(天津?qū)S茫?019高考英語二輪增分策略 專題一 語法知識 第11講 名詞與冠詞課件.ppt
第11講名詞與冠詞,專題一語法知識,真題診斷,考點突破,專項訓練,內(nèi)容索引,真題診斷,1.Try to understand whats actually happening instead of acting on the _ youve made.(2018江蘇,32) A.assignment B.association C.acquisition D.assumption,解析,解析句意為:努力弄明白實際正在發(fā)生的事情,而不是按照你做出的假設(shè)去行動。D項assumption意為“假設(shè)”,符合語境。youve made是定語從句,修飾assumption,make an assumption意為“做出假設(shè)”。assignment任務(wù),作業(yè);association聯(lián)系;acquisition獲得,得到。,答案,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,2.The _ that there is life on other planets in the universe has always inspired scientists to explore the outer space.(2018天津,6) A.advice B.order C.possibility D.invitation,解析,解析句意為:在宇宙的其他星球上存在著生命,這一可能性一直鼓舞著科學家們探索外太空。possibility意為“可能性”,符合語境,故選C。advice建議;order命令,秩序;invitation邀請,請柬。,答案,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,3.Can you tell us your _ for happiness and a long life? Living every day to the full,definitely.(2016江蘇,24) A.recipe B.record C.range D.receipt,解析,解析句意為:您能告訴我們您幸福與長壽的秘訣嗎?確切地說,是充實地過好每一天。根據(jù)答語可知,此處問的是幸福與長壽的秘訣。recipe秘訣,訣竅,符合句意。record記錄;range范圍;receipt收據(jù),均不符合題意。,答案,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,4.Some schools will have to make _ in agreement with the national soccer reform.(2015江蘇,32) A.judgments B.adjustments Cments D.achievements,解析句意為:為了與國家足球改革相一致,一些學校將不得不做出調(diào)整。judgment判斷;adjustment調(diào)整,適應(yīng);ment評論;achievement成果,成就。故選B項。,解析,答案,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,5.Go and say sorry to your Mom,Dave. Id like to,but Im afraid she wont be happy with my _. (2015江蘇,35) A.requests B.excuses C.apologies D.regrets,解析,解析句意為:去向你媽媽道歉,戴夫。我想去,但我擔心她對我的道歉不滿意。request要求,請求;excuse理由,借口;apology道歉,致歉;regret懊悔,遺憾。根據(jù)前面的“say sorry”可知選C項。,答案,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,6._ prize for the winner of the petition is _ two-week holiday in Paris.(2016浙江,2) A.The;/ B.A;/ C.A;the D.The;a,解析,解析句意為:這次比賽給獲勝者的獎勵是在巴黎度假兩周。第一個空格表示對比賽獲勝者的獎勵,是特指,故用the;第二個空格泛指一次為期兩周的假期,用不定冠詞a。故選D項。,答案,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,7.Being able to afford _ drink would be _ fort in those tough times. A.the;the B.a;a C.a;/ D./;a,解析,解析句意為:在那些艱苦的歲月里,能買得起一杯飲料都會是一件令人安慰的事。本題容易誤選C項,認為fort “安慰”是不可數(shù)名詞,其實此處為抽象名詞的具體化,a fort令人感到安慰的一個人或一件事;a drink一杯飲料。故B項正確。,答案,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,診斷報告,解題方法 (一)三方法解決名詞辨析題 1.利用固定搭配和習慣表達 2.利用句子的平衡、對比等結(jié)構(gòu) 3.充分把握具體的語境 (二)三方法辨別冠詞方法 1.語境暗示法 在解答冠詞試題時,要注意下面的原則:一是根據(jù)句子的意思判斷是特指(定冠詞表示特指)還是泛指(不定冠詞表示泛指),其次看是可數(shù)名詞還是不可數(shù)名詞。這樣就能夠根據(jù)句子的意思判斷出是選定冠詞還是不定冠詞。,2.準確翻譯法 冠詞a/an表示“一個,一種,某一個”,一般泛指任意一個;而the表示“這個,那個”,是特指。所以在大多數(shù)情況下,如果我們能準確地把泛指或特指的意思翻譯出來,就能夠正確地解答該題。 3.