英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作中的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)用法.doc

英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作中的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)用法（一）逗號(hào)的用法1. 在并列連詞（and, but, for, nor, or, yet ）前使用，用來(lái)連接句中的各分句。In fact you do, but you may not remember me. （p17 全日制普通高級(jí)中學(xué)教科書(shū)（必修）英語(yǔ)第一冊(cè)（下）Senior English for China Students Book 1B 以下標(biāo)有頁(yè)碼未特別注明出處的皆出自本書(shū)）2. 用逗號(hào)來(lái)分隔一系列單詞、詞組和從句。In summer, people like to go sailing, swimming, horse-riding and rock-climbing in the mountains. （p42）Red, pink, yellow and white roses filled the huge vases. （牛津現(xiàn)代高級(jí)英漢雙解詞典第6版 附錄4 標(biāo)點(diǎn)使用法）In the summer of 1984, many trees died.3. 逗號(hào)用來(lái)分隔與句子其他部分密切相連的簡(jiǎn)短插入語(yǔ)或旁白。（較長(zhǎng)的，更為突兀的或復(fù)雜的插入成分的則用破折號(hào)或圓括號(hào)。）Chemical fertilization，for example, helps to produce better crops, but is harmful to the environment. （p45-46）4. 在并列形容詞，即分別修飾同一個(gè)名詞的形容詞之間使用逗號(hào)，但也有的形容詞之間不加逗號(hào)的。For men, heroism was usually described as bravery and the active, successful overcoming of adversity.5. 用逗號(hào)來(lái)分隔非限定性修飾語(yǔ)，即該修飾語(yǔ)對(duì)于句子的意義并非必不可少。非限定性修飾語(yǔ)與限定性修飾語(yǔ)的區(qū)別在于，它即使被省略，也不會(huì)改變句子的主要意思。(1) 同位語(yǔ)Ma De, former Party secretary of Suihua, in Northeast Chinas Heilongjiang Province, was charged with taking bribes worth 6.03 million yuan during his 10 years in various government positions. (China Daily July29, 2005)At the World Park, one of the largest theme parks in China, visitors can look at buildings, castles and statues from more than thirty countries. （P66）注意：限定性同位語(yǔ)不用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)。US President George W. Bush said on Wednesday that he looked forward to meeting President Hu Jintao later this year. （China Daily July29, 2005）(2) 從句A brief comparison with the most famous chivalric drama, which was written fifteen years earlier, clarifies the uniqueness of Thons play.與那部最著名的，完成于十五年前的騎士劇的簡(jiǎn)短比較，表明了索恩這部劇作的獨(dú)特性。When they discovered it about 1,000 years ago, they called it Aotearoa, which means “Land of the long white cloud”. （P38）(3) 副詞短語(yǔ)和從句Just like spoken language, body language varies from culture to culture. （P59）He was born in Yidu, Shandong Province. （P48）By the way, did you hear about Sues car?Oh, so thats where it was.6. 逗號(hào)可以用在一個(gè)很長(zhǎng)的引導(dǎo)性短語(yǔ)或從句后，逗號(hào)還可以用來(lái)分隔表示選擇或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系的短語(yǔ)。You can feel what it is like to live in space, walk on the ocean floor or ski with polar bears at the North Pole. （P69）And remember, it is better to eat a potato than to be one. （P75）7. 在以“月、日、年”為次序排列的日期間使用逗號(hào)。如果這種次序的日期出現(xiàn)在句子中間，則在“年”后也加上逗號(hào)。Martin Luther King, Jr., was born on January 15, 1929, and died on April 4, 1968.但在以“日、月、年”為次序排列的日期間，不使用逗號(hào)。Martin Luther King, Jr., was born on 15 January 1929, and died on 4 April 1968.在“月”和“年”之間，或“季節(jié)”和“年”之間，不使用逗號(hào)。The events of July 1789 are as familiar to the French as those of July 1776 are to Americans.