如何撰寫中英文摘要(研究生院)(第二次課程)

如何撰寫英文摘要,崔金鐘 任勝利,中國(guó)植物學(xué)會(huì)出版專業(yè)委員會(huì)副主任 中國(guó)科學(xué)院植物研究所文獻(xiàn)信息中心主任 國(guó)家標(biāo)本資源共享平臺(tái)辦公室執(zhí)行主任 中國(guó)化石植物志系列叢書 主編 生命世界主編 電話 (傳真)：010-62836136 Email： QQ: 2819451761,自我介紹,中國(guó)化石植物志編寫,4,5,物種名稱頁(yè)面：多源數(shù)據(jù)關(guān)聯(lián)顯示,植物研究所主辦的刊物 Journal of Integrative Plant Biology Journal of Systematics and Evolution Journal of Plant Ecology 植物生態(tài)學(xué)報(bào) 植物學(xué)報(bào) 生物多樣性 生命世界,3個(gè)英文期刊均被SCI收錄,SCI影響因子為3.335 植物學(xué)科排名第31,SCI影響因子為1.488 植物學(xué)科排名第90,SCI影響因子為2.646 植物學(xué)科排名第47,SCI數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)收錄植物學(xué)期刊204種 平均影響因子2.719 （JCR 2014）,影響因子為1.695 植物學(xué)期刊排名第一 （植物類11種 0.56）,影響因子為0.932 植物學(xué)期刊排名第五 （植物類11種 0.56）,影響因子為1.017 生物類期刊排名第一 （生物類 27種 0.465）,3個(gè)中文期刊國(guó)內(nèi)生物類前5之內(nèi),中國(guó)科學(xué)技術(shù)信息研究所2014年版中國(guó)科技期刊引證報(bào)告(核心版),生命世界,主 編：崔金鐘 社 長(zhǎng)：林金安 副社長(zhǎng)：林月惠主 任：桑新華 于2004年由植物雜志更名為生命世界，月刊，是國(guó)內(nèi)唯一一家以“生命”為主題的大型科學(xué)人文雜志。目的是傳遞與生命相關(guān)的科學(xué)信息, 普及與生命相關(guān)的科學(xué)知識(shí), 報(bào)道與生命相關(guān)的科學(xué)事件, 引發(fā)讀者對(duì)生命的思考, 喚起讀者對(duì)生命的珍惜。2009年被北京市科委命名為科普傳媒基地。2014年入選優(yōu)秀科普期刊前30名單，并在網(wǎng)上投票，進(jìn)入公眾最喜歡的科普期刊前10名單。,如何撰寫中英文摘要,摘要概念 摘要基本類型和內(nèi)容 摘要特點(diǎn) 摘要時(shí)態(tài) 摘要人稱和語(yǔ)態(tài) 摘要常用句式 摘要寫作和編輯步驟 關(guān)鍵詞,科技論文的結(jié)構(gòu)the structure of a scientific paper,題目 Title 作者 Author 作者單位和地址 Affiliation and address 摘要 Abstract 關(guān)鍵詞 Key words 引言 Introduction 材料與方法 Materials and methods 結(jié)果 Results 討論 Discussion 致謝 Acknowledgments (optional) 引文 References 附錄 Appendices(optional),The IMRAD article: Introduction, Methods, Results And Discussion,Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion,The IMRAD article: Introduction, Methods, Results And Discussion,如何寫科技論文的題目,立論式：題目揭示了文章的中心論點(diǎn) “翻兩番”要靠科學(xué)技術(shù) 地球及類地行星起源于天體大爆炸 非立論式：題目表明了論文作者研究的 問題或論述的范圍，但沒有表達(dá)出作 者的基本觀點(diǎn)和見解。 “翻兩番”的關(guān)鍵問題 地球及類地行星起源的新假說,What is an abstract?,What is the problem? Introduction How did I solve the problem? Materials and Methods What did I find out? Results What does it mean? Discussion What did I do in a nutshell? Abstract,What is an abstract?,What did I do in a nutshell?Abstract,nutshell 堅(jiān)果殼,果殼,堅(jiān)果,in a nutshell adv. 簡(jiǎn)單地，簡(jiǎn)約地;極其簡(jiǎn)括地說,an abstract vs a paper a nutshell vs a tree,What is an abstract?,An abstract is a condensed version of a longer piece of writing that highlights the major points covered, concisely describes the content and scope of the writing, and reviews the writings contents in abbreviated form,What is an abstract?,國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)GB 644786對(duì)摘要的定義為: “以提供文獻(xiàn)內(nèi)容梗概為目的, 不加評(píng)論和補(bǔ)充解釋, 簡(jiǎn)明、確切地記敘文獻(xiàn)重要內(nèi)容的短文.”,Abstract:Why is it important?,通常是你文章最先被閱讀到的部分； 如果你的摘要不好，你就無(wú)法吸引審者和讀者的注意； 論文審者通常僅僅根據(jù)你的摘要就對(duì)你的論文作出了初步判斷； A good Abstract is usually followed by a good paper. A bad abstract often indicates a bad paper.,Beijing 10/11 December 2008,How to get published,Abstract:Why is it important?,英文摘要作為科技論文的重要組成部分, 有其特殊的意義和作用, 它是國(guó)際間知識(shí)傳播、學(xué)術(shù)交流與合作的“橋梁”和媒介. 