，用于than, as 之后或用于強(qiáng)調(diào)句中被強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)，用主格(較正式)和賓格(較口語化)均可以。如：1.“Who is it?” “Its me.” “是誰呀?” “是我?！?.He dances better than me. 他比我跳舞跳得好。2.物主代詞。包括my,your,his,our,their,her, ours,yours, hers, his, theirs等。物主代詞分形容詞性物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞。形容詞性物主代詞在句中只用作定語；名詞性物主代詞則不能用作定語，但可以用作主語、賓語、表語、連用of作定語等。如：1.Here is my pen. Its colour is green. 這是我的鋼筆，它的顏色是綠的。2.Is that book yours or hers? 那本書是你的還是她的?3.反身代詞。包括myself,ourself,ourselves,himself,youself,youselves等。反身代詞可用作賓語、同位語、表語等。用作同位語時(shí)，主要用于加強(qiáng)被修飾詞的語氣，可緊放在被修飾名詞后或句末如：1.He himself was a teacher. 他本人就是一位教師。2.She is too young to dress herself. 她太小，不能自己穿衣服。注：用于 be, feel, seem, look 等后作表語表示身體或精神處于正常狀態(tài)。4. 相互代詞。相互代詞只有each other和one another。在句中通常只用作賓語，不能用作主語或狀語等。如：Students should help one another. 學(xué)生應(yīng)該互相幫助。5.指示代詞。主要有四個(gè)，即this, that, these 和 those。在句中可作主語、賓語、表語、定語等。具體使用時(shí)應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn)：1.為避免重復(fù)，可用 that 和 those 代替前面提到的名詞。如：Our grain output is now 5 times that of 1977. 2. 用來回指上文提到的事情時(shí)，可用this 或 that，但是若要指下文敘述的事情，通常要用 this。3. 除用作代詞外，this 和that 還可用作副詞，用以修飾形容詞或副詞，意為“這么”、“那么”，相當(dāng)于 so。如：Ive done only that much. 我所做的就這么多。6. 疑問代詞。即指who, whom, whose, which, what等用于引出特殊疑問句的代詞。在句中可用作主語、表語、賓語、定語等。如：What did she say? 她怎么說?Which are our books? 哪些是我們的書?What are you worrying about? 你為什么事煩惱?注：who 和 whom 只用作主語、賓語和表語，不用作定語；what, which, whose 則既可用作主語、賓語和表語，也可用作定語(from yygrammar)。7. 連接代詞。包括who, whom, what,which,whose,whoever,whatever,whichever, whosever 等。在句中可用作主語、賓語、表語、定語等（但who, whom, whoever 等不用于名詞前作定語），主要用于引導(dǎo)主語從句、賓語從句和表語從句等。如：Ask him which he wants to choose. 問他要選擇哪一個(gè)。The question is who can help us. 問題是誰能幫助我們。I dont know what you would like to eat. 我不知道你喜歡吃什么。8. 不定代詞。包括some,any,both, either, neither，all, any, none, every，(a) few 與 (a) little。few和a few等。注意以下一些代詞的用法比較：1.it,one/the one,ones/the ones及that,those表示替代。it，one，ones，that，those可以用來代替上文中提到的名詞，以避免重復(fù)?，F(xiàn)將其用法歸納如下：1) it (1) 代替上文提到的名詞，指代同一事物(同名同物)，不能帶修飾語： -Do you want the magazine? -Yes，I want it. I dont want to drink the teaIt is too hot (2) it用作人稱代詞時(shí)，可指已知的或暗含的事實(shí)或情況，或用作形式主語/賓語，也可替代性別不明的嬰兒。Once the supermarket closes, it will mean that 200 workers will be laid off.一旦超市倒閉，那就意味著200工人要下崗。It would be a pity to miss it.錯(cuò)過了這件事是可惜的。She thought it a waste of time arguing with him.她認(rèn)為跟他爭(zhēng)辯是浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。2) one (1)代替上文中出現(xiàn)過的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，表泛指（同類但不是同一）前面可以有冠詞或形容詞，也可以有this或that或another，但前不能有物主代詞：I have 1ost my penIm going to buy one. This pen doesnt work. I must buy another one.I prefer this one to that one.比較：Im looking for a flat. Id like a small one with a garden.Im looking for a flat. Id like one with a garden.（不能說：. a one with a garden.）(2)one作為不定人稱代詞, 可泛指“任何一個(gè)人”，有ones 和oneself形式。