發(fā)生在1789年7月的那些事件對(duì)于法國(guó)人來(lái)說(shuō)，就像美國(guó)人對(duì)于發(fā)生在1776年7月的那些時(shí)間一樣熟悉。8. 在表示地名時(shí)Pandas come from China, Asia.9. 用以將一導(dǎo)言的或轉(zhuǎn)變語(yǔ)氣的詞或短語(yǔ)（如therefore, however, by the way, for instance）與句中其余部分隔開(kāi)。Yes, it certainly had an eventful day.In fact, I dont even know her name.10. 書(shū)寫(xiě)對(duì)話(huà)時(shí)用于某某說(shuō)等詞語(yǔ)前后。 “Come back soon,” she said.11. 用于短小的引語(yǔ)前。Disraeli said, “Little things affect little minds.”（二）對(duì)話(huà)及引語(yǔ)標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)用法1. 對(duì)話(huà)(1) 說(shuō)話(huà)人在前，說(shuō)話(huà)內(nèi)容在后。一般而言，say后用逗號(hào)，引號(hào)內(nèi)第一個(gè)單詞第一個(gè)字母大寫(xiě)，引文內(nèi)句子意思完整，則標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)（句號(hào)、嘆號(hào)、問(wèn)號(hào)、省略號(hào)、破折號(hào)等）放在引號(hào)內(nèi)。My friend said, “Youre getting compulsive about this stuff.”(2) 說(shuō)話(huà)人在后，說(shuō)話(huà)內(nèi)容全部前置。一般而言，如果是陳述句，引號(hào)內(nèi)用逗號(hào)，引號(hào)外第一個(gè)單詞第一個(gè)字母小寫(xiě)；如果是疑問(wèn)句或感嘆句，引號(hào)內(nèi)用問(wèn)號(hào)或感嘆號(hào)，引號(hào)外第一單詞第一個(gè)字母小寫(xiě)?！癐ts a deal,” he said, laughing.“No,” he said.“You coming back?” the policeman asked.(3) 說(shuō)話(huà)人在中間，說(shuō)話(huà)內(nèi)容分列于說(shuō)話(huà)人前后。一般而言，說(shuō)話(huà)人（he）引號(hào)內(nèi)用逗號(hào)，引號(hào)外第一個(gè)單詞的第一個(gè)字母小寫(xiě)；如果he said（有時(shí)也用said he或其他形式）后用句號(hào)，則后邊引號(hào)第一個(gè)單詞第一個(gè)字母用大寫(xiě)；如果he said后用逗號(hào)，則后邊引號(hào)第一個(gè)單詞的第一個(gè)字母也小寫(xiě)?！癐 bet,” he said. “Can I try it?”“You can go any place you want,” Beto said, “but I think youll find what you need.” （p73 Field Work, Bruce Jackson, University of Illinois Press）“They agreed to continue consultations,” said Qin Gang, spokesman for the Chinese delegation. “The meetings alone are progress.” （China Daily July29, 2005）2. 引語(yǔ)(1) 英語(yǔ)中，如果所引用的句子不是特別長(zhǎng)，且不需特別強(qiáng)調(diào)，可以直接用引號(hào)表示引語(yǔ)部分?！癐t was the best of times, it was the worst of times,” wrote Charles Dickens about the eighteenth century.查爾斯·狄更斯對(duì)于十八世紀(jì)這樣寫(xiě)道，“這是最好的時(shí)代，同時(shí)也是最糟的時(shí)代?！盩heir raincoats have been left behind, for the radio reports “Fair tonight and tomorrow with gentle westerly winds.”(2) 也有只引用一個(gè)詞或詞組的。And while “a picture may be worth a thousand words,” this is true only if the picture is taken in a particular way and is then properly analyzed. Yet for multitudes, the photographic record is true because “the camera cannot lie.”For Charles Dickens, the eighteenth century was both “the best of times” and “the worst of times.”句中的 “the worst of times.” 引號(hào)內(nèi)的句號(hào)常放在引號(hào)外。（審讀室建議咱們報(bào)社統(tǒng)一采用此種形式。）When they discovered it about 1,000 years ago, they called it Aotearoa, which means “Land of the long white cloud”. （P38）(3) 引語(yǔ)可以放在句首、句中或句末?；?yàn)榱宋捏w風(fēng)格的需要，用自己的話(huà)將引語(yǔ)拆開(kāi)?！癏e was obeyed,” writes Joseph Conrad of the company manager in Heart of Darkness, “yet he inspired neither love nor fear, nor even respect.” “他的話(huà)大家都服從，”約瑟夫·康拉德在黑暗的中心里這樣描繪一位公司經(jīng)理，“但他并未因此激發(fā)別人的愛(ài)和恨，也沒(méi)贏得尊敬?！?4) 其他（高二·外研新標(biāo)準(zhǔn)版·第11期·B4·交際英語(yǔ)）You can ask “Where was I?”You can say “Once upon a time or long, long ago, etc.” For example, Can I say “Long ago a son and his father were walking on the mountains”?