（天津?qū)Ｓ茫?019高考英語二輪增分策略 專題三 閱讀理解 第二節(jié) 分類突破 十一 主旨大意-標(biāo)題歸納題優(yōu)選習(xí)題

十一、主旨大意標(biāo)題歸納題(2018·6月天津，C)Theres a new frontier in 3D printing thats beginning to come into focus：food.Recent development has made possible machines that print，cook，and serve foods on a mass scale.And the industry isnt stopping there.Food productionWith a 3D printer，a cook can print complicated chocolate sculptures and beautiful pieces for decoration on a wedding cake.Not everybody can do thatit takes years of experience，but a printer makes it easy.A restaurant in Spain uses a Foodini to “re-create forms and pieces” of food that are “exactly the same，” freeing cooks to complete other tasks.In another restaurant，all of the dishes and desserts it serves are 3D-printed，rather than farm to table.Sustainability(可持續(xù)性)The global population is expected to grow to 9.6 billion by 2050，and some analysts estimate that food production will need to be raised by 50 percent to maintain current levels.Sustainability is becoming a necessity.3D food printing could probably contribute to the solution.Some experts believe printers could use hydrocolloids(水解膠體) from plentiful renewables like algae(藻類) and grass to replace the familiar ingredients(烹飪?cè)?.3D printing can reduce fuel use and emissions.Grocery stores of the future might stock “food” that lasts years on end，freeing up shelf space and reducing transportation and storage requirements.NutritionFuture 3D food printers could make processed food healthier.Hod Lipson，a professor at Columbia University，said，“Food printing could allow consumers to print food with customized nutritional content，like vitamins.So instead of eating a piece of yesterdays bread from the supermarket，youd eat something baked just for you on demand.”ChallengesDespite recent advancements in 3D food printing，the industry has many challenges to overcome.Currently，most ingredients must be changed to a paste(糊狀物) before a printer can use them，and the printing process is quite time-consuming，because ingredients interact with each other in very complex ways.On top of that，most of the 3D food printers now are restricted to dry ingredients，because meat and milk products may easily go bad.Some experts are skeptical about 3D food printers，believing they are better suited for fast food restaurants than homes and high-end restaurants.46.What benefit does 3D printing bring to food production?A.It helps cooks to create new dishes.B.It saves time and effort in cooking.C.It improves the cooking conditions.D.It contributes to restaurant decorations.答案B解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)Food production下的第二句中的“.it takes years of experience，but a printer makes it easy.”可知，利用3D打印機(jī)打印食物省時(shí)省力。故答案為B。47.What can we learn about 3D food printing from Paragraph 3?A.It solves food shortages easily.B.It quickens the transportation of food.C.It needs no space for the storage of food.D.It uses renewable materials as sources of food.答案D解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段中的“Some experts believe printers could use hydrocolloids(水解膠體) from plentiful renewables like algae(藻類) and grass to replace the familiar ingredients(烹飪?cè)?.”可知，3D打印機(jī)用的是可再生材料。故D項(xiàng)正確。48.According to Paragraph 4,3D-printed food .A.is more available to consumersB.can meet individual nutritional needsC.is more tasty than food in supermarketsD.can keep all the nutrition in raw materials答案B解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段中的“Food printing could allow consumers to print food with customized nutritional content，like vitamins.”可知，3D打印機(jī)打印食物可以滿足個(gè)人的營(yíng)養(yǎng)需求。故答案為B。49.What is the main factor that prevents 3D food printing from spreading widely?A.The printing process is complicated.B.3D food printers are too expensive.C.Food materials have to be dry.D.Some experts doubt 3D food printing.答案C解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)Challenges下的“On top of that，most of the 3D food printers now are restricted to dry ingredients.”可知，選項(xiàng)C正確。50.What could be the best title of the passage?A.3D Food Printing：Delicious New TechnologyB.A New Way to Improve 3D Food PrintingC.The Challenges for 3D Food ProductionD.3D Food Printing：From Farm to Table答案A解析標(biāo)題歸納題。