山東省2013年高考英語二輪復(fù)習(xí) 題型技法指導(dǎo)專題四 閱讀表達

2013年高考第二輪復(fù)習(xí)英語山東版題型技法指導(dǎo)專題四閱讀表達真題試做(2012山東高考)1Ashley Power's mother bought a computer for her when she was eight.When she was thirteen，she was surfing the Internet regularly，but she couldn't find anywhere for teenagers to meet and talk.And one day she thought，“If I had my own website，I'd make it a really interesting site for teenagers.”2So，when Ashley was sixteen，she launched her own website，called GooseHead.She had no idea how big a success it would be，but three years later，the site was the most successful teen site in the USA！It was getting 100,000 hits every day，and Ashley had about 30 employees.3After a few years，the website closed down.Then Ashley，who lives in Los Angeles，was asked to write a book called The GooseHead Guide to Life.The book is about how to design a website and start a business.It begins with a section called “All About Ashley，”where Ashley tells readers what it is like to be the boss of a company when you are only sixteen.“I was so happy.But it was crazy in a lot of ways.I got very stressed.I mean，I was only sixteenI didn't even have a car！If you were sixteen and you had your own company，you'd be stressed，too！”4 In an interview Ashley gave advice to teenagers who wanted to start their own business，“Just be strong and have your dreams and work hard at them.And don't listen when _，because I heardnoa lot.Just keep going until you hear yes！”76For what purpose did Ashley create GooseHead？(no more than 10 words)_77What is the main idea of Paragraph 2？(no more than 6 words)_78According to Paragraph 3，what did Ashley do after GooseHead closed down？(no more than 10 words)_79How did Ashley feel as a young boss of a company？(no more than 5 words)_80Fill in the blank in Paragraph 4 with proper words._考向分析閱讀表達題是自2007年開始山東省高考試題中增加的一種新的測試題型，要求考生能夠在規(guī)定的時間內(nèi)閱讀完全部的內(nèi)容并且按照題目的要求回答文后的五個問題。該題型的測試目的是從多方位、多角度考查考生通過閱讀獲取信息、處理信息并進行書面表達的能力。比傳統(tǒng)的閱讀理解題型更具綜合性和主觀性，更能體現(xiàn)對考生的語言綜合運用能力的考查。根據(jù)山東省高考英語科最新考試說明和近幾年高考試題來看，閱讀表達題的常見設(shè)題類型有以下七種：設(shè)題類型設(shè)題要求設(shè)題方式概括主旨概括文章大意、標(biāo)題，或指出作者寫作的主要意圖。What is the main idea of Paragraph.?What is the main idea of the article/passage/text?What is the best title of the article/passage/text?What does the writer mainly discuss/deal with in the article/passage/text?For what purpose does the author mention.in Paragraph.?What is the purpose of the writer's writing the passage？完成句子補全文章中空缺的句子。Please fill in the blank in the passage with proper words or phrase.Fill the blank in Paragraph 3 with a proper sentence.翻譯句子根據(jù)語境翻譯句子。Translate the underlined sentence in Paragraph.into Chinese.替換句子同義語句替換。Which sentence in the text/passage is the closest in meaning to the following one?Please find out the sentence which can be replaced by the following one.Which sentence in the passage can be replaced by the following one？封閉性問題根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容回答問題。How does the author introduce the topic of the text?What does the author say about.?What advice is given in the last paragraph?According to the passage，what is the writer's problem?List three activities that might develop into addictions based on the text.開放性問題結(jié)合文章內(nèi)容陳述個人觀點。