補(bǔ)充：引語(yǔ)中，引號(hào)和其它符號(hào)配合使用時(shí)，美國(guó)的通用方法是：a.句號(hào)和逗號(hào)放在引號(hào)之內(nèi)；b.冒號(hào)和分號(hào)放在引號(hào)之外；c.破折號(hào)、問(wèn)號(hào)和感嘆號(hào)，如只是與引語(yǔ)有關(guān)，放在引號(hào)之內(nèi)；如與整個(gè)句子有關(guān)，則放在引語(yǔ)之外。（三）中英文夾雜情況下的標(biāo)點(diǎn)用法（除整篇文章是中英文夾雜的情況，其他情況主要按中文的表達(dá)方式處理）1. 詞語(yǔ)釋義的表達(dá)方式(1) 一般而言，英文詞或詞組后直接跟中文釋義，各詞義間用分號(hào)隔開(kāi)（各詞義如相近或相同也可以用逗號(hào)，詞義相差較遠(yuǎn)或不同時(shí)用分號(hào)），釋義完畢用句號(hào)，再接“如”（或又如、比如等），“如”后用冒號(hào)。make up構(gòu)成；形成；組成。（又）如：Manufacturing and mining make up most of the countrys industry.制造業(yè)和采礦業(yè)構(gòu)成了這個(gè)國(guó)家產(chǎn)業(yè)的大部分。 （P142）(2) 對(duì)英文詞或詞組進(jìn)行解說(shuō)式釋義時(shí)，釋義部分加引號(hào)，各詞義間用分號(hào)隔開(kāi)（各詞義如相近或相同也可以用逗號(hào)，詞義相差較遠(yuǎn)或不同時(shí)用分號(hào)），釋義后的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)放在引號(hào)外。act the role也作take the role，意為“扮演某個(gè)角色；起某種作用”。又如：She is fit to take tragic roles. 她適合扮演悲劇性人物。（P145）make sb do sth意思是“使某人做某事”。在“l(fā)et/make/have + 賓語(yǔ) + 不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中的不定式必須去掉to。又如：Please have Mary come in.請(qǐng)叫瑪麗進(jìn)來(lái)吧。（P145）had better do.表示建議，意為“最好去做某事”。又如：Youd better go to bed.你該去睡覺(jué)了。ought to相當(dāng)于should，意為“應(yīng)該；應(yīng)當(dāng)”，用來(lái)作為勸告和建議，語(yǔ)氣友善溫和，沒(méi)有強(qiáng)制作用。又如：We ought to respect the privacy of others.我們應(yīng)當(dāng)尊重他人的隱私。in shape還表示“健康狀況良好”，相當(dāng)于in good shape，它與out of shape相對(duì)。 （高二·外研新標(biāo)準(zhǔn)版·第11期·B1·名師講堂）bend down有時(shí)也可用“bend over (to)”來(lái)表示。（高二·外研新標(biāo)準(zhǔn)版·第11期·B1·名師講堂）建議改成：bend down有時(shí)也可用bend over (to)來(lái)表示。Excuse me在口語(yǔ)中經(jīng)常使用，表示“請(qǐng)?jiān)彙?、“?duì)不起”的意思。常用在問(wèn)路、問(wèn)事、表示失禮、請(qǐng)求許可等場(chǎng)合。依照漢語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣，有時(shí)可以譯作“勞駕”、“借光”、“請(qǐng)問(wèn)”等。（初二人教版P161）may在這里表示“可能”，“或許”。a little與形容詞（如late，hungry）或副詞連用，意思是“一點(diǎn)兒”；“稍微”。（初二人教版P169）2. 句中列舉多個(gè)英文單詞或詞組時(shí)，可以在“如”后邊加冒號(hào)，再接單詞或詞組，列舉完畢加“等”（或等等），標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)用中文的句號(hào)（或其他中文標(biāo)點(diǎn)）。how可以與形容詞和副詞結(jié)合，以詢(xún)問(wèn)許多方面的問(wèn)題，如：how much, how many, how old, how important等等。如：How heavy is your suitcase? 你的手提箱有多沉？（P148）一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)候發(fā)生動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，常和表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，如yesterday，last night，in 1990，two days ago等。也表示過(guò)去經(jīng)?；蚍磸?fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，常和often，always等表示頻度的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。（初二人教版，P179-180）3. 其他 (1) as has our way of life是一個(gè)倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，意為：and our way of life has changed too. （P132）(2) Being black and a woman made life even more difficult in America at that time.在當(dāng)時(shí)的美國(guó)，作為一個(gè)黑人女性，生活要更加艱難。being black and a woman是動(dòng)詞的ing形式作主語(yǔ)，動(dòng)詞的-ing形式具有名詞的特征，它可以在句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)等。又如：Taking the subway at night in that city is dangerous.在那個(gè)城市里，夜里乘地鐵很危險(xiǎn)。(3) It is their clothes, make-up and the way they walk that makes people laugh.