尤其是目前國(guó)際上各主要檢索機(jī)構(gòu)的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)對(duì)英文摘要的依賴性很強(qiáng), 因此, 好的英文摘要對(duì)于增加期刊和論文的被檢索和引用機(jī)會(huì)、吸引讀者、擴(kuò)大影響起著不可忽視的作用.,What is an abstract?,摘要的基本特點(diǎn)： 通常為一段（偶多段）， 應(yīng)統(tǒng)一、連貫、簡(jiǎn)明、獨(dú)立； 應(yīng)順序體現(xiàn)論文的目的、方法、結(jié)果、結(jié)論和建議等； 各個(gè)部分之間聯(lián)系和轉(zhuǎn)換邏輯上要嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)； 不添加論文涉及范圍以外的新信息，但可以總結(jié)本文,What is an abstract?,摘要的基本特點(diǎn)： 能被更加廣泛的讀者理解； 通常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，弱化作者，強(qiáng)化信息; 格式要規(guī)范 不用非共知共用的符號(hào)和術(shù)語(yǔ) 一般不出現(xiàn)插圖、表格，參考文獻(xiàn)序號(hào) 一般不用數(shù)學(xué)公式和化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)式,What is an abstract?,An effective abstract has the following qualities: uses one or more well developed paragraphs: these are unified, coherent, concise, and able to stand alone. uses an introduction/body/conclusion structure which presents the papers purpose, results, conclusions, and recommendations in that order. provides logical connections (or transitions) between the information included.,What is an abstract?,An effective abstract has the following qualities: adds no new information, but simply summarizes the paper. is understandable to a wide audience. oftentimes uses passive verbs to downplay the author and emphasize the information.,What types of abstracts are typically used?,報(bào)道型摘要 （Informative abstract） 指示型摘要（Indicative/Descriptive abstract） 報(bào)道-指示型摘要（Informative/Descriptive-indicative abstract）,Informative abstract,報(bào)道型摘要 也常稱作信息性摘要或資料性摘要, 其特點(diǎn)是全面、簡(jiǎn)要地概括論文的目的、方法、主要數(shù)據(jù)和結(jié)論。 通常, 這種摘要可以部分地取代閱讀全文。 該種摘要不但包含研究目的、方法，同時(shí)還提供給讀者研究結(jié)果、結(jié)論和建議,Informative abstract,報(bào)道性摘要分為傳統(tǒng)型或非結(jié)構(gòu)式（non-structured）和結(jié)構(gòu)式(structured)兩大類型。,報(bào)道性摘要,傳統(tǒng)型或非結(jié)構(gòu)式,結(jié)構(gòu)式,半結(jié)構(gòu)式,全結(jié)構(gòu)式,Informative abstract,無(wú)論何種形式的摘要，都應(yīng)包含以下幾個(gè)基本要素： 主題（Main topic as in title) 目的（Purpose of research） 材料（Materials）和方法（Methodology） 結(jié)果（Results) 結(jié)論（Conclusions）,Informative abstract,非結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要或傳統(tǒng)型，上述要素以一定的邏輯關(guān)系連續(xù)寫出，不分段落或以明顯的標(biāo)識(shí)加以區(qū)分。比較而言，段落不夠分明，給編輯、審稿、閱讀及計(jì)算機(jī)處理帶來(lái)諸多不便。,基于模型數(shù)據(jù)融合的長(zhǎng)白山闊葉紅松林碳循環(huán)模擬,充分、有效地利用各種陸地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)碳觀測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)改善陸地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)模型, 是當(dāng)前我國(guó)陸地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)碳循環(huán)研究領(lǐng)域亟待解決的重要問題之一。該研究以20032005年長(zhǎng)白山闊葉紅松林的6組生物計(jì)量觀測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)和渦度相關(guān)技術(shù)測(cè)定的碳通量數(shù)據(jù)為基礎(chǔ), 利用馬爾可夫鏈-蒙特卡羅方法對(duì)陸地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)模型的關(guān)鍵參數(shù)(即碳滯留時(shí)間)進(jìn)行了反演, 進(jìn)而預(yù)測(cè)了長(zhǎng)白山闊葉紅松林生態(tài)系統(tǒng)碳庫(kù)、碳通量及其不確定性。反演結(jié)果表明, 長(zhǎng)白山闊葉紅松林葉凋落物和微生物碳的平均滯留時(shí)間最短, 。馬爾可夫鏈-蒙特卡羅方法是反演模型參數(shù)、優(yōu)化模擬結(jié)果和評(píng)估模擬結(jié)果不確定性的有效方法, 但今后仍需在惰性土壤碳滯留時(shí)間的估計(jì)、驅(qū)動(dòng)數(shù)據(jù)和模型結(jié)構(gòu)的不確定性分析、模型數(shù)據(jù)融合方法方面進(jìn)行深入研究, 以進(jìn)一步提高碳循環(huán)模擬的準(zhǔn)確性。,基于模型數(shù)據(jù)融合的長(zhǎng)白山闊葉紅松林碳循環(huán)模擬,充分、有效地利用各種陸地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)碳觀測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)改善陸地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)模型, 是當(dāng)前我國(guó)陸地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)碳循環(huán)研究領(lǐng)域亟待解決的重要問題之一。