What would you do if you were.?What other suggestions would you give to solve.problem mentioned?How would you settle the problem if you were.?What do you think.?Which of.do you think is the best for you，why？其他類型必要時根據(jù)文章的題材和體裁設(shè)置其他題目?？v觀近幾年的閱讀表達題，可以看出題目的設(shè)計更加注重靈活性和針對性。2011年和2012年的試題均舍棄了以前常用的同義句替換、翻譯句子以及細節(jié)信息列舉等題型，保留了測試效果較好的回答問題、概括主旨和完成句子等題型，這使得該題的測試目的更加明確，提高了試題的效度和區(qū)分度。2012年題目的設(shè)計更為巧妙，獨具匠心，各題皆需考生在理解、消化原文的基礎(chǔ)上，捕捉關(guān)鍵信息進行邏輯推理，并據(jù)此進行語法和語義調(diào)整，組織語言回答問題，無一題可以照搬原文作答。這樣的設(shè)計既考查了考生對段落大意的概括能力(如77題)，還考查了其利用上下文語境線索進行邏輯推理的能力(如80題)，以及準(zhǔn)確把握篇章信息和概括歸納的能力(如76、78、79題)，將考查重點放在邏輯思維和語言表達能力上，這更加符合閱讀表達測試的要求。總之，閱讀表達題經(jīng)過短短幾年的嘗試探索，已經(jīng)變得日趨成熟，有利于推進中學(xué)素質(zhì)教育和為高校選拔優(yōu)秀人才。答題步驟1瀏覽全文，捕捉信息。以快速閱讀方式瀏覽全文，了解文章大意，可避免斷章取義，減少解題時的盲目性。閱讀時要抓住主題和關(guān)鍵性詞語，把握它們之間的聯(lián)系，為解題做好準(zhǔn)備。通過瀏覽全文，還可以了解作者的觀點和寫作意圖。2細讀問題，分析信息。瀏覽全文后，已對文章或段落大意有所了解，再讀考題，對要捕捉的信息進行分析、推理，這樣便可先解答與主題思想有關(guān)的問題。3復(fù)讀全文，抓住細節(jié)。帶著問題去復(fù)讀，可縮小復(fù)讀范圍，更便于捕捉關(guān)鍵的信息。復(fù)讀時可邊讀邊用鉛筆做標(biāo)記，把有關(guān)的人物、事件、時間、地點、起因(即：who，what，when，where，why)畫出來。經(jīng)過這樣的處理，對文章的內(nèi)容和細節(jié)便更清楚了。另外，復(fù)讀全文時，還應(yīng)特別注意首段或每一段的首句和結(jié)尾句。因為在首句和首段，作者往往要說明事件的起因，闡述自己的觀點或事件發(fā)生的時間、地點與人物的關(guān)系。結(jié)尾句、段是事件的結(jié)論或作者表達的態(tài)度、意圖、目的等。4回答問題，言簡意賅。要弄清題目要求，這樣才能把握方向，提高閱讀理解及回答問題的正確性。對那些明顯的、有把握的題目，可以馬上作答，不必再過多推敲；對有些不能從文中直接找到答案的問題，考生可依據(jù)各種信息進行分析推理，把握文章的整體脈絡(luò)，調(diào)整并定位自己的解題思路。另外，回答問題時，最好不要照抄原文，而是自己概括總結(jié)，簡單明了。5綜觀全文，核對答題?，F(xiàn)在大多數(shù)考生在做閱讀表達題時，急于尋求答案，文章草草看一遍，就對問題作答。這樣做既不利于整體把握全文概要，又會對文章局部內(nèi)容的理解出現(xiàn)偏差，常常顧此失彼。因此要用全文的主題思想統(tǒng)率各考題，把在閱讀和答題時所得到的信息歸納整理一遍之后，再讀一遍短文檢查答案，看是否前后一致，意義和語言知識是否和原文相符，是否符合邏輯等。發(fā)現(xiàn)前后矛盾、遺漏要點等錯誤，要立即改正。技法指導(dǎo)1概括主旨(2012山東高考，77)What is the main idea of Paragraph 2？(no more than 6 words)剖析：仔細閱讀該段不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，這一段的關(guān)鍵詞就是website和successful，以此為關(guān)鍵信息結(jié)合詞數(shù)要求可以總結(jié)出其大意： Ashley's GooseHead was a big success.該題型要求學(xué)生概括短文或短文中某一段落的大意，判斷作者的寫作意圖，并選擇合適的文章標(biāo)題格式。解決這類問題，要善于對文章的整體內(nèi)容進行概括或歸納，要善于尋找段落的主題句和剔除文中的細節(jié)事實或作者所使用的論據(jù)等，即分清主旨和細節(jié)；概括出來的中心意思一定要能夠覆蓋全文或整個段落，絕對不可離題太遠、太籠統(tǒng)或者只概括一段或幾句話的意思，即以偏概全；文章標(biāo)題格式可以是完整的句子，可以是簡潔的短語，也可以用問題的形式，同時要注意字數(shù)要求。2完成句子(2012山東高考，80)Fill in the blank in Paragraph 4 with proper words.剖析：由下文“.because I heard no a lot.”可以推斷，此處表達的應(yīng)該是“不要聽別人說”，所以答案為：people tell you that you can't do it。該題型要求結(jié)合上下文將短文中的空白處用適當(dāng)?shù)脑~語補充完整，使短文通順。在處理此類試題上，一定要高屋建瓴，在把握全文大意的基礎(chǔ)上，弄懂所填句子與上下文之間的邏輯關(guān)系，如：因果、遞進、并列、對比、轉(zhuǎn)折等。此類試題雖有一定的難度，但字數(shù)要求一般較少，語言力求簡練。完成后可仔細通讀上下文，看是否通順，是否能恢復(fù)作者本來想表達的意思。3翻譯句子(2010山東高考，80)Translate the underlined sentence in Paragraph 3 into Chinese.They also have better chance to reduce the possibility that children will get involved with alcohol，tobacco，and illegal drugs.剖析：該句包含了一個that引導(dǎo)的同位語從句，主句可譯為“他們也有更好的機會來減少可能性”，同位語從句在被翻譯成漢語時，可表達為前置定語。所以答案是：父母也有更好的機會來減少孩子沾染酒、煙和毒品的可能性。/父母也更有可能降低子女染上酗酒、吸煙、吸毒等不良習(xí)慣的幾率。這種考查形式要求將短文中指定的句子翻譯成通順的漢語。要求翻譯的句子往往是結(jié)構(gòu)較為復(fù)雜或者包括一些特定習(xí)語的句子。在翻譯之前一定要分析句子的結(jié)構(gòu)，并通過句子所在的情景弄清楚句子的意思，然后用通順的漢語進行表達。同時還要注意英、漢兩種語言及其文體特征的差異。4句子替換(2010山東高考，77)Which sentence in the text is closest in meaning to the following one?By having dinner together family members can have free exchange of information and develop closer ties among them.