逗人們笑的是他們的衣著、裝扮和走路姿勢(shì)。It is (was) that (who) 是個(gè)加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣的結(jié)構(gòu)，它可以用來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)句中的主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)等部分，需要加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣的部分放在It is (was) 后。又如：Jack bought two tickets for the musical last Friday. 杰克上星期五買(mǎi)了兩張音樂(lè)劇的票。（4）有時(shí)，疑問(wèn)式用Didused to?，否定式用didnt used to結(jié)構(gòu)。（高三英語(yǔ)人教版教師用書(shū)，P284）（5）Im not sure what I ought to do.我還不能肯定我該怎么辦。上面最后一個(gè)例句也可以說(shuō)：Im not sure what to do.當(dāng)主句的主語(yǔ)和從句的主語(yǔ)相同，而從句所表達(dá)的意思是“該如何如何”時(shí)，這個(gè)從句可以用“疑問(wèn)句+不定式”來(lái)代替。（高三英語(yǔ)人教版教師用書(shū)，P177）How did you find?（你覺(jué)得/認(rèn)為怎么樣？）是征求對(duì)方對(duì)某人/某事的看法或意見(jiàn)的用語(yǔ)。回答時(shí)在find后要跟復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)，即sb./sth+adj./-ing。本句中的答語(yǔ)Very disappointing是I found it very disappointing.的省略。（高三英語(yǔ)人教版教師用書(shū)，P177-178）在“2Practice”中有一句：She will go over the answers.（她將檢查這些答案。）其中的go over作“檢查”、“審閱”（examine）解。（高三英語(yǔ)人教版教師用書(shū)，P178）（6）Yes, I sure am.是對(duì)Carl所提問(wèn)的應(yīng)答，意思是Of course, I am hungry.或I am certainly hungry。句中的sure是副詞。（高三英語(yǔ)人教版教師用書(shū)，P196）最后這個(gè)例句的答語(yǔ)He sure is也可以說(shuō)Sure, he is。但不能說(shuō)He is sure。因?yàn)楹缶渲械膕ure是表語(yǔ)形容詞，作“肯定”、“有把握”解。（高三英語(yǔ)人教版教師用書(shū)，P196）對(duì)話(huà)中的anything to follow?是一個(gè)省略句，意思是Do you want anything to follow?或Would you like to have anything else?在對(duì)話(huà)中經(jīng)常有類(lèi)似的省略。（高三英語(yǔ)人教版教師用書(shū)，P196）4. 征求意見(jiàn)(1) 本文的第一句話(huà)I often go to movies with my friend, Mike.就表明了此篇文章主要是講述兩個(gè)人喜歡看電影：我喜歡看電影，而且是經(jīng)常（often）看Mike也喜歡電影(2) 句子是這樣的：He often goes to see Beijing Opera on weekends. “often經(jīng)?！? “on weekends在周末”, 它們更有甚者，Mikes father likes it, too!在Mike的影響下，他的父親也喜歡上了京劇。(3) 看這組對(duì)話(huà)，猜猜Its a deal.什么意思？(4) Whats the meaning of the underlined word “pilot” from the passage?A.司機(jī). B.探險(xiǎn)家. C.飛行員. D.工程師.Whats the meaning of excellent in English?A. Very good. B. Superior. C. Good. D. Well.(5) 教材第12頁(yè)“Then she turned away and went across the road, ”和“The patch was almost square in shape and less than a meter across.”兩句中的across含義是否相同？（高二·外研新標(biāo)準(zhǔn)版·第11期·B1·有問(wèn)必答）(6) 而-ed形式的形容詞表示“的”（如：excited興奮的；moved感動(dòng)的）用來(lái)修飾說(shuō)明人。但是，眼淚（tears），表情（look, expression）通常用-ed形式的形容詞來(lái)修飾。（高二·外研新標(biāo)準(zhǔn)版·第11期·B1·有問(wèn)必答）(7) You can say “Once upon a time or long, long ago, etc.” For example, Once upon a time, there lived an emperor who cared for new clothes more than anything else. （高二·外研新標(biāo)準(zhǔn)版·第11期·B4·交際英語(yǔ)）(8) 悟空訓(xùn)斥道：“你這個(gè)呆子，詢(xún)問(wèn)天氣要么說(shuō)How is the weather?要么說(shuō)What is the weather like?”（七年級(jí)·冀教版·第15期·B4版·輕松英語(yǔ)）“哈哈！又錯(cuò)了。英語(yǔ)中日期的表達(dá)一般采用月、日、年的順序，日要用序數(shù)詞。你要說(shuō)It is May second.” （七年級(jí)·冀教版·第15期·B4版·輕松英語(yǔ)）審讀室統(tǒng)一意見(jiàn)(1) 本文的第一句話(huà)：I often go to movies with my friend, Mike.這就表明了此篇文章主要是講述兩個(gè)人喜歡看電影：我喜歡看電影，而且是經(jīng)常（often）看；Mike也喜歡電影。(2) 句子是這樣的：He often goes to see Beijing Opera on weekends. Often“經(jīng)?！? on weekends“在周末”, 它們更有甚者，Mikes father likes it, too!