固定短語搭配法 掌握冠詞的習慣用法,冠詞活用和固定詞組中用不用冠詞或用什么冠詞對于解答冠詞試題也是很重要的。,考點突破,考點1名詞詞義辨析,1.There is no need to tell me your answer now.Give it some_ and then let me know.(2015安徽,30) A.thought B.support C.protection D.authority,解析句意為:現(xiàn)在沒有必要告訴我你的答案。多思考一下,再讓我知道。 thought思想,思考,符合句意。support支持,維持,支援,供養(yǎng);protection保護,防衛(wèi);authority權(quán)威,權(quán)力,當局。,解析,答案,1,2,3,4,5,2.One of the most effective ways to reduce _ is to talk about feelings with someone you trust.(2015浙江,15) A.production B.stress C.energy D.power,解析句意為:減少壓力最有效的方法之一就是與你信任的人談?wù)勀愕母惺堋tress壓力,緊張,符合語境。production生產(chǎn),制作,產(chǎn)品;energy精力,活力,干勁;power權(quán)力,勢力,影響力。,解析,答案,1,2,3,4,5,3.The weather forecast says it will be cloudy with a slight _ of rain later tonight.(2016天津,10) A.effect B.sense C.change D.chance,解析句意為:天氣預報說今天多云,后半夜可能有雨。chance可能性,符合語境。effect結(jié)果,效應(yīng);sense感覺,理解力;change變化,改變。,解析,答案,1,2,3,4,5,4.The failure was a big _ to him,but he wasnt discouraged and soon got as enthusiastic as ever.(2015福建,24) A.blow B.issue C.excuse D.factor,解析句意為:這次失敗對他來說是一次不小的沖擊,但是他沒有氣餒,很快就變得和以往一樣有熱情了。blow打擊,痛擊,符合語境。issue問題;excuse借口;factor因素。,解析,答案,1,2,3,4,5,5.Could you tell me the _ of making such tasty cakes? Well,I just follow the directions in the cookbook.(2014福建,26) A.feature B.plan C.cost D.trick,解析句意為:你能告訴我制作如此美味的蛋糕的訣竅嗎?哦,我只是按照烹飪書上的說明來做的。feature特征,特點;plan計劃;cost費用;trick技巧。,解析,答案,1,2,3,4,5,考點歸納,(一)名詞的詞義辨析 名詞的詞義辨析是高考的熱點,主要考查考生結(jié)合語境區(qū)分詞義的能力,因而在記憶單詞時,一定要結(jié)合語境體會其意義。近幾年考查的名詞詞義辨析主要有以下幾種形式:,1.“同綴”詞的詞義辨析,即相同詞綴的名詞辨析。近幾年高考中常出現(xiàn)的有: expression(表情) attention(注意) satisfaction(滿意) impression(印象) acmodation(住宿) occupation(職業(yè)) adaptation(適應(yīng),改編) appreciation(欣賞) equipment(設(shè)備) arrangement(安排) assessment(評估,估算) entertainment(娛樂) consequence(后果) independence(獨立) petence(能力,權(quán)限) intelligence(智力),2.“形近”詞的詞義辨析,近幾年高考中常出現(xiàn)的形近詞有: mand(命令) parison(比較) pliment(贊美) contribution(貢獻) mitment(承諾,保證) petition(競爭) acmodation(住宿) acpany(陪伴),(二)名詞的一詞多義與熟詞新義 名詞的一詞多義與熟詞新義是考查的重點和難點。掌握熟詞新義重在多閱讀、多積累。 Those who suffer from headache will find they get relief from this medicine. 患頭疼的人會發(fā)現(xiàn)通過使用這種藥,他們的頭疼會得到緩解。 relief的常見含義為“安慰,寬慰”,此處表示“緩解”。,考點2名詞構(gòu)成的固定搭配,When he was running after his brother,the boy lost his _ and had a bad fall.(2015湖北,21) A.balance B.chance C.memory D.place,解析,解析句意為:當這個男孩追趕哥哥的時候,他失去了平衡,狠狠地摔了一跤。根據(jù)句中的had a bad fall可知,這個男孩之所以摔倒是因為失去了平衡,lose ones balance意為“失去平衡”。chance機會;memory記憶;place地方。,答案,考點3抽象名詞具體化,Its _ good feeling for people to admire the Shanghai World Expo that gives them _ pleasure. A./;a B.a;/ C.the;a D.a;the,解析,解析句意為:對人們來說,欣賞能帶給他們樂趣的世博會感覺非常棒。feeling為可數(shù)名詞,pleasure為不可數(shù)名詞,均表示泛指,故B項正確。,答案,考點歸納,抽象名詞具體化通常可分為以下四類: 1. 表示情感、情緒的詞,強調(diào)具體的人或事時常將其具體化使用。