備戰(zhàn)2020年高考英語 考點一遍過 考點21 關(guān)系代詞引導的定語從句（含解析）

考點21 關(guān)系代詞引導的定語從句高考頻度： 【考點解讀】定語從句在高考的基礎(chǔ)知識方面的考查主要體現(xiàn)在單選題、語法填空及短文改錯中，在單項選擇中主要考查定語從句的一些基本用法，如常見關(guān)系詞的選擇，在選擇的過程中，一定要注意限制性與非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別，定語從句與名詞性從句，及狀語從句的引導詞的區(qū)別等，有時也會與其他修飾性的句型結(jié)構(gòu)之間進行誤導性考查，如與強調(diào)句性等，所以重點掌握的是從高考題中總結(jié)規(guī)律，達到熟練應(yīng)用?！靖呖碱A(yù)測】定語從句是歷年高考的重點，主要考查常見關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的用法，比如which/that/as/ when/where的用法及區(qū)別性的選擇等，及與其他從句如名詞性從句的區(qū)別等。在高考的中主要體現(xiàn)在語法填空，短文改錯，完型填空等中。考向一常見關(guān)系代詞的基本用法1. that可指人或物；在定語從句中作主語，賓語，表語。指人時，相當于who或 whom；指物時，相當于which。不能引導非限制性定語從句；不可置于介詞后作賓語。2. which指物；在定語從句中作主語，賓語。如：The book which/that was on the desk was bought by my father.（主語）3. who, whom, whose（1）who: 主格, 在從句中作主語，只可指人（2）whom: 賓格，在從句中只能作賓語; 只可指人（3）whose: 表所屬關(guān)系，在從句中作定語。譯為：某人的，某物的（4）whose + 名詞 =the + n. + of which (某物的) = he + n. + of whom (某人的)注意： 關(guān)系代詞作介詞賓語 (在定語從句中，介詞提前時，介詞后：表人用 whom；表物用 which) 關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中用作介詞賓語時, 介詞可放于從句之首, 也可放于從句之末. 但以放于句首較為正式.（介詞前置，必須注意不影響動詞詞組的含義。關(guān)系代詞who 和 that 用作介詞賓語時, 介詞必須放在句末。） 4. asas 引導定語從句, 在定語從句中作主語、賓語、表語（1）如為限制性的，多用于the same as ; the same as(與相同)；such as （如此，這樣）; as many/much as（和一樣多）；so/as as（與一樣）等結(jié)構(gòu)中。如：（2）如為非限制性的，as還可以單獨引導一個定語從句，代替整個主句，這種定語從句可置于句首，句中或句尾，譯為正如，這一點。（動詞常為know, see, expect, point out, etc.）As we all know, smoking is harmful to one's health . (as 作賓語)眾所周知，吸煙有害健康。1.（2019·新課標III卷·語法填空）They were well trained by their masters _64_ had great experience with caring for these animals.【參考答案】who【答案解析】考查定語從句。句意：它們被他們的主人訓練地很好，它們的主人在照顧這些動物方面很有經(jīng)驗。先行詞為masters（主人），且從句缺主語。故關(guān)系詞填who。2. (2018·新課標卷I·語法填空)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 66 showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.【參考答案】that/which【答案解析】that或which 考查定語從句的關(guān)系詞。此處a study是先行詞，其在定語從句中作主語，故填that或which。3. (2017·新課標卷III·短文改錯)Around me in picture are the things they were very important in my life at that time: car magazines and musical instruments.【參考答案】 theythat/which 【答案解析】考查定語從句。they不能引導定語從句，因為指代things，所以把they改為that或者which。4.(2017·北京卷·單項填空）The little problems _ we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions.A. that B. as C. where D. when 【參考答案】A【答案解析】考查定語從句。先行詞是 the little problems, 在從句中作 meet的賓語，故選關(guān)系代詞that。句意：我們在日常生活中遇到的那些小問題有可能會成為偉大發(fā)明的靈感。5.Among the many dangers_ sailors have to face, probably the greatest of all is fog.A. which B. what C. where D. when 【參考答案】A【答案解析】分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，_sailors have to face 是定語從句，修飾先行詞the many dangers，且從句缺少賓語，要用關(guān)系代詞。 因此A選項正確。句意為 在水手不得不面對的許多危險中，可能最大的是霧霾?？枷蚨hat、 which只能用其中一個的情況1. 只能用that，不能用which的情況（1）先行詞是all，something，everything，anything，nothing，little，much，few等不定代詞或先行詞被all，any，every，no，little，much，some等詞修飾。All the people that come from the country work much harder.所有來自農(nóng)村的人工作都更努力得多。