在Mike的影響下，他的父親也喜歡上了京劇。(3) 看這組對(duì)話(huà)，猜猜“Its a deal.”什么意思？(4) Whats the meaning of the underlined word “pilot” from the passage?A.司機(jī) B.探險(xiǎn)家 C.飛行員 D.工程師The meaning of the underlined word “pilot” from the passage is “_”.A.司機(jī) B.探險(xiǎn)家 C.飛行員 D.工程師Whats the meaning of “excellent” in English?A. Very good. B. Superior. C. Good. D. Well.(5) 教材第12頁(yè)“Then she turned away and went across the road, ”和“The patch was almost square in shape and less than a meter across.”兩句中的across含義是否相同？（高二·外研新標(biāo)準(zhǔn)版·第11期·B1·有問(wèn)必答）教材第13頁(yè)“What he saw frightened him, but he didnt hesitate.”一句中的frightened作謂語(yǔ)時(shí)，其主語(yǔ)往往是物，賓語(yǔ)往往是人嗎？（高二·外研新標(biāo)準(zhǔn)版·第11期·B1·有問(wèn)必答）(6) 而-ed形式的形容詞表示“的”（如：excited興奮的；moved感動(dòng)的），用來(lái)修飾說(shuō)明人。但是，眼淚（tears），表情（look, expression）通常用-ed形式的形容詞來(lái)修飾。（高二·外研新標(biāo)準(zhǔn)版·第11期·B1·有問(wèn)必答）(7) You can say “Once upon a time or long, long ago, etc.” For example, once upon a time, there lived an emperor who cared for new clothes more than anything else. （高二·外研新標(biāo)準(zhǔn)版·第11期·B4·交際英語(yǔ)）(8) 悟空訓(xùn)斥道：“你這個(gè)呆子，詢(xún)問(wèn)天氣要么說(shuō)：How is the weather? 要么說(shuō)：What is the weather like?”（七年級(jí)·冀教版·第15期·B4版·輕松英語(yǔ)）“哈哈！又錯(cuò)了。英語(yǔ)中日期的表達(dá)一般采用月、日、年的順序，日要用序數(shù)詞。你要說(shuō)：It is May second.” （七年級(jí)·冀教版·第15期·B4版·輕松英語(yǔ)）（四）冒號(hào)用法1. 用冒號(hào)來(lái)引導(dǎo)一個(gè)名單或一系列單詞、短語(yǔ)，即對(duì)前文所述的一種詳細(xì)解釋、補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明（冒號(hào)后第一個(gè)單詞第一個(gè)字母一般小寫(xiě)，特殊詞語(yǔ)除外）。用于一長(zhǎng)列項(xiàng)目前，并常在such as: for example: for instance: in the following example: as follow:等短語(yǔ)之后。(1) To do the experiment you need four things: a kite, a key, some really bad weather and a condenser, to store electricity. （P24）(2) It includes advice on the following subjects: growing green vegetables and fruit trees, keeping cows, sheep and fish in lakes. （P48）(3) It is made up of two large islands: North Island and South Island. （P38）（名詞本身專(zhuān)有大寫(xiě)）(4) Different noises have a variety of meanings: they can mean “I am hungry”, “I am angry”, or “Good to see you!” （P122）(5) We also make choice based on how the products are grown or made: environmentally friendly food, or “eco-food”, is produced by companied who have tried to use green and clean ways to grow it.(6) Heres a simple explanation of weather: its what happens outside. （初三·人教版·第17期·A2·閱讀沖浪）2. 用冒號(hào)來(lái)引導(dǎo)一個(gè)名單，即對(duì)一個(gè)規(guī)則或原則的正式表述（冒號(hào)后規(guī)則或原則的第一個(gè)單詞的第一個(gè)字母要大寫(xiě)）。(1) Most such standards no doubt point to the delectare and prodesse of Horaces advice to the poet: Delight and benefit your reader!大多數(shù)這樣的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)無(wú)疑都體現(xiàn)在賀拉斯向那位詩(shī)人建議的“取悅”和“揭示”中：使你的讀者快樂(lè)并且受益！(2)With clear questions in mind:Use the contents page first.Go to the index at the back.Skim through the first chapter.3. 用冒號(hào)來(lái)介紹獨(dú)立于主句結(jié)構(gòu)之外的引文（引號(hào)內(nèi)第一個(gè)單詞第一個(gè)字母大寫(xiě)）。The new art relation of modernism is a concept that was most memorably given expression by Walter Pater: “All art constantly aspires towards the condition of music.”