多用于正式文體，口語中也可用he/his代替第二個(gè)one/ones.One has to take care of oneself and ones family if he can. One shouldnt hesitate to correct his/ones mistakes.If one wants to see the ruins, he must find his own guide. (如果一個(gè)人想看那廢墟, 他必須找自己的向?qū)А?3)ones是one的復(fù)數(shù)形式，常用來代替復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，表泛指，前面不用物主代詞修飾，也不用these或those來直接修飾，除非ones前面有形容詞：I have a new coat and several old ones. These yellow waistcoats are so small. I want those green ones. 4)the one替代表特指的單數(shù)名詞：Here are six rings. Pick out the one you like best. 這里有六個(gè)戒指，挑選你最喜歡的那個(gè)。5) the ones替代表特指的復(fù)數(shù)名詞：Dont buy the expensive apples; get the cheaper ones. 不要買那些貴的蘋果，買那些便宜的。6)that用來代替上下文中的名詞，它表示與前面同類不同一的東西。(1)that既可代替不可數(shù)名詞，又可代替單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，其后總有后置定語，一般不指人： Life in the countryside seems more exciting than that in town.Im moving to the countryside because the air there is much fresher than that in the city.(2) 指代可數(shù)名詞時(shí)，that相當(dāng)于the one My room is better than that/the one next door.(3) 若后置定語為 of 引起的介詞短語，則通常用 that。The price of wheat is higher than that of rice. The population of China is larger than that of Japan. 7)those是that的復(fù)數(shù)形式，可用來替代可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式，表示特指;有時(shí)the ones和those可互換使用，常有后置定語： The students in our class work harder than those in their class. The book is more difficult than those we have read before. Students who do well in examinations are those the ones who like to ask questions in class. 1. all,both,either,neither, none, each,every, 用法比較all:三個(gè)或以上都. All of us laughed happily when the clown played tricks.當(dāng)那個(gè)小丑在搞笑時(shí)，我們大家都高興地笑了。both:兩個(gè)都. There are trees on both sides of the street.街道的兩邊都有樹。either:（兩者中）任一的，兩個(gè)中或A或B（無論哪個(gè)都）；強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)體 Either you or he is right because there is only an answer to the question.因?yàn)閷?duì)此問題只有一個(gè)答案，要么你對(duì)，要么他對(duì)。neither:兩個(gè)都不 Would you like rice or noodles? Neither. I am so full.你喜歡米飯還是面條？一樣都不要，我已經(jīng)飽了。none:（三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上）都不，.中沒有一個(gè)=no one None of us likes him because he has a bad temper.我們大家沒一個(gè)喜歡他；因?yàn)樗獠缓?。each （兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上）每個(gè)，每一的（強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)體）；every指的是（三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上中的）每一的（強(qiáng)調(diào)全體）。Each of the boys has an apple.=Every one of the boyshas an apple.He can get up for about two hours each day. 他每天可以起床活動(dòng)大約兩個(gè)小時(shí)。 He gave each boy an apple. 他給每個(gè)孩子一個(gè)蘋果。 Nearly everybody enters for The Nicest Garden petition each year, but Joe wins everytime. 幾乎每年每人都報(bào)名參加“最佳花園賽”，但每次都是喬獲勝。 From each according to his ability, to each according to his work. 各盡所能，按勞分配。 The sun shines every day. 每天都是陽光燦爛。 2.none(都不)，使用范圍為三者以上；none 可指人也可指物，作主語時(shí)，如和 of 連用指不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式；指可數(shù)名詞時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單、復(fù)數(shù)均可。