本文介紹了一種美味的新科技3D食物打印，故A項(xiàng)適合作文章標(biāo)題。一、題型解讀記敘文、說明文和議論文三種文體所涉及的不同話題的閱讀材料都會(huì)考查到標(biāo)題歸納題。設(shè)問形式常有：(1)Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?(2)What can be a suitable title for the passage/text? (3)What is the best title for this passage?(4)The most suitable title of this passage is .一個(gè)好的標(biāo)題應(yīng)具備三大特點(diǎn)：概括準(zhǔn)確而又簡(jiǎn)短；針對(duì)性標(biāo)題外延正好與文章內(nèi)容相符；醒目能引發(fā)讀者的閱讀欲望。二、解題技巧1.“高度概括”定標(biāo)題(1)所選文章標(biāo)題須能概括全文的中心內(nèi)容。標(biāo)題是文章的點(diǎn)睛之筆，是文章的靈魂和門面。為吸引讀者的注意，標(biāo)題往往比較醒目。(2)一般文章的標(biāo)題可根據(jù)主題句來判斷，但在某些文章中，如記敘文，沒有明確的主題句，需要根據(jù)文中的事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)，查找文章的“主線”，歸納出文章的主題。2.文章標(biāo)題三特點(diǎn)(1)形式一般為單詞、短語或句子，短語居多；(2)短小精悍，精確性強(qiáng)；(3)涵蓋性強(qiáng)，能覆蓋全文大意。例如：【真題感悟】中第50題，要求概括標(biāo)題，文章主要介紹了3D打印技術(shù)在食物上的應(yīng)用取得了進(jìn)展，但目前仍面臨著許多方面的挑戰(zhàn)。所以用標(biāo)題“3D Food Printing：Delicious New Technology”?？忌龃祟}時(shí)一定要注意選項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容必須要能概括整個(gè)文章的內(nèi)容，不能以偏概全。如B、C、D選項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容在文章中都有所涉及，但不足以概括全文，所以需要考生正確概括全文的主旨大意。A(2018·天津十二區(qū)縣二模)Tears of relief and shouts of joy rang out at the San Jose Mine in northern Chile when 33 miners were lifted to freedom，one by one.The men，ranging from 19 to 63 years old，have been buried alive since a cave in the copper and gold mine they were working collapsed on August 5,2010.It is the longest time anyone has ever survived being trapped underground.After the collapse，the men found an emergency shelter off one of the mines tunnels.The temperature in the dark shelter was around 90 degrees Fahrenheit.For more than two weeks，the miners water came from the tanks on their work vehicles.They shared a supply of food that was meant to last for only 48 hours.The miners were totally isolated until rescue teams made contact with the men on August 22.They sent a note to the surface explaining their situation.Rescuers drilled small holes to reach the cave and sent down supply tubes containing food，water，clothes，medicine，fresh air and other supplies.They also received letters from their families，a television set and games.Additional collapses slowed down rescue efforts.Finally，a tunnel was built that could fit a 13-foot rescue capsule(救生艙)，called the Pheonix.The escape hole measures 28 inches across，a tight fit for the twisting 20 minutes,2,041-foot ride.The first miner reached the surface just after midnight on October,13.The rescue mission was faster than expected，and all 33 men had been brought to safety by late the same day.The miners were met by family members who were waiting at Camp Hope，a settlement of tents near the mine.Chiles president，Sebastian Pinera，cheered at the scene and hugged the miners.“We made a promise never to give up，and we kept it，” he said.After an immediate medical exam，the men were airlifted to the nearest hospital for 48 hours of observation.1.How long were the rescued miners trapped in the mine?A.About 48 hours.B.About two weeks.C.One month and a half.D.More than two months.答案D解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中的“a cave in the copper and gold mine they were working collapsed(倒塌) on August 5,2010”和倒數(shù)第二段第四、五句“The first miner reached the surface just after midnight on October,13.all 33 men had been brought to safety by late the same day.”可知，所有被營(yíng)救出來的礦工已被困了兩個(gè)多月。2.Which of the following doesnt belong to the rescue work?A.The water from the tanks.B.Small holes drilled to reach the cave.C.A tunnel built to fix a rescue capsule.D.Letters，games and a TV set from the surface.答案A解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段第三句“For more than two weeks，the miners water came from the tanks on their work vehicles.”可知，礦工們起初兩個(gè)多星期飲用的水是作業(yè)車輛水箱中原先就有的，不屬于救援工作。故選A。3.What can we learn from the text?A.All miners reached the surface just after midnight on October 13.B.The loss of the mine collapse.C.The health condition of the trapped miners.D.The concern of Chiles president about the mine collapse.答案D解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段第二句“Chiles president，Sebastian Pinera，cheered at the scene and hugged the miners.We made a promise never to give up，and we kept it， he said.”