沃爾特·佩特對(duì)現(xiàn)代派的新藝術(shù)關(guān)系作了最難以忘懷的闡述：“所有的藝術(shù)都不斷追求音樂(lè)般的境界。”4. （正式用法）用于一主要從句后，其后的陳述進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明該主要從句的含義。冒號(hào)可由一分句或句號(hào)代替。The garden had been neglected for a long time: it was overgrown and full of weeds.（五）破折號(hào)與圓括號(hào)的用法1. 用破折號(hào)或圓括號(hào)引導(dǎo)一段打斷原句思緒的句子成分。或用來(lái)額外一說(shuō)明，事后想起的解釋或評(píng)論與句中其余部分隔開(kāi)。Schooldays (so we are told) are the happiest days of our lives.求學(xué)時(shí)代（據(jù)說(shuō)是如此）是我們一生中最幸福的日子。He said hed never seen the sea before (but I think he was joking).2. 用破折號(hào)來(lái)引一個(gè)名單或?qū)η拔乃鞯脑敿?xì)說(shuō)明。(1) There was a man with whom I would have to work together and finally the manager of the company the driver of the yellow car! （P56）(2) An important milestone in John Colliers distinguished career he began as a photographer for the great 3. 用破折號(hào)或圓括號(hào)引導(dǎo)一個(gè)含有逗號(hào)的或不用都好表明也許會(huì)產(chǎn)生歧義的插入成分。Making eye contact looking directly into someones eyes is in some countries a way to show interest. （P59）4. 用圓括號(hào)表示插入成分，特別是對(duì)話(huà)中的插入語(yǔ)或（劇本中的）畫(huà)外音。 （1）JIM: Their team scored three goals in the last fifteen minutes. (Half an hour later)LILY: Hi, Li Lei. （人教初三P76）（2）(Lily and Li Lei are drinking coffee and talking at a coffee shop.) . （人教初三P86）（六）舉例說(shuō)明的表達(dá)方式1. Acting exercise may also teach the students to trust each other and to communicate. For example, one student may close his or her eyes and have another student lead him or her around. （P87）2. Protein, for example, is good for our muscles. （P4）3. which must be delineated, i.e., the way in which .This is a bug i.e. this is an insect.The best pupil in the class, i.e. Peter, won the prize.4. etc.的用法(1) Is repair or run down? etc.(2) Where are businesses, public places, religious institutions, residences, etc.?(3) Store signs, goods for sale, club names, decor, etc.(4) Range of building styles, age, nature of units ( single, double, multiple, etc.). （七）句號(hào)的幾種用法1. 用以表示一個(gè)句子的結(jié)束。Hockey is a popular sport in Canada.The federal government is based in Ottawa.注意：如果在一個(gè)句子后面使用省略號(hào)，后面還得加句號(hào)，即變成四個(gè)句號(hào)。2. 用在縮寫(xiě)中。省略詞一般加句號(hào)，如：Mr. Mrs. Ms. B.A. p.m.。B.C. is the province located on the West Coast.Dr. Bethune was a Canadian who worked in China.The company is located at 888 Bay St. in Toronto.It is 4:00 p.m. in Halifax right now.注意：在B.A. 等詞后面那個(gè)句號(hào)不要丟掉，現(xiàn)在有趨勢(shì)在省略詞后面不加句號(hào)，尤其是在團(tuán)體、通訊社和廣播電臺(tái)名稱(chēng)后面：UN NATO BBC NBC UNESCO等。（八）問(wèn)號(hào)1.一個(gè)文句涉及多項(xiàng)時(shí)，各項(xiàng)之后皆可打問(wèn)號(hào)：Did she buy butter? milk? eggs? apples? books?2.放在括號(hào)中的問(wèn)號(hào)表示不能肯定它前面的那個(gè)詞、數(shù)字或日期的準(zhǔn)確性：The author of this strange book was born in 1078(?) and died in 1135.（九）分號(hào)的使用1有些起連接作用的副詞，如：however, therefore, hence, nevertheless, moreover, thus, otherwise, besides等等，不應(yīng)該用作連詞來(lái)聯(lián)系并列從句，在它們之間應(yīng)該用分號(hào)而不是逗號(hào)。2如從句內(nèi)已經(jīng)已有標(biāo)點(diǎn)，即使從句中有連詞仍應(yīng)用分號(hào)。Unfortunately, Tom couldnt come; and his absence made things difficult for us.3. 