剖析：該句大意為“通過聚餐，家庭成員可以無拘無束地交流信息，他們之間的關(guān)系也發(fā)展得更為密切”。其中free exchange of information基本等同于open communication，ties的意思就是relationships。所以答案為：Eating together helps families achieve open communication and build stronger and healthier relationships.該題型要求根據(jù)所給的英文釋義句子，在短文中尋找相同的句子。做這種類型的問題時，首先要對句子的意義進行準(zhǔn)確的理解，并迅速找出文中意義相同的句子，然后抄寫在指定的地方。5封閉性問題(2012山東高考，76)For what purpose did Ashley create GooseHead？(no more than 10 words)剖析：根據(jù)第一段可知，Ashley Power經(jīng)常上網(wǎng)，但是沒有供青少年之間相聚交談的網(wǎng)站，因此她想創(chuàng)辦一個專門為青少年提供交流的網(wǎng)站。所以主人公創(chuàng)辦網(wǎng)站的意圖是：She wanted to create an interesting website for teenagers.封閉性問題是指答案是固定或唯一的問題，一般可在文章中找到明確的答案或依據(jù)，包括常見的whquestions。做這種類型的題目時，首先要讀懂問題及相關(guān)段落的信息，然后根據(jù)要求進行總結(jié)，因為有字數(shù)限制，所以答題時要特別注意如何用詞和如何組織語言。6開放性問題When things in your life seem almost too much to handle，when 24 hours in a day is not enough，remember the mayonnaise(調(diào)味汁)jar and the beer.A professor stood before his class with some items in front of him.When the class began，he picked up a very large，empty jar and filled it with golf balls.He then asked the students if the jar was full.They agreed that it was.So the professor then picked up a box of small pebbles(鵝卵石)and put them into the jar.He shook the jar lightly.The pebbles rolled into the open areas between the golf balls.He then asked the students again if the jar was full.They agreed it was.The professor next picked up a box of sand and poured it into the jar.He asked once more if the jar was full.The students said，“Yes.” The professor then took out two cups of coffee and poured the coffee into the jar.The students laughed.“Now，” said the professor，“I want you to recognize that this jar represents your life.The golf balls are the important thingsyour family，your children，your health，your friends and your favorite passion.If you lost everything else，only they would remain and your life would still be full.The pebbles are the things that matter like your job，your house and your car.The sand is the small stuff(事務(wù))”“If you put the sand into the jar first，” he continued，“there is no room for the pebbles or the golf balls._.If you spend all your time and energy on the small stuff，you will never do the important things.One of the students raised her hand and asked what the coffee represented.The professor smiled，“It just shows that no matter how full your life may seem，there's always room for a couple of cups of coffee with a friend.”79What can we learn from the passage？(no more than 30 words)剖析：通讀全文可知，教授的目的就是讓學(xué)生知道如何駕馭生活，享受生活。所以答案為：What the professor did tells us how to get on well with our life./We can't spend all our time and energy on the small stuff，because we have some things which are really important for us and our families.開放性問題要求學(xué)生依據(jù)自己的看法結(jié)合對原文的理解作出回答。該類問題是閱讀表達題中主觀性最強的試題，要求考生根據(jù)個人的觀點、經(jīng)驗、看法，結(jié)合原文理解回答相關(guān)問題，答案具有多樣性和主觀性的特點，注意揚長避短，避難就易。誤區(qū)警示1封閉性問題審題不準(zhǔn)，脫離原文(2012山東高考)3 After a few years，the website closed down.Then Ashley，who lives in Los Angeles，was asked to write a book called The GooseHead Guide to Life. The book is about how to design a website and start a business.It begins with a section called “All About Ashley，” where Ashley tells readers what it is like to be the boss of a company when you are only sixteen.