（2）先行詞被序數(shù)詞、 形容詞最高級、 the only， the very， the last等修飾時， 關(guān)系代詞通常只用that， 不用which.如：The first English novel that I read was Cities. 我讀的第一本英文小說是城市。This is one of the most exciting football games that I have ever seen. 這是我見過的最激動人心的足球比賽之一。This is the only thing that we can do now. 這是我們現(xiàn)在惟一能做的事情。（3）先行詞既有人又有物時， 關(guān)系代詞只用that， 不用which.如：The scientist and his achievements that you told me about are admired by us all. 我們所有人都欽佩你告訴我的那位科學家和他所取得的成就。The foreign visitors spoke highly of the pioneers and their performances that they saw at the Childrens Palace. 外國游客高度贊揚了他們在少年宮所看到的少先隊員以及他們的表演。（4） 關(guān)系代詞在限定性定語從句中作表語并帶有類比含義時， 通常只用that， 不用which.如：He is no longer the star that he was. 他不再是過去的那位明星了。Our school is no longer the school that it used to be. 我們的學校不再是以前的那所學校了。（5） 句中其他位置已出現(xiàn)which， 為避免重復(fù)， 不用which而用that引導限定性定語從句。如： Which is the car that has overtaken us？ 超過我們的是哪輛車？2. 只用which，不能用that的情況（1） 在介詞提前到關(guān)系代詞之前形成“介詞關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)來修飾表事物的先行詞時， 關(guān)系代詞必須用which.如：The house in which we live is very large. 我們住的房子非常大。This is the reference book of which the teacher is speaking. 這就是老師正在談及的那本參考書。注意： 如果介詞不放在修飾事物的限定性定語從句的句首， which就可換為that， 如： This is the question which/that weve had so much discussion about. =This is the question about which weve had so much discussion. 這就是我們已經(jīng)多次討論過的問題。（2） 先行詞為“those表事物的復(fù)數(shù)名詞”時， 關(guān)系代詞通常只用which而不用that.例如：Students should keep in mind those regulations which restrict their behavior. 學生應(yīng)牢記那些規(guī)范自己的行為準則。A bookshop should deal with a variety of those best sellers which are newly published. 書店應(yīng)該經(jīng)營新出版的各種暢銷書。（3）當先行詞指物，關(guān)系詞在句中作主語或賓語，引導非限制性定語從句的關(guān)系詞只能用which，而不用that。1.（2017·新課標卷I·語法填空）Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, 70 is not good for the health.【參考答案】 which【答案解析】句意：很可能攝入過多的脂肪和鹽，那對健康沒有好處。分析可知which is not good for the health為非限制性定語從句，先行詞是前面的整句話。2.（2017·新課標卷II·短文改錯）In their spare time, they are interesting（改為interested） in planting vegetables in their garden, that is on the rooftop of their house.【參考答案】 which【答案解析】非限制性定語從句需要用which引導，故將that改為which。題組一 基礎(chǔ)過關(guān)I.單句語法填空1.Ellen was a painter of birds and of nature, _, for some reason, had withdrawn from all human society.2.Care of the soul is a gradual process in _ even the small details of life should be considered.3.That evening, _ I will tell you more about later, I ended up working very late.4.Happiness and success often come to those _ are good at recognizing their own strengths.5.Mo Yan was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2012, _ made one of the Chinese people's long-held dreams come true.6.The president of the World Bank says he has a passion for China, _ he remembers starting as early as his childhood.7.Finally he reached a lonely island _ was completely cut off from the outside world.