該研究以20032005年長(zhǎng)白山闊葉紅松林的6組生物計(jì)量觀測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)和渦度相關(guān)技術(shù)測(cè)定的碳通量數(shù)據(jù)為基礎(chǔ), 利用馬爾可夫鏈-蒙特卡羅方法對(duì)陸地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)模型的關(guān)鍵參數(shù)(即碳滯留時(shí)間)進(jìn)行了反演, 進(jìn)而預(yù)測(cè)了長(zhǎng)白山闊葉紅松林生態(tài)系統(tǒng)碳庫(kù)、碳通量及其不確定性。反演結(jié)果表明, 長(zhǎng)白山闊葉紅松林葉凋落物和微生物碳的平均滯留時(shí)間最短, 。馬爾可夫鏈-蒙特卡羅方法是反演模型參數(shù)、優(yōu)化模擬結(jié)果和評(píng)估模擬結(jié)果不確定性的有效方法, 但今后仍需在惰性土壤碳滯留時(shí)間的估計(jì)、驅(qū)動(dòng)數(shù)據(jù)和模型結(jié)構(gòu)的不確定性分析、模型數(shù)據(jù)融合方法方面進(jìn)行深入研究, 以進(jìn)一步提高碳循環(huán)模擬的準(zhǔn)確性。,Informative abstract,結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要，上述要素分段或以一定的標(biāo)識(shí)給予區(qū)分。段落清晰、明了，便于編輯、審稿、閱讀和計(jì)算機(jī)檢索。 結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要根據(jù)包含上述要素的多少，可分為全結(jié)構(gòu)式和半結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要。,Informative abstract,全結(jié)構(gòu)式（full-structured）摘要： 1974年4月，加拿大McMaster 大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)中心的Dr R Brian Haynes首先提出建立臨床研究論文的結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要。在 Dr Edward J Huth創(chuàng)導(dǎo)下，美國(guó)Annuals of Internal Medicine 在國(guó)際上率先采用了全結(jié)構(gòu)式（full-structured）摘要。,Informative abstract,Haynes所提出的全結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要包含8個(gè)要素： 目的（Objective）：說明論文要解決的問題 設(shè)計(jì)（Design）：說明研究的基本設(shè)計(jì)，包括研究的性質(zhì) 地點(diǎn)（Setting）：說明進(jìn)行研究的地點(diǎn)和研究機(jī)構(gòu)的等級(jí) 對(duì)象（Patients, participants or subjects）：說明參加并完成研究的病人或受試者的性質(zhì)、數(shù)量及挑選方法,Informative abstract,Haynes所提出的全結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要包含8個(gè)要素 5，處理（Interventions）：說明確切的治療或處理方法 6主要測(cè)定項(xiàng)目（Main outcome measures）：說明為評(píng)定研究結(jié)果而進(jìn)行的主要測(cè)定項(xiàng)目 7結(jié)果（Results）：說明主要客觀結(jié)果 8結(jié)論（Conclusion）：說明主要結(jié)論，包括直接臨床應(yīng)用意義。,Informative abstract,全結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要觀點(diǎn)更明確（more explicitness），信息量更大（more information），差錯(cuò)更少（fewer errors），同時(shí)也更符合計(jì)算機(jī)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的建立和使用要求。但其缺點(diǎn)也是顯而易見的，即煩瑣、重復(fù)、篇幅過長(zhǎng), 而且不是所有研究都能按以上8個(gè)要素分類的。于是更多的雜志揚(yáng)長(zhǎng)避短，采用半結(jié)構(gòu)式（semi-structured）摘要。,Informative abstract,半結(jié)構(gòu)式(semi-structured)摘要： 半結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要也稱為四要素摘要，包括： 目的（objective/purpose/aim） 方法（methods） 結(jié)果（results） 結(jié)論（conclusion） 采用何種摘要形式要根據(jù)各雜志的具體要求而定。 目前國(guó)內(nèi)許多雜志正從非結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要向半結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要過渡。,Indicative abstract,指示型摘要 也常稱為說明性摘要、描述性摘要(descriptive abstract)或論點(diǎn)摘要(topic abstract), 一般只用二三句話概括論文的主題, 而不涉及論據(jù)和結(jié)論, 多用于綜述、會(huì)議報(bào)告等。該類摘要可用于幫助潛在的讀者來(lái)決定是否需要閱讀全文。 該種摘要通常包含研究目的、方法，但不提供研究結(jié)果、結(jié)論和建議等，只有閱讀全文才能得知具體的結(jié)果和結(jié)論。,Informative-indicative abstract,報(bào)道-指示型摘要: 以報(bào)道性摘要的形式表述一次文獻(xiàn)中的信息價(jià)值較高的部分, 以指示性摘要的形式表述其余部分。