I like none of the flowers.這些花我都不喜歡。None of them has / have seen me before.他們之前都沒有見過我。None of this money belongs to me. 這些錢都不屬于我。 3.both(兩者都)，使用范圍為兩個(gè)人或物，both與復(fù)數(shù)連用。Both the boys are clever. 兩個(gè)男孩都很聰明。 4.neither(兩者都不)，使用范圍為兩個(gè)人或物，neither與單數(shù)連用。neithernor表示兩者之中都不.Neither of the two boys is clever.兩個(gè)男孩都不聰明。Neither I nor he can swim .我和他都不會(huì)有游泳。3.no,none及no one用法比較 No（沒有）是形容詞。a. No常位于名詞前，用來否定這個(gè)名詞。有時(shí)no否定名詞時(shí)，可理解為這個(gè)名詞的反義詞，意思是“并非”。 I have no ink我沒有墨水。不可說：I have not ink There are no clouds in the sky天上沒有云。 He is no foolHe is clever他很精明。比較：He is not a fool他不是傻子。 b.No用于形容詞、副詞的比較級(jí)前，意思是“并不，毫不”。 We went no farther than the bridge我們走到橋邊就不再往前走了。 c. No用于加強(qiáng)語氣。 I dont believe itNo，not I我不相信這事，不，我才不相信哩！ d.用于表示驚奇、懷疑或不信。 He left yesterdayNo他昨天走了，不會(huì)吧！ e.用于委婉說法，“并非”。 in no small measure在不小的程度上 f.有時(shí)no not at all，意思是“完全不是，決不是”。 （1）His father is no teacher他的父親決不是教師。（比較：His father is not a teacher他的父親不是教師。） （2）It is no easy task這根本不是輕而易舉的工作。（比較：It is not an easy task這工作不容易。） （3）It is no joke這決不是開玩笑的事。（即：這是一件正經(jīng)事。比較：It is not a joke這不是玩笑。） g.在“No動(dòng)名詞”的省略句中，表示“禁止，不準(zhǔn)”的意思。這時(shí)，不能用“not any”代替“no”。 No smoking！禁止吸煙！? no one （沒有一個(gè)）只能指人，做主語時(shí)，謂語為單數(shù); 不接表范圍的of-短語。none 指人，物 都可以，常接表范圍的of-短語。 做主語時(shí)，謂語一般為單數(shù)，也有用復(fù)數(shù)的指人時(shí)， no one 所指寬泛， 而none 指某個(gè)三個(gè)（以上的）特定范圍中一個(gè)也沒有-Who is in the classroom? -No one. (無明確對(duì)象） -How many students are there in the room? -None (因有明確對(duì)象“學(xué)生” ， 所以這里只能是none)4.another，other，the other ,the others及others用法比較，another與other的區(qū)別。another表示“總數(shù)為三個(gè)以上中任意的另一個(gè)”，表示泛指。other表示“別的”，“另外的”，只能與復(fù)數(shù)名詞連用。但other前有冠詞the即可與單數(shù)名詞連用。如： I have two pens. One is blue. The other (pen) is black. 我有兩枝鋼筆。一支是藍(lán)色的，另一支是黑色的。 Some students like English and other students (others) like physics. 有些學(xué)生喜歡英語，有些學(xué)生喜歡物理。 the other ,the others及others比較The other表示“兩個(gè)數(shù)量或部分中的另一個(gè)”，表示特指，總數(shù)為倆；another表示“總數(shù)為三個(gè)以上中，除一個(gè)或多個(gè)之外的，任意的另一個(gè)”，表示泛指。John did better than all the other players in the sport. 在那項(xiàng)運(yùn)動(dòng)中John比所有別的運(yùn)動(dòng)員都出色。This shirt is too large for me. Please show me another. 這件襯衫我穿太大。請(qǐng)另外拿一件我看看。（一般商店不會(huì)只有兩件襯衫） The other加復(fù)數(shù)名詞指的是一定范圍內(nèi)“所有其余的人或事物”，是特指；而other加復(fù)數(shù)名詞卻是沒有明確范圍的“另外的人或事物”。如： We must think more of other rades. 我們必須多想想別的同志。 Another, the other作代詞的用法。The other表示“兩個(gè)數(shù)量中的另一個(gè)”，表示特指，總數(shù)為倆；another表示“總數(shù)為三個(gè)以上中任意的另一個(gè)”，表示泛指。如： His parents both work in a hospital. One is a doctor and the other is a nurse. 他父母都在一家醫(yī)院工作。一個(gè)是醫(yī)生，一個(gè)是護(hù)士。（父母為兩個(gè)人） others 和the othersothers指“其余的人或物”如：He is always ready to help others.the others表示(一個(gè)整體中除一個(gè)或一部分之外)其余所有的人或物；如:Some cleaned the windows, the others mopped the floor. 有的擦窗戶, 其余的擦地板。 3. 關(guān)于all，both 和 every 的部分否定1）not all.