學術英語(社科)_Unit 1含答案

學術英語 社科,Academic English for Social Sciences,Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,Lead-in Text A Text B Listening Speaking Writing,Unit Contents,Lead-in Reading critically: questions for discussion,Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,Lead-in,Reading critically: questions for discussion,Reading critically:,Every text is written on a purpose, some are supposed to make you believe. It is important to learn to read critically to get the point. One way of training critical reading is to ask yourself the following questions:,Do you agree with the author?,Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,What is the author assuming I will agree with?,What is the author trying to prove?,Lead-in,Reading critically: questions for discussion,Does the author adequately defend their argument?,What kind of proof do they use?,Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,Is there something they leave out that you would put in?,Does putting it in hurt their argument?,Lead-in,Reading critically: questions for discussion,Discuss the following questions:,How do you make the decision that you take this course?,What do you consider when you make this decision?,Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,Text A,Key terms Critical reading and thinking Difficult sentences English language for academic purpose,Specialized vocabulary Collocations Formal and informal English Signpost language,Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,Text A,Key terms,rational people: 理性人 Those people who systematically and purposefully do the best they can to achieve their objectives, given the available opportunities.,Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,marginal change: 邊際變化 small incremental adjustments to a plan of action,marginal benefit: 邊際效益 the additional benefit from an increase in an activity,Text A,Key terms,Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,marginal cost: 邊際成本 the additional cost from an increase in an activity,marginal decision-making: 邊際決策 the additional cost from an increase in an activity,incentive: 激勵 something that induces a person to act,How People Make Decisions,Economists explanation about decision making: There are rules behind peoples decision-making behaviors.,Text A,Critical reading and thinking,Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,Rational people think at the margin.,Text A,Critical reading and thinking,Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,Example 1: standby tickets What a rational airline can do? Situation: Flying a 200-seat plane across the U.S. costs the airline $100,000. Cost of each seat: $500 (Thats to say, never sell a ticket for less than $500.) Suppose: A plane is about to take off with 10 empty seats. A standby passenger will pay $300 for a seat. Question: should the airline sell the ticket?,Answer: Yes. Reason: If the plane has empty seat, the cost of adding one more passenger is tiny. Here the marginal cost is merely the cost of something to eat, like peanuts, coco, etc. Conclusion: As long as the standby passenger pays more than the marginal cost, selling the ticket is profitable.,Text A,Critical reading and thinking,Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,Example 2: water vs. diamond Why is water so cheap, while diamonds are so expensive?,Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,Text A,Critical reading and thinking,Text A,Critical reading and thinking,Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,Conclusion: Rational people think at the margin. (They make decisions by comparing costs and benefits.) Are you a rational person?,Example 1: the price of an apple How people respond to incentives? When the price rises: It provides an incentive for buyers to consume less; It provides an incentive for sellers to produce more.,Text A,Critical reading and thinking,Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,Rational people respond to incentives.,Example 2: a tax on gasoline How people respond to incentives? Encourage people to drive small, more fuel-efficient cars; carpool take public transportation; live closer to where they work; drive hybrid cars; drive electric cars.,Text A,Critical reading and thinking,Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,Example 3: a seat belt law American laws require seat belts as standard equipment on new cars. How a seat belt law alters a drivers cost-benefit calculation (Peltzmans analysis): Seat belts reduce the likelihood of injury or death make accidents less costly drive faster and less carefully a large number of accidents,Text A,Critical reading and thinking,Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,Result: These laws produce both fewer deaths per accident and more accidents. Conclusion 1: The net result is little change in the number of driver deaths and an increase in the number of pedestrian deaths. Conclusion 2: When analyzing any policy, consider both the direct effects and less obvious indirect effects. If the policy changes incentives, it will cause people to alter their behavior.,Text A,Critical reading and thinking,Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities, Rational people know that when they make a decision, it is often not a yes-or-no choice, but requires deliberate consideration of the pros and cons.,Text A,Difficult sentences,Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,Rational people know that decisions in life are rarely black and white but usually involve shades of gray. (Para. 2), The most important theory in economic study concerns itself with incentives. Other theories are not as important. “The rest is commentary” is a phrase used in American English to mean “the rest is trivial or less important”.,Text A,Difficult sentences,Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,“People respond to incentives. The rest is commentary.” (Para. 6), At first, this discussion of incentives and seat belts might seem like random talk not supported by evidence.,Text A,Difficult sentences,Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,At first, this discussion of incentives and seat belts might seem like idle speculation. (Para. 12),Specialized vocabulary,rational people marginal