,Parts of an Abstract,The abstract is a very brief overview of your ENTIRE study. It tells the reader： WHAT you did, WHY you did it, HOW you did it, WHAT you found, WHAT it means.,Parts of an Abstract,The abstract should briefly state： the purpose of the research (introduction), how the problem was studied (methods), the principal findings (results), what the findings mean (discussion and conclusion). It is important to be descriptive but concise say only what is essential, using no more words than necessary to convey meaning.,Parts of an Abstract,因?yàn)檎举|(zhì)上就是一篇高度濃縮的論文, 所以其構(gòu)成與論文主體的IMRAD結(jié)構(gòu)是對(duì)應(yīng)的. 因此, 摘要應(yīng)包括以下內(nèi)容梗概： 目的: 研究的前提、目的和任務(wù), 所涉及的主題范圍。 方法: 所用理論、條件、材料、手段、裝備、程序等。 結(jié)果: 觀察、實(shí)驗(yàn)的結(jié)果, 數(shù)據(jù), 得到的效果, 性能等。 討論: 結(jié)果的分析、比較、評(píng)價(jià)、應(yīng)用, 提出的問題, 今后的課題, 假設(shè), 啟發(fā), 建議, 預(yù)測(cè)等。 其他: 不屬于研究、研制、調(diào)查的主要目的, 但具有重要的信息價(jià)值。,Tense of Abstract,說法一：從理論上講 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 通過科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)取得的研究結(jié)果、結(jié)論，揭示自然界的客觀規(guī)律。 一般過去時(shí) 在一定范圍內(nèi)所觀察到的自然現(xiàn)象的規(guī)律性認(rèn)識(shí)，這種認(rèn)識(shí)也許有一定的局限性。 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 表明過程的延續(xù)性，雖某事件（或過程）發(fā)生在過去，但強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)所產(chǎn)生的影響。 以一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)為主，也使用一般過去時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),Tense of Abstract,說法二： EI 數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)建議： 用過去時(shí)態(tài)敘述作者工作； 用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)敘述作者結(jié)論 說法三: 論文是通過科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)揭示客觀真理。所取得的結(jié)果，無(wú)論是過去，還是現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)都是如此。故常用現(xiàn)在時(shí)表達(dá),Tense of Abstract,非結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要或傳統(tǒng)型，下列要素： 背景介紹 研究目的 材料與方法 研究結(jié)果 結(jié)論和建議 以一定的邏輯關(guān)系連續(xù)寫出，不分段落或以明顯的標(biāo)識(shí)加以區(qū)分。 摘要寫作時(shí)所采用的時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)視情況而定, 力求表達(dá)自然、妥當(dāng). 寫作中可大致遵循以下原則,Tense of Abstract 背景介紹: 普遍事實(shí) 研究趨勢(shì),Tense of Abstract,介紹背景資料時(shí), 如果句子的內(nèi)容為不受時(shí)間影響的普遍事實(shí), 應(yīng)使用現(xiàn)在時(shí) Agrobacterium rhizogenes causes hairy root disease in plants. Among plant secondary metabolites terpenoids are a structurally most diverse group Synthetic genetic approaches often reveal potential interacting partners for any given target protein,Tense of Abstract,介紹背景資料時(shí),如果句子的內(nèi)容是對(duì)某種研究趨勢(shì)的概述, 則使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) The advances in molecular biology have greatly improved our understanding of plant responses to stresses. DNA microarrays have long been the established technology for measuring gene expression levels It has been known that the transverse orientation is essential for normal cell morphogenesis,Tense of Abstract,介紹背景資料時(shí),如果句子的內(nèi)容是對(duì)某種研究趨勢(shì)的概述, 則使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 4, Water deficit-induced ABA accumulation is one of the most important stress signaling pathways in plant cells. Redox regulation of cellular signaling has currently attracted particular attention, but much less is known about its roles and mechanisms in plant signaling.,Tense of Abstract 研究目的: 論文導(dǎo)向 研究導(dǎo)向,Tense