可知，智利總統(tǒng)對(duì)礦難非常關(guān)切。故選D。4.According to the text，the rescued miners .A.received medical examination in a hospital at firstB.could go home immediately they got out of the mineC.had to stay in a hospital for two days before going homeD.felt relieved to see their family members taken good care of答案C解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段末句“After an immediate medical exam，the men were airlifted to the nearest hospital for 48 hours of observation.”可知礦工獲救后被送往最近的醫(yī)院進(jìn)行為期兩天的觀察。故選C。5.The best title for the text should be .A.Disaster at the MineB.A Miracle at the MineC.Efforts of Great ChileansD.Miserable Life of Chilean Miners答案B解析標(biāo)題歸納題。本文主要描述了在營(yíng)救者不懈的努力以及礦工們的頑強(qiáng)毅力下，智利礦難的營(yíng)救工作取得了圓滿成功，33名礦工在困于礦井兩個(gè)多月后終于獲救，這可以說是一個(gè)生命的奇跡。B(2018·和平區(qū)二模)Since the 1970s，scientists have been searching for ways to link the brain with computers.Brain-computer interface(界面)(BCI) technology could help people with disabilities send commands to machines.Recently，two researchers，Jose Milan and Michele Tavella from the Federal Polytechnic school in Lausanne，Switzerland，demonstrated(展示) a small robotic wheelchair directed by a persons thoughts.In the laboratory，Tavella operated the wheelchair just by thinking about moving his left or right hand.He could even talk as he watched the vehicle and guided it with his thoughts.“Our brain has billions of nerve ceils.These send signals through the spinal cord(脊髓) to the muscles to give us the ability to move.But spinal cord injuries or other conditions can prevent these weak electrical signals from reaching the muscles，” Tavella says.“Our system allows disabled people to communicate with external world and also to control devices.”The researchers designed a special cap for the user.This head cover picks up the signals from the scalp(頭皮) and sends them to a computer.The computer interprets the signals and commands the motorized wheelchair.The wheelchair also has two cameras that identify objects in its path.They help the computer react to commands from the brain.Prof.Milan，the team leader，says scientists keep improving the computer software that interprets brain signals and turns them into simple commands.“The practical possibilities that BCI technology offers to disabled people can be grouped in two categories：communication，and controlling devices.One example is this wheelchair.”He says his team has set two goals.One is testing with real patients，so as to prove that this is a technology they can benefit from.And the other is to guarantee that they can use the technology over long periods of time.6.BCI is technology that can .A.help to update computer systemsB.link the human brain with computersC.help the disabled to recoverD.control a persons thoughts答案B解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段可知，人類一直在尋找把人腦和電腦聯(lián)系在一起的方法，BCI可以幫助殘疾人向機(jī)器發(fā)布命令。由此可知，BCI是一種可以連接人腦和電腦的技術(shù)。7.How did Tavella operate the wheelchair in the laboratory?A.By controlling his muscles.B.By talking to the machine.C.By moving his hand.D.By using his mind.答案D解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段第一句“In the laboratory，Tavella operated the wheelchair just by thinking about moving his left or right hand.”可知，特維拉通過想著移動(dòng)左手或右手，就可以操作輪椅了。說明他通過思維來控制輪椅。8.Which of the following shows the path of the signals described in Paragraph 5?A.scalpcomputercapwheelchairB.computercapscalpwheelchairC.scalpcapcomputerwheelchairD.capcomputerscalpwheelchair答案C解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第五段第前三句“The researchers designed a special cap for the user.This head cover picks up the signals from the scalp(頭皮) and sends them to a computer.The computer interprets the signals and commands the motorized wheelchair.”可知，首先頭皮接收人的思想信號(hào)，接著特殊的帽子從頭皮上獲取信息，再傳到計(jì)算機(jī)上，最終計(jì)算機(jī)操作輪椅移動(dòng)。9.The team will test with real patients to .A.make profits from themB.prove the technology useful to themC.make them live longerD.learn about their physical condition答案B解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段第二句“One is testing with real patients，so as to prove that this is a technology they can benefit from.”可知，他們把這個(gè)技術(shù)運(yùn)用于真正的病人身上是為了證明這個(gè)技術(shù)對(duì)病人有用。