題組二能力提升I單項填空1.This years childrens party, _ some parents were invited to, was a great success.A.whichB.whyC.whoseD.where2.The death of the closest relatives, _ almost every one of us has experienced, always makes people feel bitter and unbearable.A.whichB.whoC.asD.the one3.Have you heard any news about Sarah?Yes, she was promoted to president of her company, _surprised everyone.A.whoB.thatC.whichD.it4.There is no success without hard work; success is something _is only earned after much labor.A.whichB.thatC.whatD.不填5.It is said that a most popular emoji (expression of emotion on the Internet) is the face with the rolling eyes, _ is used in 14 percent of text messages.A.thatB.whatC.whichD.whose6.He isnt such a man _ he used to be.A.whoB.whomC.thatD.as7.It was the training_he had as a young man_ made him such a good engineer.A.what, thatB.that, whatC.that, whichD.which, that8.Actually, there are grammatical mistakes many students make _keep them from writing the good compositions.A.whatB.thatC.whoD.whether9.Many universities share teaching resources online, creating a learning space _ benefits life-long learners.A.howB.whatC.whichD.where10.Something_ really_ ,in my opinion, is having computer skills.A.that; countsB.which; countsC.that; counts onD.which; counts onII語法填空閱讀下面短文，在空白處填入 1個適當?shù)膯卧~或括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。Almost all the ice covering the Bering Sea has melted(融化), scientists have confirmed, 1 (throw) communities living around 2 (it) shores into disorder. The regions ice cover 3 (normal) lasts for at least another month, and this year it has disappeared earlier than any other year except 2017.Living in 4 northern Pacific Ocean between Alaska and Russia, the Bering Sea is experiencing the climate change and has drawn attention this year for record-breaking levels of winter melting. In February, rising Arctic temperatures 5 (lead) to around half the regions disappearing in the space of two weeks.A report 6 (send) by the International Arctic Research Centre at the University of Alaska Fairbanks has outlined the real-world effects of these surprising environmental 7 (change) on the many communities 8 live in the Bering Sea region.In their report, the International Arctic Research Centre scientists wrote that while not every year will be as bad as this one, ice 9 (form) is likely to remain low if the Bering Seas waters remain warm. They also warn that communities will need to “prepare for more winters 10 low sea ice and stormy conditions”.題組三體驗真題1.（2019·北京卷·語法填空）The students benefitting most from college are those _9_ are totally engaged(參與)in academic life.2.（2019·浙江卷·語法填空）On the edge of the jacket, there is a piece of cloth _58_gives off light in the dark.3.（2019·新課標III卷·短文改錯） In the cafe, customers will enjoy themselves in the historical environment what is created for them.4. (2018·新課標卷II·語法填空)The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005when the government started a soil-testing program _69_ gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers - and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.5.