decision-making marginal change marginal benefit marginal cost net result,Text A,English language for academic purpose,Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,Collocations,Text A,English language for academic purpose,Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,achieve the high level of satisfaction maximize profits achieve objectives be black and white roll round blow off fly standby puzzling economic phenomena take an action allocate scarce resources end up with unintended consequences idle speculation,Formal and informal English,See Page 9, and do Task 3.,Text A,English language for academic purpose,Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,Signpost language,Show connections between sentences and paragraphs. See Page 9, and do Task 2,Text A,English language for academic purpose,Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,Signpost language,Text A,English language for academic purpose,Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,Signal important parts of academic writing, such as structure, writers position, arguments, conclusion,Reporting someones view: Some people/researcher(s) maintain(s) / argue(s) / assert(s) / claim(s) / point(s) out,Signpost language,Disagreeing with someones view: I disagree with that The view is open to doubt / not necessarily true / highly debatable One of the main argument against is that,Text A,English language for academic purpose,Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,Signpost language,Pointing out a gap in research: However little information These studies have emphasized, as opposed to Although considerable research has focused on, less attention has been given to,Text A,English language for academic purpose,Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,Signpost language,Agreeing with someones view: I agree with when he writes that X is certainly correct in saying that Another point in favour of is A further argument supporting is NB: In the following units of study, more examples will be given.,Text A,English language for academic purpose,Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,Task 1 The tree diagram below illustrates the main points of the text. Fill in the blanks according to the text.,Text A,Suggested answers,Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,Decision-making behaviors in economic activities,Thinking at the margin comparing marginal _ and marginal _,Responding to _,Example 1 standby tickets,Critical reading and thinking,Example 2 _ vs. _,Example 1 the price of an apple,Example 2 a tax on _,Example 3 _,cost,benefits,water,diamonds,incentives,gasoline,seat belts law,Task 2 Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F).,Text A,Suggested answers,Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,Critical reading and thinking,F,_ 1 When rational people make decisions in life, they are very certain of the choice. _ 2 At the time of examination, students have to decide how to use all their time studying. _ 3 Marginal changes are small gradual changes of the present plan of action. _ 4 The example of the standby fly is told to show how cost can be ignored. _ 5 Diamonds are more expensive than water because people are more attracted to them.,F,F,F,T,Task 2 Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F).,Text A,Suggested answers,Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,Critical reading and thinking,T,_ 6 The quotation of one economist “People respond to incentives. The rest is commentary.” is given to show the importance of incentives. _ 7 The example of the apple shows how food prices vary according to market needs. _ 8 The gasoline tax has an effect on peoples choice of cars. _ 9 When the seat belt is made compulsory, people drive more carefully. _ 10 Policymakers need to take into consideration the less obvious indirect effects of a policy.,F,F,F,T,Task 1 Specialized vocabulary,Text A,Suggested answers,Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,Language building-up,Match the words in Column A with those in Column B and then translate the phrases you have got into Chinese.,Task 1 Specialized vocabulary,Text A,Suggested answers,Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,Language building-up,Match the words in Column A with those in Column B and then translate the phrases you have got into Chinese.,1 _ 2 _ 3 _ 4 _ 5 _ 6 _,marginal change,邊際變化,scarce resources,稀缺資源,maximize profits,最大化利潤,net result,凈結果,level of satisfaction,滿意度,rational people,理性人,Task 1 Specialized vocabulary,Text A,Suggested answers,Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,Language building-up,Translate the following sentences into English, using some of the phrases above.,1 我們明年的目標是獲得利潤最大化。 _ 2 時間是一種稀缺資源，因此如果工人失業(yè)，他們的時間就浪 費了。 _ _,We aim to maximize profits over the next year.,Time is a scarce resource, so if workers are unemployed their time is wasted.,Task 1 Specialized vocabulary,Text A,Suggested answers,Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,Language building-up,Translate the following sentences into English, using some of the phrases above.,3 理性人有非理性的想法嗎？ _ 4 滿意度調查結果表明游客對某些服務不滿意。 _ _,Do rational people have irrational thoughts?,Research into satisfaction level has found that tourists are not satisfied with some of the services.,Task 2 Signpost language,Text A,Suggested answers,Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,Language building-up,Match the signpost language from Text A with the purpose each of them serves.,1 _ 2 _ 3 _ 4 _ 5 _ 6 _,e,b,d,c,a,e,Task 2 Signpost language,Text A,Suggested answers,Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,Language building-up,Complete the following sentences using the signpost language listed above.,1 He is not well-known for his respect for factual accuracy, _, he was lying. 2 Offices can easily become more environmentally-friendly by, _, using recycled paper. 3 We dont like the situation. But _, we have to deal with this problem.,in other words,for example,at the same time,Task 2 Signpost language,Text A,Suggested answers,Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,Language building-up,Complete the following sentences using the signpost language listed above.,4 Their economy has expanded enormously, while ours, _, has declined. 