of Abstract,在敘述研究目的或主要研究活動(dòng)時(shí), 如果采用“論文導(dǎo)向”, 多使用現(xiàn)在時(shí) (如: This paper presents) This article summarizes research on self-initiated and professionally facilitated change of addictive behaviors. The paper aims to establish a feasible and meaningful method to describe . This review focuses on the contribution of electron techniques to our understanding of cellular processes,Tense of Abstract,在敘述研究目的或主要研究活動(dòng)時(shí), 如果采用 “研究導(dǎo)向”, 則使用過去時(shí)(如: This study investigated) This study investigated whether captopril could reduce morbidity and mortality in patients . Our aim was to explore the relationship between the response of antioxidant enzymes and temperature in the two invasive weeds The present study investigated whether NO activity is involved in the signaling of drought-induced protective responses,Tense of Abstract,概述實(shí)驗(yàn)程序、方法時(shí), 通常用現(xiàn)在時(shí) We describe a new molecular approach to analyzing . We present an analysis of atmospheric neutrino data from a detector We report here that immature thymocytes lacking .,Tense of Abstract 材料與方法: 材料和方法介紹 具體行為動(dòng)作,Tense of Abstract,概述實(shí)驗(yàn)程序、方法時(shí), 通常用現(xiàn)在時(shí),但描述的是具體已經(jīng)發(fā)生的行為和動(dòng)作時(shí),用過去時(shí) To investigate the mechanisms controlling flowering time, we screened for Arabidopsis mutants with late-flowering phenotypes. One mutant was identified with delayed flowering time. A plant that is highly susceptible to this fungus was analyzed.,Tense of Abstract 研究結(jié)果: 一般用現(xiàn)在時(shí) 部分刊物主張用過去時(shí),Tense of Abstract,概述主要結(jié)果時(shí), 通常用現(xiàn)在時(shí) Our results indicate that p21 may be a universal inhibitor of cyclin kinases. The results we obtained demonstrate that this technique . We present the results of two analyses of DNA sequences from .,Tense of Abstract,概述主要結(jié)果時(shí), 但是也有相當(dāng)?shù)目镉眠^去時(shí) The results showed that childrens material needs and basic requirements . Multivariate analyses revealed very high genetic correlations among the variables.,Tense of Abstract 研究結(jié)論: 一般用現(xiàn)在時(shí) 部分刊物主張用過去時(shí) 特定情況下可以使用,Tense of Abstract,敘述結(jié)論或建議時(shí), 一般用現(xiàn)在時(shí)，特定情況下可以使用臆測(cè)動(dòng)詞或may, should, could等助動(dòng)詞 We suggest that climate instability in the early part of the last interglacial may have delayed the meting of . Our data suggest that overexpression of the HbNHX1 gene could improve the tolerance of transgenic tobaccos to salt,Tense of Abstract,在結(jié)論中闡述自己的觀點(diǎn)通常有如下5種情況 (1)如果觀點(diǎn)不是這篇文章最新提出的，通常要用We confirm that (2)對(duì)于自己很自信的觀點(diǎn)，可用We believe that (3)通常，由數(shù)據(jù)推斷出一定的結(jié)論，用Results indicate, infer, suggest, imply that (4) 在極其特別時(shí)才可用We put forward(discover, observe) for the first time來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)自己的創(chuàng)新 (5) 如果自己對(duì)所提出的觀點(diǎn)不完全肯定，可用 We tentatively put forward (interprete this to ) The results may be due to (caused by) This is probably a consequence of It seems that can account for (interpret) this It is posible that it stem from 如果通篇是類型1)和5)，那這篇文章的意義就大打折扣。如果全是2)，肯定會(huì)遭到置疑。所以要仔細(xì)分析自己成果的創(chuàng)新性以及可信度。,摘要的人稱和語(yǔ)態(tài),有相當(dāng)數(shù)量的作者和審稿人認(rèn)為， 科技論文的撰寫應(yīng)使用第三人稱、過去時(shí)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。