(2018·江蘇卷·單項填空)Self-driving is an area _ China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line.A. that B. whereC. which D. when6.(2018·天津卷·單項填空) Kae, _sister I shared a room with when we were at college, has gone to work in Australia.A. whom B. thatC. whose D. her7.(2016·北京卷·單項填空)I live next door to a couple _ children often make a lot of noise.A. whose B. why C. where D. which8. (2016·浙江卷·單項填空) Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears , none of _ has been proved.A. whom B. which C. what D. that9.（2014·山東卷·單項填空）A company _profits from home markets are declining may seek opportunities abroad. A. which B. whose C. who D. why 題組一 基礎(chǔ)過關(guān)I.單句語法填空1. who 【解析】句意：埃倫是一個專畫鳥類和自然風景的畫家。由于某種原因，她遠離了人類社會。此題考查非限制性定語從句，修飾先行詞Ellen。因為關(guān)系詞指人并且在從句中作主語，所以只能用who。2. which 【解析】句意：對心靈的關(guān)愛是一個漸進的過程，在這個過程中即使最細微的生活細節(jié)都應(yīng)該被考慮在內(nèi)?？疾榻樵~which引導的定語從句。先行詞為a gradual process，將先行詞代入定語從句后為：Even the small details of life should be considered in the gradual process.由此可見關(guān)系詞在定語從句中作介詞in的賓語，所以填which。3. which 【解析】句意：那晚我工作到很晚，稍后我會告訴你更多關(guān)于那晚的事。先行詞為that evening，將先行詞代入非限制性定語從句后為：I will tell you more about that evening later.由此可見關(guān)系詞在定語從句中作about的賓語，且表示物，故用which引導。4. who 【解析】句意：幸福和成功經(jīng)常青睞那些善于發(fā)現(xiàn)自身長處的人。先行詞為those，將先行詞代入非限制性定語從句后為：Those are good at recognizing their own strengths.由此可見，先行詞在定語從句中作主語，且表示人，故用who。5. which【解析】句意：莫言被授予2012年諾貝爾文學獎，這使得中國人長久以來擁有的夢想之一變成了現(xiàn)實。which引導非限制性定語從句，指代前面整個主句。6. which 【解析】句意：世界銀行主席說他對中國有一種情結(jié)，他記得這種情結(jié)始于他的兒童時代。先行詞是a passion for China，且在定語從句中作starting的賓語，要用關(guān)系代詞，在非限制性定語從句中用which。7. which/that 【解析】句意：他最后到了一座完全與外面世界隔絕的孤島上。定語從句修飾的先行詞是island，將先行詞代入定語從句后為：The island was completely cut off from the outside world.由此可見先行詞在定語從句中作主語，且先行詞表示物，可以用which或that引導。題組二能力提升I單項填空1.A 【解析】考查定語從句。句意：一些父母被邀請參加今年的兒童聚會，這是很大的成功。使用非限制性定語從句，先行詞是childrens party，指物，定語從句缺少賓語，用which引導。故選A。2.C 【解析】考查非限定性定語從句。句意為：最親近的親人的離世，正如幾乎每個人都經(jīng)歷過的，總是讓人感到痛苦不堪。此處為非限定性定語從句，故C項正確。 3.C 【解析】考查定語從句。分析句子成分可知，此處為非限定性定語從句，連詞在從句中作主語，指代前面她被提升為她公司的主席這件事。故選C。 4.B 【解析】考查定語從句連接詞。句意：沒有一樣成功不通過艱辛的工作；成功是只有通過大量苦干后才能賺得的東西。根據(jù)句意及句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析可知，此處為定語從句，修飾先行詞something，修飾指物的不定代詞時，只能用that，不能用which，本題中的連接詞在從句中作主語，不能省略。故選B。5.C 【解析】考查非限定性定語從句。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知, 此處為非限定性定語從句, 先行詞為詞組face with the rolling eyes, 連接詞在從句中充當主語。故選C。6.D 【解析】考查連詞。such as是固定用法，as引導定語從句時，可以作主語，賓語或表語。在本題中as作表語。句意：他不再是以前的那樣了。故選D。 7.D 【解析】考查強調(diào)句和定語從句?！癶e had as a young man”位于名詞the training之后，是其定語從句，且從句缺少賓語，指代the training，用which或that；“It was the training”與“made him such a good engineer”構(gòu)成強調(diào)句，強調(diào)主語the training，應(yīng)用that連接，故選D項。8.B 【解析】考查定語從句連詞。先行詞為“grammatical mistakes”，關(guān)系代詞that引導定語從句，并在從句中作主語。