“I was so happy.But it was crazy in a lot of ways.I got very stressed.I mean，I was only sixteenI didn't even have a car! If you were sixteen and you had your own company，you'd be stressed，too！”78According to Paragraph 3，what did Ashley do after GooseHead closed down? (no more than 10 words)_【錯混透析】 解答封閉性問題常見的錯誤有三種。一是審題錯誤，不清楚題目的要求，以至于對信息定位不準(zhǔn)，答非所問；二是表達不當(dāng)，答案不準(zhǔn)確或因詞數(shù)太少表達不夠全面，甚至出現(xiàn)語法性錯誤；三是不能根據(jù)原文提供的信息進行作答，主觀臆斷，答案是自己的觀點或看法。該題要求根據(jù)第三段內(nèi)容作答，從該段Ashley的自述中可知他的網(wǎng)站關(guān)閉后，有人請她寫了一本書，后面就是對這本書的介紹，所以答案應(yīng)表達為：She wrote a book called The GooseHead Guide to Life.【解題指導(dǎo)】 對于封閉性問題，要在通讀全文、掌握文章主旨大意的基礎(chǔ)上進行。首先要認真審題，弄清要求，明確問的是什么；其次要按照題意進行尋讀，找出問題涉及的具體細節(jié)內(nèi)容，精確定位信息；然后根據(jù)題目要求，從文章細節(jié)、作者意圖、文章脈絡(luò)等方面加以分析判斷；最后運用自己的語言重組信息，恰當(dāng)?shù)乇磉_出結(jié)構(gòu)和語義方面都正確的答案。2完成句子脫離語境，表達欠妥If you sleep curled(蜷縮)up，you are probably a very nervous person.You have a low opinion of yourself and so you're often defensive.You're shy and you don't normally like meeting people.You prefer to _.78Please fill in the blank with proper words or phrases to complete the sentence.(Please answer within 10 words.)【錯混透析】 做補全句子的題目時，容易犯的錯誤是忽略上下文語境，沒有弄清楚文章的結(jié)構(gòu)層次，所以會出現(xiàn)文不對題的錯誤。根據(jù)上文“You're shy and you don't normally like meeting people.”一句能夠很容易判斷出下文應(yīng)該是You prefer to be on your own/stay alone.【解題指導(dǎo)】 答題時，第一要準(zhǔn)確把握文章大意，不能偏離主題；第二應(yīng)注意句式、語法結(jié)構(gòu)和文章的層次結(jié)構(gòu)以及過渡詞，分析所缺信息與上下文的關(guān)系；第三表述要準(zhǔn)確，盡量使用較為高級的詞匯；第四要注意詞數(shù)的限制。3翻譯句子逐詞對應(yīng)，不合習(xí)慣However，while some seem to be lost in the desire to succeed，others take an opposite attitude.In a culture which values only the winner and pays no attention to the ordinary players，they strongly blame competition.Among those who complain most are youngsters who have suffered under competitive pressures from their parents or society.Teaching these young people，I often observe in them a desire to fail.They seem to seek failure by not trying to win or achieve success.By not trying，they always have an excuse：“I may have lost，but it doesn't matter because I really didn't try.” What is not usually admitted by them is the belief that if they had really tried and lost，_.Such a loss would be a measure of their worth.5Translate the underlined sentence into Chinese._【錯混透析】做翻譯句子的題目時，容易犯的錯誤是忽視英漢兩種語言文化間的差異，用漢語的思維方式、語言習(xí)慣和表達方式來理解英語，導(dǎo)致翻譯出來的句子邏輯混亂、語意含糊、信息缺失。該句是一個復(fù)合句，其中包含了兩個who引導(dǎo)的定語從句，分別修飾代詞those和名詞youngsters，翻譯成漢語時，要把定語從句的內(nèi)容放在所修飾成分的前面。所以答案為：在那些最抱怨競爭的人中，就有深受來自父母或社會競爭壓力之苦的年輕人?！窘忸}指導(dǎo)】翻譯句子時，要注意分析句子的結(jié)構(gòu)及語序，不要逐詞逐句翻譯，同時要注意漢語的表達習(xí)慣，語言要通順流暢。4開放性問題思維混亂，表達不清A long car journey can be a nightmare(噩夢)for everyone，whether they are adults or children，passengers or drivers.The driver at least has something that he or she needs to concentrate on but for the other occupants of the car，the journey can be boring，uncomfortable，and can make you feel sick.Moreover，passengers who suffer during car journeys can cause stress and anxiety to the driver，who may therefore lose concentration and cause an accident.With this problem in mind，doctors and child