如若干項(xiàng)內(nèi)已有逗號(hào)，可用分號(hào)將各項(xiàng)分開(kāi)。On the committee are quite a few well-known people; for example, Professor Zhao, Dean of the Normal College; Mr. Han, editor-in-chief of the local evening paper; Miss Xu, a popular actress; and Mr. Hu, Director of the Bureau of Culture.（十）連字符各種復(fù)合詞如名詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞等可以被寫(xiě)做分開(kāi)的單詞（hard drive 計(jì)算機(jī)硬盤(pán)），或用連字符相接（hard-and-fast 不容改變的），或是單個(gè)的詞（hardcover 精裝的）。許多復(fù)合詞的寫(xiě)法可以在字典中查到。字典中查不到的復(fù)合詞通常被寫(xiě)成分開(kāi)的形式，除非必須用連字符來(lái)防止讀者對(duì)詞之間的關(guān)系產(chǎn)生誤解。下面這些規(guī)則可以幫助你決定是否需要在字典中查不到的復(fù)合詞和其他詞中是用連字符。1. 當(dāng)一個(gè)復(fù)合形容詞以better，best，ill，lower，little或well等副詞開(kāi)頭，并且這個(gè)形容詞位于名詞之前時(shí)，就需要在該復(fù)合形容詞中使用連字符。better-prepared ambassador 準(zhǔn)備更充分的大使best-known work 最著名的作品ill-informed reporter 消息不靈通的記者lower-priced ticket 廉價(jià)票well-dressed announcer 衣冠楚楚的報(bào)幕員但是當(dāng)一個(gè)復(fù)合形容詞出現(xiàn)在它所修飾的名詞的后面時(shí)，不用連字符。The ambassador was better prepared than the other delegates.2. 如果復(fù)合形容詞中前面的副詞是以- ly結(jié)尾，或是too，very，much等其他副詞，則不用連字符。thoughtfully presented thesis 經(jīng)過(guò)深思熟慮提出的論文very contrived plot 非常不自然的情節(jié)too hasty judgment 極其草率的判斷3. 當(dāng)復(fù)合形容詞在名詞前面，而形容詞中是以動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞（如loving）或過(guò)去分詞（如inspired）形式結(jié)尾時(shí)，該復(fù)合形容詞要用連字符。sports-loving throng 熱愛(ài)體育的人們fear-inspired loyalty 由敬畏而產(chǎn)生的忠誠(chéng)4. 當(dāng)復(fù)合形容詞在名詞前面，其形容詞形式是由數(shù)詞加名詞構(gòu)成時(shí)，該復(fù)合形容詞要用連字符。second-semester courses 第二學(xué)期的課程early-thirteenth-century architecture 十三世紀(jì)早期的建筑5. 其他一些位于名詞前面的復(fù)合形容詞使用連字符是為了防止產(chǎn)生歧義。 continuing-education program 成人教育計(jì)劃Portuguese-language student 葡萄牙語(yǔ)學(xué)生6. 當(dāng)一些為人們所熟悉的，不用連字符的短語(yǔ)（如：social security 社會(huì)保障，high school高中和liberal arts 文科）在一個(gè)名詞前面充當(dāng)修飾語(yǔ)時(shí)，不要使用連字符。Social security tax 社會(huì)保障稅high school reunion 高中畢業(yè)生聚會(huì)7. 用連字符來(lái)連接相等的名詞。writer-critic 作家兼評(píng)論家 scholar-athlete 學(xué)者兼運(yùn)動(dòng)員但當(dāng)一對(duì)名詞中出現(xiàn)前一個(gè)名詞修飾后一個(gè)名詞的情況時(shí)，不用連字符。father figure 父親的形象 opera lover 歌劇愛(ài)好者8. 一般情況下前綴的后面不用連字符（如：anti-，co-，multi-，non-，over-，post-，re-，semi-，sub-，un-，under-）。antiwar 反戰(zhàn)的 reinvigorate 振興 multinational 多國(guó)的但特殊情況下，也需要在前綴后加連字符。post-Victorian 后維多利亞時(shí)代（在大寫(xiě)字母前用連字符。）re-cover 重新覆蓋（這里的連字符表明這里的動(dòng)詞是“再次覆蓋”，而不是表示“恢復(fù)”的動(dòng)詞recover。）anti-icing 防結(jié)冰的（如果沒(méi)有連字符，這個(gè)帶有兩個(gè)相連的元音字母的單詞將很難辨認(rèn)。）9. 書(shū)寫(xiě)從2199之間的復(fù)合數(shù)字時(shí)用。 seventy-three thirty-one10. 轉(zhuǎn)行時(shí)用于單詞的前半部之后。（十一）英語(yǔ)單詞的斷排規(guī)則（參考國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)<ISO>、國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)<GB>的相關(guān)版式規(guī)范以及牛津英漢詞典確定的英語(yǔ)單詞的斷排規(guī)則）1. 外文單音節(jié)詞（如can，have，air，fight等）不能斷排（純中文的單音節(jié)詞即為一個(gè)漢字，不存在斷排問(wèn)題）。2. 沒(méi)超過(guò)5個(gè)字母的外文雙音節(jié)詞或多音節(jié)詞不能斷排。例如，ea·gle不能斷排為ea-（上 行行末）gle（下行行首），a·go·ny不能斷排為a-（上行行末）go·ny（下行行首）或a·go（上行行末）ny（下行行首）。3. 每一自然段的最后一個(gè)外文單詞不能斷排；外文單詞不能跨面斷排。如果出現(xiàn)上述情況，應(yīng)作整詞轉(zhuǎn)行處理。4. 由兩個(gè)音節(jié)組成的外文詞尾（如-a·ble，-a·bly，-ful·ly等）不能斷排。5. 除-ly外，不能將僅有兩個(gè)字母的外文詞尾（如-ed，-er，-ic等）置于下行行首。