10.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A.Switzerland，the BCI Research CenterB.New Findings About How the Human Brain WorksC.BCI Could Mean More Freedom for the DisabledD.Robotic Vehicles Could Help to Cure Brain Injuries答案C解析標(biāo)題歸納題。文章第一段第二句“Brain-computer interface(界面)(BCI) technology could help people with disabilities send commands to machines.”指出BCI是一種可以連接人腦和電腦的技術(shù)，未來它能夠幫助殘疾人自由活動(dòng)。文章的其他部分則敘述了與之相關(guān)的研究信息。故C項(xiàng)為最佳標(biāo)題。題型組合練(十四).單項(xiàng)填空1.So involved in his teaching that he can hardly accompany his family at weekends.A.has Mr Wang becomeB.has become Mr WangC.Mr Wang has becomeD.become Mr Wang答案A解析以so開頭的句子用部分倒裝。此句可還原為：Mr Wang has become so involved in his teaching that he can hardly accompany his family at weekends.。2.I dont think its right to cancel all large celebrations or events just because of one accident.“Once bitten，twice shy” is not a(n) response.What we need to do is to learn the lessons from it.A.spiritual B.considerateC.efficient D.appropriate答案D解析句意為：我認(rèn)為僅僅因?yàn)橐淮问鹿示腿∠写笮蛻c祝活動(dòng)是不對(duì)的?！耙怀簧咭?，十年怕井繩”是不恰當(dāng)?shù)姆磻?yīng)，我們要做的是從中吸取教訓(xùn)。appropriate適當(dāng)?shù)?；spiritual精神的，心靈的；considerate體貼的，體諒的，考慮周到的；efficient效率高的，有能力的。故選D。3.Our monitor is so quick at taking notes in class that almost every key point our English teacher says in his notebook.A.writes down B.puts downC.goes down D.keeps down答案C解析句意為：我們的班長(zhǎng)課上記筆記很快，英語老師講的每個(gè)要點(diǎn)幾乎都記到筆記本上了。go down是不及物動(dòng)詞短語。write down和put down都可以表示“記下”，但是要用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。keep down壓制，鎮(zhèn)壓。故選C。4.My mother is always warning me when I go out，“Dont get off the bus it is stopping.”(2018·河?xùn)|區(qū)一模)A.until B.while C.before D.after答案B解析此處while意為“當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)候，在過程中”，相當(dāng)于Dont get off the bus until/before it stops.5.Student loan is supposed to provide financial support for people who would not be able to go to college.A.nevertheless B.meanwhileC.therefore D.otherwise答案D解析nevertheless然而；meanwhile與此同時(shí)；therefore因此；otherwise否則，要不然。句意為：學(xué)生的助學(xué)貸款應(yīng)該提供給那些無法上大學(xué)的人。定語從句who would otherwise not be able to go to college是含蓄虛擬條件句。故選D。6.Whether you are teachers or doctors，your is worth great respect of the whole society because it brings benefits to the development of society.A.guidance B.principleC.recognition D.commitment答案D解析guidance指導(dǎo)；principle原則；recognition識(shí)別，辨別，認(rèn)可；commitment奉獻(xiàn)。句意為：無論你是教師還是醫(yī)生，你們的奉獻(xiàn)值得整個(gè)社會(huì)的尊敬，因?yàn)樗o社會(huì)的發(fā)展帶來了益處。故D正確。7.In a yard，where a birthday party ，some members were happily setting the table，making preparations for it.A.had been held B.was to be heldC.should be held D.was being held答案B解析句意為：在一個(gè)院子里，生日派對(duì)即將在這里舉行，一些成員正高興地?cái)[放桌子，為此做著準(zhǔn)備。由主句中的were可知，此處用過去時(shí)；又由party與hold之間存在被動(dòng)關(guān)系；be to do sth. 表示按計(jì)劃或安排即將做某事。故選B。8.It will take technology to give everyone a fair start in life，but personalized learning can be one extended way to give all children a better education and more equal opportunity.A.rather than B.other thanC.little more than D.more than答案D解析rather than而不是；other than除了還有；little more than只有；more than不僅，超過。句意為：要讓每個(gè)人在生活中有一個(gè)公平的開端，需要的不僅僅是科技，而個(gè)性化學(xué)習(xí)是一種可擴(kuò)展的方式，可以給所有孩子更優(yōu)質(zhì)的教育和更平等的機(jī)會(huì)。9.The mountain village is so beautiful.Yes.Moreover， the villagers live，there is fresh air.A.that B.whereC.when D.whether答案B解析此處where引導(dǎo)的是地點(diǎn)狀語從句，修飾后面的主句。故選B。10.Its a long time I saw you last.Yes，and what a pity！It will be a long time we see each other again.A.since；before B.when；whenC.since；when D.before；since答案A解析句意為：自從我上次見到你有很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了。真是遺憾！要過很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間我們才能再次見面。It will be.before.得過多久才。.