常用的重點抽象名詞有:,I think this sports meeting was a huge success. 我認為這次運動會是一個巨大的成功。,2.表行為的抽象名詞,強調(diào)其具體表現(xiàn)形式時,常用“a/an抽象名詞”或“a/an形容詞抽象名詞”。常用短語、句型如下: have a wonderful supper;have a bright future;have a good time;have a population of;have a good knowledge/understanding of;have an ine of;receive a good education;receive a warm wele;cover an area of;reach a height of Its a waste of time/money. Its a great help to me. Its a pity that.,3.表示具體動作意義的抽象名詞,加a/an與某些動詞(have,take,make,give)等詞連用時,表示某一次短暫的動作。 have a swim/rest/look/trip/discussion/smoke/wash/sleep;take a walk/ bath;give/take a try;make an advance/an early start/an apology; take/have a great interest;go out for a walk 4.接同源賓語的短語,通常名詞表示具體化意義。 die a heroic death;live/lead a happy/simple/hard/poor/bitter life; dream a strange dream,考點4不定冠詞與定冠詞的綜合考查,1.I just heard _ bank where Dora works was robbed by _ gunman wearing a mask.(2015重慶,3) A.the;/ B.a;/ C.the;a D.a;the,解析,解析句意為:我剛聽說多拉工作的那家銀行被一名蒙面持槍歹徒搶劫了。第一空為特指,表示“多拉工作的那家銀行”;第二空為泛指,表示“一名”。,答案,2.There are over 58,000 rocky objects in _ space,about 900 of which could fall down onto _ earth. A.the;the B./;the C.the;/ D.a;the,解析,解析句意為:太空中有超過58 000的巖狀物體,其中大約900有可能掉到地球上。第一空in space是固定短語,不用冠詞,類似用法還有in nature,in society等;第二空后的名詞earth屬于獨一無二的事物,其前必須用定冠詞。,答案,考點歸納,(一)不定冠詞a/an的用法,(1)The “Chinese Dream” is a dream to improve peoples well-being and a dream of harmony,peace and development. “中國夢”是一個提升人民幸福感的夢,也是一個和諧、和平和發(fā)展的夢。 (2)He missed the gold in the high jump,but will get a second chance in the long jump. 他在跳高比賽中沒有贏得金牌,但是,在跳遠比賽中他還有一次(獲得金牌的)機會。,(二)定冠詞the的用法,(1)Marco Polo is said to have sailed on the Pacific Ocean on his way to Java in the thirteenth century. 據(jù)說在十三世紀馬可波羅去爪哇島途中曾航行經(jīng)過太平洋。 (2)Its said John will be in a job paying over $60,000 a year. Right,he will also get paid by the week. 據(jù)說約翰將擁有一份年薪超過60 000美元的工作。 是的,而且會按周獲得報酬。,(三)零冠詞,independence等。,(1)The Smiths dont usually like staying at hotels,but last summer they spent a few days at a very nice hotel by sea. 史密斯一家通常不喜歡住旅館,但去年夏天他們在海邊一家不錯的旅館住了幾天。 (2)Dr.Peter Spence,headmaster of the school,told us,“A fifth of pupils here go on to study at Oxford and Cambridge.” 這所學校的校長彼得斯彭斯博士告訴我們,這里五分之一的學生將繼續(xù)到牛津或劍橋大學深造。 (3)Clever boy as he is,he cant solve such a difficult problem. 盡管他是個聰明的孩子,但他無法解決這么難的問題。,專項訓練,1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,2,1.We have been making furniture for over 100 years,and have a worldwide for quality.(2018天津十二區(qū)縣二模) A.contribution B.qualification C.reputation D.institution,解析,解析contribution貢獻,捐贈;qualification資格,授權(quán);reputation名聲,名望,名譽;institution 機構(gòu),學院。句意為:我們生產(chǎn)家具已有100多年的歷史,在質(zhì)量上享譽世界。