psychiatrists have recommended a series of things to do and not do to make these journeys less stressful.Surveys suggest that a major cause of arguments on car journeys is _，and evidence shows that drivers operate better if they are listening to something of their own choice.This means that，especially when different generations are traveling，everyone except the driver who wants to listen to music should be equipped with their own source of music or radio.By far the most successful strategy，especially if there are children in the car，is to turn the journey into a fun task of some kind.For example，children can be issued with an illustrated worksheet，offering them the chance to tick off things that they seea blue motorway road sign，for example，or a particular kind of tree.It is of course important to have sufficient provisions(儲備物)for the trip，with water on the top of the list.However，doctors are now warning parents against giving their children fast food items and fizzy(起泡的)drinks，the kind of things that cause hyperactivity and can create tension and problems.5What do you think are the needed sufficient provisions for children during the trip？(Please answer within 20 words.)【錯混透析】解答主觀性試題容易犯的錯誤是忽視題干的要求，答非所問，或抓不住要點；語言表達不準(zhǔn)確、不規(guī)范，缺乏邏輯性；有時會出現(xiàn)語法錯誤。該題要求學(xué)生回答在旅途中需要為孩子們準(zhǔn)備什么樣的儲備物，要考慮到吃的和玩的等幾個方面，學(xué)生只要言之有理，就可以自由發(fā)揮，但是根據(jù)最后一段第一句中的with water on the top of the list，所以water必須要有；根據(jù)最后一段第二句doctors are now warning parents against giving their children fast food items and fizzy(起泡的) drinks，所以與此有關(guān)的飲食不能作為答案。因此答案可以是：water，milk，sweats，fruits，bread to eat，toys to play，etc.【解題指導(dǎo)】解答主觀性題目時，答案雖具有開放性的特點，但是必須忠于文章內(nèi)容，與文章主題保持高度一致，不能遺漏關(guān)鍵信息，也不能憑空增加多余信息；語言表達要簡潔明了；書寫要清晰整潔，準(zhǔn)確使用標(biāo)點符號。1(2012山東5月仿真沖刺一)(第1題2分，第2、3、5題每題3分，第4題4分，滿分15分)1 Food sometimes gets poisoned with harmful things.A person who eats such food can get an illness called food poisoning.Food poisoning is usually not serious，but some types are deadly.The symptoms of food poisoning usually begin within hours of eating the poisoned food.Fever is one of the most common symptoms.2 Certain microorganisms(微生物)cause most types of food poisoning.Bacteria and other microorganisms can poison eggs，meat，vegetables，and many other foods.After entering the body，these tiny living things release poisons that make people sick.3 Some chemicals can also cause food poisoning.They are often added to food while it is being grown，processed，or prepared.For example，many farmers spray chemicals on crops to kill weeds and insects.Some people may have a bad reaction to those chemicals when they eat the crops.4 Some plants and animals contain natural poisons that are harmful to people.These include certain kinds of seafood，grains，nuts，seeds，beans，and mushrooms.5 When people handle food properly，the risk of food poisoning _.Microorganisms multiply rapidly in dirty places and in warm temperatures.This means that people should never touch food with dirty hands or put food on unwashed surfaces.Food should be kept in a refrigerator to stop microorganisms.People should also wash food covered with chemicals before eating it.Finally，people should not eat wild mushrooms or other foods that grow in the wild.Some of these foods may contain natural materials that are poisonous to humans.In addition，some types of fish can be poisonous.6 Most people recover from food poisoning after a few days of resting and drinking extra water. If people eat natural poisons，they must go to the hospital right away to have their stomachs emptied.1What is the purpose of the first paragraph?