5 _, in this chapter there is no general formula for the solution to this question. 6 The whole team dont want to lose him. _, he needs to realize that company regulations must be obeyed.,by contrast,As we will see,In this case,Task 3 Formal English,Text A,Suggested answers,Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,Language building-up,Replace the underlined words in the following sentences with the more formal ones from Text A.,1 As you study economics, you will come across firms that decide how many workers to hire and how much of their product to manufacture and sell to maximize profits. Key: _ 2 The reason is that a persons willingness to pay for any good is based on the marginal benefit that an extra unit of the good would produce. Key: _,encounter,yield,Task 3 Formal English,Text A,Suggested answers,Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,Language building-up,Replace the underlined words in the following sentences with the more formal ones from Text A.,3 An incentive is something that persuades a person to act, such as the prospect of a punishment or a reward. Key: _ 4 Many policies change the costs or benefits that people face and, therefore, change their behavior. Key: _ 5 For example, consider public policy about auto safety. Key: _,induces,alter,regarding,Task 3 Formal English,Text A,Suggested answers,Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,Language building-up,Replace the underlined words in the following sentences with the more formal ones from Text A.,6 The decline in safe driving has a clear, bad impact on pedestrians. Key: _ 7 At first, this discussion of incentives and seat belts might seem like an idle guess. Key: _ 8 When a person wears a seat belt, the likelihood of surviving an auto accident rises. Key: _,adverse,speculation,probability,Task 3 Formal English,Text A,Suggested answers,Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,Language building-up,Complete the sentences with some of the answers you have got in the above exercise.,1 Stress can have a(n) _ effect on peoples health. 2 This doesnt _ the fact that what you did was wrong. 3 He warned us that we might _ a lot of opposition at the very beginning. 4 Some believe that surgery could _ a heart attack. 5 He has very little to say _ the new EU regulations. 6 Knowing about the past doesnt necessarily _ solutions to current problems.,adverse,alter,encounter,induce,regarding,yield,Text B,Critical reading Difficult sentences English language for academic purpose,Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,New Airport Landing Fees Delayed,See Page 14, and do Task 1 and Task 2,Text B,Critical reading,Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities, A new federal policy: allowing airports to charge higher landing fees during peak periods Reason for formulating this policy: encourage airlines to arrange flights more evenly throughout the day, thus reducing flight delays,Text B,Critical reading,Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,Text B,Critical reading,Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,Your reflections on this policy: It will work: It wont work:, which last month called the proposal “congestion pricing disguised as an airport fee”. (Para. 13),Text B,Difficult sentences,Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities, , which claimed that the proposal was actually charging fee for congestion rather than for the airport.,“Because the central policy issue at stake here influencing airline market decisions through airport pricing is inherently complex and historically has been controversial, we believe that it merits additional time to fully develop comments reflecting the views of industry stakeholders,” (Para. 14),Text B,Difficult sentences,Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities, “The central policy issue which is how to influence airline market decisions through airport pricing has always been complex and controversial. Hence it is necessary to allow more time for the parties involved in the industry to phrase their opinions that most clearly express their views.”,Collocations,reduce / address congestion charge higher landing fees peak periods reduce delays take effect implement measures,Text B,English language for academic purpose,Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,Collocations,traffic volume on-time arrival rate be supportive of accommodate requests clear up ambiguity go into effect,Text B,English language for academic purpose,Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,Listening,Prediction strategies Listening tasks,Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,Prediction strategies,Prediction Instead of relying on the actual words or sounds, you use background information and common world knowledge to develop expectations about what you will hear and then confirm or reject them as you listen.,Listening,Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,Prediction strategies,Listening,Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,Prediction strategies, Use visual information including titles on the board, on slides, or in a PowerPoint presentation. Think about what you already know about the topic. Ask yourself questions that you think the speaker might answer. Listen for specific phrases.,Task 1 Before listening, look at the first sentence of the lecture you are going to hear and predict what will follow. Write down your expectation.,Listening,Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,Businesses are structured in different ways to meet different needs.,The simplest form of business is called an individual or sole proprietorship. The proprietor owns all of the property of the business and is responsible for everything.,Listening tasks,Task 2 Listen to the lecture again and complete the following table according to what you have heard.,Listening,Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,Listening tasks,Individual / sole,Corporation,sole owner,limited liability partnership,shares of ownership by stock holders,partly responsible,share holders not responsible,exist only for as long as the owners remain alive,exist only for as long as the partners remain alive,Task 3 Listen to the lecture a t