,答案,1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,2,2.Since there isnt enough to show that this medicine works in children,it shouldnt be given to them.(2018南開區(qū)二模) A.target B.symbol C.assumption D.evidence,解析,解析target目標;symbol符號;assumption假定,假設(shè);evidence證據(jù)。句意為:因為沒有足夠的證據(jù)證明這種藥對兒童有效,所以不應(yīng)該給他們服用。,答案,1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,2,3.Some people believe that robots will take the place of the humans one day. What if that is the ?(2018紅橋區(qū)一模) A.future B.result C.end D.case,解析,解析future將來;result結(jié)果;end結(jié)尾,末端;case情況,狀況。根據(jù)下文表達的意思“即便是這種情況又怎樣?”可知應(yīng)選D。,答案,1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,2,4.Jims car crashed yesterday. Yes,but he had the good to escape injury when it happened. (2018和平區(qū)一模) A.memory B.condition C.impression D.fortune,解析,解析memory記憶;condition條件;impression印象;fortune幸運。根據(jù)句意和to escape injury可知他有幸沒有受傷。,答案,1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,2,5.My cousin has decided to pursue career in music after his college graduation though his parents dont agree with decision. (2018天津一中4月考) A./;the B.a;the C.a;a D.a;/,解析,解析句意為:我表兄決定在大學畢業(yè)后從事音樂事業(yè),盡管他的父母不同意這個決定。這里從事音樂事業(yè)是泛指一種職業(yè),所以用不定冠詞a;decision是特指表兄從事音樂的決定,所以用定冠詞the。,答案,1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,2,6.Usually the Player of the Year title is given to a big name from the best team.But this time there is a(n) .(2017河西區(qū)一模) A.break B.improvement C.exception D.tradition,解析,解析句意為:通常情況下,“年度最佳球員”這一頭銜會給最好球隊中的大牌運動員,但是這一次卻是個例外。由Usually及But可知選C。exception一般情況以外的人(或事物),例外。,答案,1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,2,7.The fear of failing exams can cause you to panic and stress can be a(n) to your performance at school.(2017河北區(qū)一模) A.solution B.invitation C.block D.access,解析,解析solution解決方法;invitation邀請,誘因;block障礙,街區(qū),大塊;access接近,入口。句意為:對考試失敗的恐懼會引起你的恐慌,壓力會阻礙你在學校的表現(xiàn),故選C。,答案,1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,2,8.I bought a dress for only 10 dollars in a sale;it was a real . (2018南開區(qū)一模) A.exchange B.bargain C.trade D.business,解析,解析exchange交流,交換;bargain便宜貨;trade貿(mào)易;business生意,商業(yè)。結(jié)合語境可知此處表示“真是便宜貨”的意思。,答案,1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,2,9.Unfortunately, stone hit him on head and he got injured.(2017南開區(qū)二模) A.the;a B.a;/ C.a;the D.the;the,解析,解析句意為:不幸的是,一塊石頭擊中了他的頭部,他受傷了。第一空表泛指,用不定冠詞a;第二空考查固定搭配:hit sb. on the head“打某人的頭”,用定冠詞the。故答案為C。,答案,1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,2,10.I prefer writing letters to talking on phone. (2017河西區(qū)二模) A.the;a B./;the C.the;the D./;a,解析,解析句意為:和打電話相比,我更喜歡寫信。第一空letters為名詞復數(shù)其前不用冠詞;第二空on the phone為習慣搭配。,答案,