閱讀理解A(2018·3月天津)When you choose a higher education course，here are some tips for you to follow.Choosing your courseThere are a range of subjects and courses available.Many are work-related；others are academic.Youll need to look beyond the course title because courses with almost the same name may differ enormously.For example，if youre interested in construction but wish to use your creative skills，you may be better suited to a building design management course than a building project management course.Style of learningThink about the style of learning that best suits you.Its important to study a subject that you particularly enjoy，but if you want to follow a career in a different area，you may consider taking the subjects you want to learn and joining them into one degree.Many degree courses are made up of different subject modules which deal with particular areas of interest.Choosing where to studyWhere you study can be almost as important as what you study.One thing to consider is whether you want to live at home or move away.For some people，living at home offers the best of both worlds，but it may make sense to move if you want to study a particular course at a specific university or college.Many students value the experience of living on campus or in a different part of the country as an important part of university life.Finding out more about coursesOnce youve got a list of courses that appeal to you，its worth looking at some other sources of information about them，like independent reports.These provide information on the numbers of students who finished the course，student satisfaction and more.Open daysOpen days usually take place in spring or autumn.Although you may have an idea about what a course is like，theres no substitute(替代) for attending a class yourself.If you cant come on the open days，you can sign up for a guided tour instead.11.You need to look beyond the course title because courses with similar names may be .A.creativity-focused B.work-relatedC.far different D.quite similar答案C解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段第三句“Youll need to look beyond the course title because courses with almost the same name may differ enormously.”可知，題干中be后面的單詞應(yīng)該表示“不同的”，只有C項(xiàng)符合。creativity-focused關(guān)注創(chuàng)造力的；work-related和工作相關(guān)的；quite similar非常類似的。12.What are you advised to do if your interest disagrees with your future career?A.Add preferred subjects to your degree courses.B.Choose the subjects based on your interest.C.Earn different degrees.D.Give up your interest.答案A解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段第二句中的“.but if you want to follow a career in a different area，you may consider taking the subjects you want to learn and joining them into one degree.”可知，你可以把你更想上的科目加入到學(xué)位課程中。A項(xiàng)符合。13.What do we learn about from Para.4?A.Disadvantages of studying on campus.B.Reasons for choosing where to study.C.Importance of attending a nearby college.D.Problems of going to a faraway university.答案B解析段落大意題。本文第四段講的是選擇學(xué)習(xí)的地方，涉及到兩個(gè)選擇：住在家里還是搬到別的地方。接著講到了住在家里的好處和壞處，最后一句講到了住在大學(xué)或不同的地方的好處。所以B項(xiàng)符合題意。14.Why is it recommended to check independent reports?A.To increase applicants interest.B.To better understand a course.C.To figure out how to complete a course.D.To find out how different the courses are.答案B解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)第五段最后一句“These provide information on the numbers of students who finished the course，student satisfaction and more.”可知，報(bào)告提供了關(guān)于完成課程的學(xué)生人數(shù)、學(xué)生滿意度等相關(guān)信息，由此我們可以更加了解這門課程，所以選B。15.On the open days，would-be college students can .A.sign up for a particular courseB.take a guided tour on the campusC.see whether there is a substitute courseD.have a first-hand experience of a course答案D解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段第二句“Although you may have an idea about what a course is like，theres no substitute(替代) for attending a class yourself.”可知，學(xué)生可以在開放日自己來上課，親身體驗(yàn)課程。B(2018·3月天津)If you were bringing friends home to visit，you could show them the way.You know the landmarksa big red house or a bus-stop sign.But what if you were swimming in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean? Could you still find your way home? A loggerhead turtle(海龜) could.According to Dr Ken Lohmann，loggerheads have a magnetic(磁力的) sense based on Earths magnetic field.It helps them locate the best spots for finding food and their home beaches.Scientists already know that several other animals，such as whales and honeybees，can detect(探測(cè)到) magnetic fields.The difference between them and loggerheads，however，is the way they learn to use the