grammatical mistakes后面還跟了一個定語從句that/ which many students make.從句中引導詞that或which作make的賓語，省去了。句意：事實上，許多學生所犯的語法錯誤使他們寫不出好的作文來。故選B。9.C 【解析】考查定語從句。句意：很多大學在網(wǎng)上分享教育資源，創(chuàng)造一種可以使終身學習者受益的學習空間。使用定語從句，先行詞是learning space，指物，定語從句中缺少主語，用which引導定語從句。故選C。10.A 【解析】考查定語從句。由句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，something后的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)是它的定語從句，指代不定代詞something，在從句中作主語，應(yīng)用that；count用作不及物動詞，表示“很重要”，count on“指望；依賴”，關(guān)系代詞that指代something，謂語動詞應(yīng)用單數(shù)，故選A項。II語法填空【語篇解讀】本文是一篇說明文。幾乎所有覆蓋白令海的冰都已經(jīng)融化，影響了周圍地區(qū)的生活。1. throwing【解析】考查現(xiàn)在分詞。分析句子可知throw在句中做狀語，與邏輯主語“all the ice covering the Bering Sea has melted”為邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，要用其現(xiàn)在分詞形式，故填throwing.2. its【解析】考查形容詞性物主代詞。句意：科學家們已經(jīng)證實，幾乎所有覆蓋白令海的冰都已融化，使生活在其海岸周圍的社區(qū)陷入混亂。分析句子可知空格處修飾shores, 是指白令海（它的）的海岸，故填its。3. normally【解析】考查副詞?？崭裉幮揎梽釉~cover, 要用副詞，故填normally。4. the【解析】考查冠詞。northern Pacific Ocean為地名，海洋、江河、海峽、海灣名稱前一般要加定冠詞the, 故填the。5. led【解析】考查時態(tài)。分析句子可知lead在句中為謂語，與主語之間是主動關(guān)系，根據(jù)時間狀語In February可知應(yīng)用一般過去時，故填led。6. sent【解析】考查過去分詞。分析句子可知send在句中為非謂語，與邏輯主語a report之間是邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系，要用send的過去分詞形式，故填sent。7. changes【解析】考查名詞單復(fù)數(shù)。change為可數(shù)名詞，根據(jù)these可知要用其復(fù)數(shù)形式，故填changes。8. which/that【解析】考查定語從句。分析句子可知 _ live in the Bering Sea region.為定語從句，缺少引導詞。先行詞為many communities指物，引導詞在從句中做主語，所以用which/that引導。故填which/that。9. formation【解析】考查名詞。句意：在他們的報告中，國際北極研究中心的科學家寫道，雖然不是每年都會像這次一樣糟糕，但如果白令海的水域保持溫暖，冰的形成（概率）可能會很低?？崭裉幾鼍渥拥闹髡Z，要填名詞，form的名詞形式為formation, 且ice formation為固定搭配，意為“凍結(jié)成冰，成冰作用”符合句意。故填formation。10. with【解析】考查介詞。句意：他們還警告社區(qū)要為以后更多具有低海浮冰和暴風雨天氣狀況的冬天做準備。with意為“具有帶有”符合句意，且with放在這里形成with結(jié)構(gòu)做winter的后置定語，故填with。題組三 體驗真題1.who/that【解析】考查定語從句。句意：從大學中獲益最多的學生是那些完全投入學術(shù)生活的學生。_3_ are totally engaged(參與)in academic life.是定語從句，修飾先行詞those，空格處在句中作主語，代指人，故填who或that。2.that/which【解析】考查定語從句。這是個限制性定語從句，先行詞是cloth，指物，從句中缺少主語，因此，可以用that或which引導。故填that/which。3.what改為that/which【解析】本句考查定語從句。先行詞environment 在從句中做主語，指物，關(guān)系代詞用that/which。故 把what改為that/which。4.that/which 【答案解析】考查定語從句關(guān)系詞。根據(jù)空后的謂語動詞gives可知，該空缺少主語，指代program并且引導后面的句子。指物用that/which，故填that或者which。5.B【解析】考查定語從句。句意：自動駕駛是一個中國和世界其它國家都在同一起跑線的領(lǐng)域。句中先行詞為area，在從句中作地點狀語，故用關(guān)系副詞where，相當于in which。故選B。6.C【解析】考查定語從句關(guān)系詞。句意：凱特已經(jīng)去澳大利亞工作了。我們在大學的時候，我和她的姐姐共住一室。分析句子，句中先行詞為Kate，在非限定性定語從句中作名詞sister的定語，故用關(guān)系代詞whose。故選C。7.A 【解析】考查定語從句的關(guān)系詞。a couple是先行詞，這對夫妻的孩子很吵，children和couple是所屬關(guān)系，故用whose作定語，whose children相當于the children of whom，故選A。8.B 【解析】句意：關(guān)于人類為什么哭的時候會流淚，科學家已經(jīng)提出了很多理論，沒有一個被證明了。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，none of _ has been proved是定語從句，先行詞是theories，指物，定語從句中用代詞+介詞+關(guān)系代詞which引導。故選B。9.B【解析】這是一個定語從句，a company 是先行詞，profit和 a company是所屬關(guān)系，所以要用關(guān)系代詞whose。句意為：在國內(nèi)市場利潤減少的公司可能會尋求國外發(fā)展的機會。故答案選B。13