(或allnot), 表示“并非都;；不是所有的都”。All that glitters is not gold. (= Not all gold glitters.) 發(fā)光的并不都是金子。All men cannot be masters. (= Not all men can be masters.) 并非人人都能成為大師。All hope was not lost. 不是所有的希望都破滅了。All is not lost. 并不是一切都沒有希望了。2）not.both (或bothnot), 表示“并非兩個(gè)都”。I dont want both books. 我不是兩本書都要。Both (the) windows were not open. 兩扇窗子并不都開著。3）not every, 表示“不是每都”。Not every book is interesting. (=Every book is not interesting.) 不是每本書都有趣。Not everyone likes this book. 并非人人都喜歡這本書。This flower is not seen everywhere. 這花并不是隨處可見的。4）all和every的全否定用no,none of -；both的全否定用neither(of)-如：All of them can do it.他們都能做。 None of them can do it,他們中沒有一個(gè)人能做。Both are good.他們都很好。 Neither is good.他們兩個(gè)中沒有一個(gè)好。Everybody likes it. 每人都喜歡它。 Nobody likes it.沒有人喜歡它。注意：近幾年高考命題側(cè)重于不定代詞、相互代詞和指示代詞等的考查。 即學(xué)即練1. Being a parent is not always easy, and being the parent of a child with special needs often carries with _extra stress. A. it B. them C. one D. him 2. I felt so bad all day yesterday that I decided this morning I couldnt face _ day like that. A. other B. another C. the other D. others3. Jane was asked a lot of questions, but she didnt answer of them. A. other B. any C. none D. some4.Wow! Youve got so many clothesBut _ of them are in fashion now .A. all B. both C. neither D. none5. I like this house with a beautiful garden in front, but I dont have enough money to buy_.A. one B. it C. this D. that6Ive read another book this week.Well, maybe _ is not how much you read but what you read that counts.A. thisB. that C. there D. it7. Charles was alone at home, with looking after him. A. someone B. anyone C. not one D. no one8.The CDs are on sale! Buy one and you get pletely free. A. other B. others C. one D. ones9. Over the past 20 years, the Internet helped change our world in way or another for the better.A. any B. one C. every D. either10. Nine in ten parents said there were significant differences in their approach to educating their children pared with _ of their parents. A. those B. one C. both D. that代詞：即學(xué)即練1. A。考查代詞的用法。該句話的意思是：作為一個(gè)父母并非總是一件容易的事，但是作為一個(gè)有特殊需求的父母來說就需要有更多的額外的壓力。it特指being the parent of a child with special needs這件事。2.B。考查與other 相關(guān)的單詞的區(qū)別，由題意知：我昨天一整天感到很糟糕，以至于我今天早晨決定我不會(huì)面對(duì)那樣的一天。是指在未來的日子中的一天，故用another.3.B?？疾椴欢ù~。所填詞與not構(gòu)成全部否定，四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有any與not可以構(gòu)成not any，等于none，表全部否定，故選B。4.D。因?yàn)閾?jù)but是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。據(jù)句意：-哇，你買了這么多衣服！-但是，所有的都過時(shí)了。是全否定的意思。故選D。5.B。 意思是：我喜歡這個(gè)前面有一個(gè)美麗花園的房子，但是我沒有足夠多的錢去把它買下來。第一句話中的this house表明在該語境中是特指的用法，所以答案為it，表示特指。該題容易誤選one，要注意的是one表示泛指。6. D。這是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中的it,it is notthat。7.D。據(jù)句意是否定意思，據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)是做with的賓語。8. C。句意：買一個(gè)就會(huì)得到一個(gè)免費(fèi)的。強(qiáng)調(diào)數(shù)字的一個(gè)用one。9. B。one or another-一個(gè)或另一個(gè)。10. D。指代事物，有后置定語的常用that表示。