但調(diào)查表明， 科技論文中被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的使用在19201970年曾經(jīng)比較流行， 但由于主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的表達(dá)更為準(zhǔn)確， 且更易閱讀，因而目前大多數(shù)期刊都提倡使用主動(dòng)態(tài)，國(guó)際知名科技期刊Nature、 Cell等尤其如此， 其中第一人稱和主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的使用十分普遍。,摘要的常用句式,引言部分 回顧研究背景, 常用詞匯有: review, summarize, present, outline, describe等 We review evidence for this view of . This paper outlines some of the basic methods and discusses related theoretical and practical issues. We summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as . We present estimators for several . We describe the conceptual background and development of .,摘要的常用句式,引言部分 闡明寫作或研究目的, 常用詞匯有: purpose, attempt, aim等; 另外還可以用動(dòng)詞不定式充當(dāng)目的狀語(yǔ)來(lái)表達(dá) We attempt to recover a function of unknown smoothness from noisy sampled data. To investigate the mechanism of Bcl-2s effect, we examined whether Bcl-2 interacted with other proteins. For comparison purposes we present some . With the aim to provide observational constraints on the evolution of the galactic disk, we have derived .,摘要的常用句式,引言部分 介紹論文的重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容或研究范圍, 常用的詞匯有: study, present, include, focus, emphasize, emphasis, attention等 This paper presents basic methodology of MCMC, emphasizing the relationship with . This paper focuses on the promise of artificial neural networks. We emphasize the following points . The paper lays particular emphasis on the calculation of . We draw attention to two problems associated with .,摘要的常用句式,方法部分 介紹研究或試驗(yàn)過程, 常用詞匯有: test, study, investigate, examine, experiment, discuss, consider, analyze, analysis等 We tested this hypothesis in various human T cells . This paper examines how the molecular shapes of . This paper discusses a class of models for . This article considers the role of the hippocampus in memory function.,摘要的常用句式,方法部分 說明研究或試驗(yàn)方法, 常用詞匯有: measure, estimate, calculate等 This study presents estimates of lifetime . We assume a standard reddening law and use the colors of elliptical galaxies to measure the reddening per unit flux density of 100 m emission. We provide a analytic procedure to calculate the equilibrium profiles,摘要的常用句式,方法部分 介紹應(yīng)用、用途, 常用詞匯有: use, apply, application等 Our program uses a maximum likelihood approach. As an application, we implement a compact image coding algorithm. We apply the network to the source separation problem.,摘要的常用句式,結(jié)果部分 展示研究結(jié)果, 常用詞匯有: show, result, present, demonstrate等 We show this cell death to be dependent upon expression of . Our results show that p53 exerts a significant in . The results we obtained demonstrate that this technique will contribute to .,摘要的常用句式,結(jié)果部分 介紹結(jié)論, 常用詞匯有: summary, introduce, conclude等 We introduce a procedure that suppresses noise. We conclude that PQL is of practical value for . We give a summary of the main physics component of .,摘要的常用句式,討論部分 陳述論文的論點(diǎn)和作者的觀點(diǎn), 常用詞匯有: suggest, report, present, explain, expect, describe等 The results suggest that abnormalities in male sex development . In this study, we described a psychobiological model of . We present the derivation of a new molecular mechanical force field for . Exciting new research has elaborated several important findings that . We expect the uncertainties in the relative ages to be about 25%, although the absolute errors may be larger.,摘要的常用句式,討論部分 闡明論證. 