_2Fill in the blank in Paragraph 5 with proper words.(no more than 5 words)_3List the causes of food poisoning.(no more than 8 words for each cause)_4Translate the underlined sentence in the last paragraph into Chinese._5What is the main idea of Paragraph 5?_2(2012山東實驗中學(xué)三模)(第1、2題每題2分，第3、4題每題4分，第5題3分，滿分15分)1 It has been argued by some that gifted children should be grouped in special classes.The argument has been on the belief that in regular classes these children are held back in their intellectual growth by learning situation that has been designed for the average children.2 There can be little doubt that special classes can help the gifted children to graduate earlier and take their place in life sooner.However，to take these children out of the regular classes may create serious problems.3 I observed a number of intelligent children who were taken out of a special class and placed in a regular class.In the special class，they _，relying heavily on their teachers' directions.In the regular class，on the contrary，having no worry about keeping up，they began to comment directly and freely on many problems，some of which were creative and imaginative.4 Many are concerned that gifted children in regular classes become bored and lose interest in learning.However this concern is more often from parents and teachers than from students，and some of these adults simply conclude that special classes should be set up for those who are talented.Some top students do feel bored in class，but why they feel so goes far beyond the work they have in school.Studies have shown that to be bored is to be anxious.The gifted child who is bored is an anxious child.1What is the author's opinion of gifted children being grouped in special classes？(no more than 10 words)_2According to some studies mentioned in the text，why do gifted children in a regular class become bored？(no more than 5 words)_3Fill in the blank in Paragraph 3 with proper words.(no more than 8 words)_4What does the author intend to tell us in Paragraph 3？(no more than 10 words)_5What is the best title for this passage？(no more than 10 words)_3(2012山東濰坊仿真三)(共5小題；每小題3分，滿分15分)1 Each and every one of us is responsible for the greenhouse gases we give out in our daily actions and choices.Therefore，combating climate change is going to take the combined efforts of everyone on the planet.2 The average household carbon footprint in China is 2.41 tons of carbon dioxide annually.That's enough to fill half an Olympic swimming pool.3 Surprised？Well，here's how you can work to reduce it：1Take showers rather than baths and reduce your shower time by two minutes.This will save water and give you an extra two minutes in bed.4 2.Don't purchase unnecessary clothes，and be careful about the materials you buy.Wool and cotton have a really high greenhouse gas impact.Manma