例如，play·er不能斷排為play-（上行行末）er（下行行首）。6. 外文雙音節(jié)詞或多音節(jié)詞只能在音節(jié)處斷排，而不能在一個(gè)音節(jié)內(nèi)斷排。例如，of·fice可斷排為of-（上行行末）fice（下行行首），但不能斷排為o-（上行行末）f·fice（下行行首）或of·f（上行行末）ice（下行行首）。7. 外文雙音節(jié)或多音節(jié)詞斷排時(shí)，不能令上行行末或下行行首僅留下一個(gè)字母。例如，e-（上行行末）nough（下行行首）、stud-（上行行末）y（下行行首）的斷排法，盡管不違反英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法的音節(jié)劃分法，但從書(shū)刊版式設(shè)計(jì)的角度來(lái)看，畢竟是不美觀的，因而被牛津英漢詞典認(rèn)定為斷排錯(cuò)誤。 一般將整詞轉(zhuǎn)行，如整詞轉(zhuǎn)行確有困難，可在上行行末或下行行首增加一個(gè)音節(jié)。例如，u·ni·ver·si·ty一詞，不能斷排為u-（上行行末）ni·ver·si·ty（下行行首），而可斷排為u·ni（上行行末）ver·si·ty（下行行首）或u·ni·ver-（上行行末）si·ty（下行行首）。8. 對(duì)于具有前綴結(jié)構(gòu)（如anti-，dis-，un-等）或后綴結(jié)構(gòu)（如-age，-able，-fully等）的外文單詞，應(yīng)盡量在前綴處或后綴處斷排。例如，anti-（上行行末）sep·tic（下行行首），dis-（上行行末）ap·pear（下行行首），un-（上行行末）able（下行行首）。9. 對(duì)于本身不含連字符的外文合成詞，只能在兩個(gè)（或多個(gè)）單詞的音節(jié)處斷排。例如，class·room只能斷排為class-（上行行末）room（下行行首），news·pa·per只能斷排為news-（上行行末）paper（下行行首）。10. 對(duì)于本身已經(jīng)含有連字符的外文合成詞，則只能在連字符處斷排。目前，對(duì)于已含連字符的合成詞的斷排法，英語(yǔ)界有3種不同的見(jiàn)解：第1種認(rèn)為僅需要在上行行末加連字符“-”，下行行首則不加；第2種認(rèn)為上行行末和下行行首同時(shí)加連字符“-”；第3種認(rèn)為可在上行行末加雙連連字符“-”，下行行首則不加。（建議本報(bào)采用第1種斷排法。）11. 外文縮寫(xiě)詞、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)代號(hào)、儀器型號(hào)應(yīng)視為單音節(jié)詞，不能斷排。例如，PLA不能斷排為P-（上行行末）LA（下行行首）或PL-（上行行末）A（下行行首）。12. 以漢語(yǔ)拼音字母拼寫(xiě)的單一漢字，應(yīng)將這個(gè)獨(dú)立漢字的漢語(yǔ)拼音視為一個(gè)單音節(jié)詞，不能在單詞的拼音漢字內(nèi)的聲母和韻母交接處斷排，更不能在上行行末加連字符“-”。例如，Wang（王）是一個(gè)獨(dú)立漢字的漢語(yǔ)拼音，只能整詞轉(zhuǎn)行。13. 雙音節(jié)詞或多音節(jié)詞的漢語(yǔ)拼音字母拼音字母拼寫(xiě)法必須符合漢語(yǔ)拼音整詞法基本規(guī)則（即GB/T161591996），不得隨意斷排，更不能在上行行末加連字符“-”。14. 以西文或漢語(yǔ)拼音字母拼寫(xiě)的姓（包括復(fù)姓）名（包括雙名），只能在姓/名（中文人名姓前名后）或名/姓（西文人名名前姓后）處斷排，且不在上行行末加連字符“-”。15. 以漢語(yǔ)拼音字母拼寫(xiě)的地名，應(yīng)按中國(guó)地名漢語(yǔ)拼音字母拼寫(xiě)規(guī)則予以斷排。此外，表示與地名相關(guān)的郵政編碼、街區(qū)號(hào)碼、門(mén)牌號(hào)碼等不得斷排。16. 以阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字或羅馬數(shù)字表示的數(shù)字（包括整數(shù)、小數(shù)、分?jǐn)?shù)、百分?jǐn)?shù)），應(yīng)視為一個(gè)獨(dú)立的數(shù)組，不能斷排，更不能在上行行末加連字符“-”。17. 比照標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)用法（即GB/T158341995）的約定原則，可確定標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的斷排規(guī)則如下：句號(hào)“?！薄⒕潼c(diǎn)“.”、問(wèn)號(hào)“？”、嘆號(hào)“！”、逗號(hào)“，”、頓號(hào)“、”、分號(hào)“；”、冒號(hào)“：”、比號(hào)“:”、撇號(hào)“”、所有格、星號(hào)、間隔號(hào)、正斜線(xiàn)號(hào)、反斜線(xiàn)號(hào)、小書(shū)店、度數(shù)、勾號(hào)、叉號(hào)不得斷排在下行行首。左引號(hào)、左括號(hào)、左書(shū)名號(hào)不得斷排在上行行末；右引號(hào)、右括號(hào)、右書(shū)名號(hào)不得斷排在下行行首。建議不要將連接號(hào)斷排在下行行首。原則上，破折號(hào)、省略號(hào)應(yīng)視為一個(gè)整體標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)，不要將其分行斷排。18. 由縮寫(xiě)詞表示的數(shù)學(xué)運(yùn)算符號(hào)（如sin，arcsin，sinh，lim，exp，log，det，arg等）應(yīng)視為一個(gè)整體，不能斷排，更不能在上行行末加連字符。同時(shí)，數(shù)學(xué)運(yùn)算符號(hào)與其跟隨的函數(shù)也應(yīng)視為一個(gè)整體，不能斷排，更不能在上行行末加連字符。19. 貨幣單位符號(hào)（如￥，等）與其跟隨的貨幣量應(yīng)視為一個(gè)整體，不能斷排，更不能在上行行末加連字符。例如，￥100 000不能斷排為￥（上行行末）100 000，或￥100（上行行末）000（下行行首）。20. 溫標(biāo)單位符號(hào)（如K，）與其前面的溫標(biāo)量應(yīng)視為一個(gè)整體，不能斷排，更不能在上行行末加連字符。21. 由縮寫(xiě)詞表示的物理量單位符號(hào)（如cm，kg，kN，kPa等）應(yīng)視為一個(gè)整體，不能斷排，更不能在上行行末加連字符。22. 帶有上、下角標(biāo)的量和單位，應(yīng)將上、下角標(biāo)與本位的量或單位視為一個(gè)整體，不能斷排，更不能在上行行末加連字符。