常用詞匯有: support, provide, indicate, identify, find, demonstrate, confirm, clarify等 We showed that it is possible to identify constituents which represent . These results demonstrate that p53 is required for radiation-induced cell death in . Our conclusions are supported by a statistical analysis of . Here we provide evidence from direct experiment of diversity by .,摘要的常用句式,討論部分 推薦和建議, 常用詞匯有: suggest, suggestion, recommend, recommendation, propose, necessity, necessary, expect等 The authors suggest that the most promising route to effective strategies for . We suggest that information maximization provides a unifying framework for . For the gene, we recommend that the italicized root symbol CYP for human . We propose that the formation of these materials takes place by means of .,The Abstract is always the last section written. This is because you wont know what to include until you have completed a full version of the paper.,Steps for writing abstracts,在準(zhǔn)備一篇論文時(shí)，什么時(shí)候著手寫摘要？,Steps for writing abstracts,在準(zhǔn)備一篇論文時(shí)，通常是全文基本撰寫完之后才著手準(zhǔn)備摘要。撰寫摘要應(yīng)按照下列步驟完成： Step 1: Reread the paper with the goal of abstracting in mind. Step 2: After youve finished rereading the paper, write a rough draft without looking back at what youre abstracting. Step 3: Revise your rough draft to correct weaknesses in organization. Step 4: Print your final copy and read it again to catch any glitches that you find.,Steps for writing abstracts,Step 1: Reread the paper with the goal of abstracting in mind.,Look specifically for these main parts of the paper: purpose, methods, scope, results, conclusions, and recommendation. Use the headings, outline heads, and table of contents as a guide to writing your abstract.,Steps for writing abstracts,Step 2: After youve finished rereading the paper, write a rough draft without looking back at what youre abstracting.,Dont merely copy key sentences from the paper，youll put in too much or too little information. Dont rely on the way material was phrased in the paper, summarize information in a new way.,Steps for writing abstracts,Step 2: After youve finished rereading the paper, write a rough draft without looking back at what youre abstracting. Use one or two concise sentences to summarize the most important aspects of your project for each section listed below. Project Title (the same as the title of your scientific paper) Introduction (What is this project about? Why is this project interesting or important?) Hypothesis (What did you think you would find? Why?),Steps for writing abstracts,Methods (Briefly explain your procedure.) Results (What did you find when you performed your experiment?) Discussion (Are your results consistent with your initial hypothesis? Why or why not?) Conclusion (What is your interpretation of what these results mean? Why should anyone become excited about or interested in your findings?),Steps for writing abstracts,Motivation: Why do we care about the problem and the results? If the problem isnt obviously “interesting”, it might be better to put motivation first But if your work is widely recognized as important, then it is probably better to put the problem statement first to indicate which piece of the larger problem you are breaking off to work on. This section should include the importance of your work, the difficulty of the area, and the impact it might have if successful.,Steps for writing abstracts,Problem statement: What problem are you trying to solve? What is the scope of your work (a generalized approach, or for a specific situation)? Be careful not to use too much jargon.,Steps for writing abstracts,Approach: How did you go about solving or making progress on the problem? Did you use simulation, analytic models, prototype construction, or analysis of field data for an actual product? What was the extent of your work？ What important variables did you control, ignore, or measure?,Steps for writing abstracts,Step 3: Revise your rough draft to correct weaknesses in organization. Improve transitions from point to point. drop unnecessary information. add important information you left out. eliminate wordiness. fix errors in grammar, spelling, and punctuation.,Steps for writing abstracts,Other ConsiderationsAn abstract must be a fully self-contained, capsule description of the paper. It must make sense all by itself. Some points to consider include: Meet the word count limitation Avoid using weasel-words such as might, could, may, and seem Think of a half-dozen search phrases and keywords that people looking for your work might use,Steps for writing abstracts,The Abstract SHOULD NOT contain lengthy background information references to other literature elliptical or incomplete sentences (i.e., ending with .) abbreviations or terms that may be confusing to readers any sort of illustration, figure, or table, or references to them,摘要中常見錯(cuò)誤,從總體結(jié)構(gòu)上 缺少研究目的 結(jié)果部分深淺詳略參差不齊 添加不必要的自我評(píng)價(jià),摘要中常見錯(cuò)誤,從各個(gè)主要元素間的聯(lián)系上 對(duì) “論文主導(dǎo)”和 “研究主導(dǎo)” 不明確 語(yǔ)氣不連貫 連接詞選取不當(dāng) 主謂語(yǔ)搭配不當(dāng) 狀語(yǔ)與主語(yǔ)搭配不當(dāng) 不定式或In order to 表示目的時(shí) To examine how, Linear regression was used to In order to assess whether , the method was applied to Based on 做狀語(yǔ),摘要中常見錯(cuò)誤,其他方面 3036% 30 %36% From 30 %36% From 30 % to 36% 8612 mm (8612) mm,數(shù)字,英文數(shù)字和阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字的用法 句子開頭用英文數(shù)字而不能用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字； 單位是符號(hào)時(shí)一律用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字； 3 g; 6 m; 8 yr; 18 s 等 文字?jǐn)⑹鲋械臄?shù)字 小于等于10的數(shù)一般用英文； 大于10的數(shù)用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字； 兩者同時(shí)有的時(shí)候都用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字； 最新發(fā)展趨勢(shì)是能用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字的地方都用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字,數(shù)字,英文數(shù)字和阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字的用法 m = 5 kg； m = 5 kilograms; m = five kg; m = five kilograms; a 25-kilogram sphere a 25 kg sphere a 25-kg sphere;,摘要中常見錯(cuò)誤,常見錯(cuò)誤分析 A efficient method for establishing mathematical model was given. An efficient method for establish