解決問題的方法

ZaidAliAModule7:ProblemSolvingShouldIConsiderMoving?ScenarioMorestudentsarefailingtheircoursesthisyearcomparedtolastyear.Whoistoblame?StudentsPerspective?UNITAR Courses and Lecturers are soUNITAR Courses and Lecturers are so BORING BORING andand DIFFICULT!HOW TO PASS?DIFFICULT!HOW TO PASS?TeachersPerspective?Students Students KNOW NOTHINGKNOW NOTHING!They are both They are both LAZY LAZY and and STUPIDSTUPID!What a perfect!What a perfect combination to become an combination to become an employable graduate!employable graduate!Yeah!Blame Yeah!Blame it on us!it on us!Howtosolvethisproblem?More students are failing their courses this year compared to last year.Lets Watch a Video:Teaching Teaching&Understanding UnderstandingModule7:ProblemSolving3.Problem Solving Process4.Problem SolvingTools1.What is Problem Solving?2.Barriers to EffectiveProblem Solving“Problems call forth our courage and our wisdom;indeed,they create our courage and our wisdom.It is only because of problems that we grow mentally and spiritually.”-M.Scott Peck7.1WhatisProblemSolving?Problemsolvingformspartofthinking.Consideredthemostcomplexofallintellectualfunctions,problemsolvinghasbeendefinedashigher-order cognitive process that requires the higher-order cognitive process that requires the modulation and control of more routine or modulation and control of more routine or fundamental skillsfundamental skills(Goldstein&Levin,1987).Itoccursifanorganismoranartificialintelligencesystemdoes not know how to proceed from a does not know how to proceed from a given state to a desired goal stategiven state to a desired goal state.Itispartofthelargerproblemprocessthatincludesproblemfindingandproblemshaping.Source:http:/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_solving“He who asks a question may be a fool for five minutes,but he who never asks a question remains a fool forever.”-Tom Connelly 7.2BarrierstoEffectiveProblemSolvingFailure to recognize the problem Conceiving the problem too narrowly Making a hasty choice Failure to consider all consequences Failure to consider the feasibility of the solution “Its not that Im so smart,its just that I stay with problems longer.”-Albert Einstein 7.3ProblemSolvingProcessAccepting the ProblemAccepting the ProblemStep 1:What is the Problem?Step 1:What is the Problem?Step 2:What Are the Alternatives?Step 2:What Are the Alternatives?Step 3:What Are the Advantages and/or Step 3:What Are the Advantages and/or Disadvantages of Each Alternative?Disadvantages of Each Alternative?Step 4:What Is the Solution?Step 4:What Is the Solution?Step 5:How Well Is the Solution Working?Step 5:How Well Is the Solution Working?AcceptingtheProblemTosolveaproblem,youmustfirstbewillingtoaccept accept theproblembyacknowledgingthattheproblem existsproblem existsandcommittingyourselftotryingtosolveit.StrategiesStrategiestofindthemotivationandcommitmenttoprepareyoutoentertheproblem-solvingprocess:1.1.List the benefitsList the benefits.how will solving the problem benefit you?2.2.Formalize your acceptanceFormalize your acceptance.-formal commitment to solve problem3.3.Accept responsibility for your lifeAccept responsibility for your life.-we have the potential to control the direction of our lives4.4.Create a“worst-case”scenarioCreate a“worst-case”scenario.-what are potential disastrous consequences of your actions or inactions5.5.Identify whats holding you backIdentify whats holding you back.-what is preventing you from solving the problem?Step1:WhatistheProblem?Step 1A:What do I know about the situation?Step 1A:What do I know about the situation?Step 1B:What results am I aiming for in this Step 1B:What results am I aiming for in this situation?situation?Step 1C:How can I define the problem?Step 1C:How can I define the problem?qViewtheproblemfromdifferentperspectives.qIdentifycomponentproblems.qStatetheproblemclearlyandspecifically.Step2:WhatAretheAlternatives?Step 2A:What are the boundaries of the problem Step 2A:What are the boundaries of the problem situation?situation?Step 2B:What alternatives are possible within Step 2B:What alternatives are possible within these boundaries?these boundaries?qDiscusstheproblemwithotherpeople.qBrainstormideas.qChangeyourlocation.Step3:WhatAretheAdvantagesand/orDisadvantagesofEachAlternative?Step 3A:What are the advantages of each Step 3A:What are the advantages of each alternative?alternative?Step 3B:What are the disadvantages of each Step 3B:What are the disadvantages of each alternative?alternative?Step 3C:What additional information do I need Step 3C:What additional information do I need to evaluate each alternative?to evaluate each alternative?Step4:WhatIstheSolution?Step 4A:Which alternative(s)will I pursue?Step 4A:Which alternative(s)will I pursue?qEvaluateandcomparealternatives.qCombinealternatives.qTryouteachalternativeinyourimagination.Step 4B:What steps can I take to act on the Step 4B:What steps can I take to act on the alternative(s)chosen?alternative(s)chosen?Step5:HowWellIstheSolutionWorking?Step 5A:What is my evaluation?Step 5A:What is my evaluation?qComparetheresultswiththegoals.qGetotherperspectives.Step 5B:What adjustments are necessary?Step 5B:What adjustments are necessary?“Because Im thinking in a broader way,I feel like I am able to make better decisions.”-Takafumi Horie6.4ProblemSolvingToolsTools to facilitate effective Problem Solving:CoRTCoRT(Module 2)(Module 2)SWOT ANALYSISSWOT ANALYSIS(Module 6)(Module 6)SIX THINKING HATS(Next)SIX THINKING HATS(Next)PORTERsPORTERs 5 FORCES 5 FORCES FORCE FIELD ANALYSISFORCE FIELD ANALYSISISHIKAWA DIAGRAMISHIKAWA DIAGRAMMIND MAPPINGMIND MAPPINGMore More MyCotedMyCoted+Mind Tools Mind Tools+Creativity WebCreativity WebI can study these I can study these tools on my own.tools on my own.Click!Click!Edward de Bono“The six thinking hats is a method for doing one sort of thinking at a time.”6ThinkingHatsCreativeCreativePositivePositiveObjectiveObjectiveFeelingsFeelingsNegativeNegativeProcessProcessBenefitsofUsing6ThinkingHatsRole-playing(Putthehaton,takethehatoff,switchhats,andsignalyourthinking)Encouragecreative,parallelandlateralthinkingImprovecommunicationSpeedupdecisionmakingAvoiddebateDetachingtheEgoOccasionalUse(SingleHat)SequenceUseWhiteHat-ObjectiveFacts,Figures,Data and InformationQuestions:Whatinformationdowehavehere?Whatinformationismissing?Whatinformationwouldweliketohave?Howarewegoingtogettheinformation?RedHatFeelingsFeelings,Intuition,Emotions and Hunches Noneedtojustifythefeelings.HowdoIfeelaboutthisrightnow?Examples:Mygut-feelingisthatthiswillnotwork.Idontlikethewaythisisbeingdone.Thisproposalisterrible.Myintuitiontellsmethatpriceswillfallsoon.BlackHat-NegativeCaution,Difficulty,Judgment and AssessmentQuestions:Isthistrue?Willitwork?Whataretheweaknesses?Whatiswrongwithit?Critical ThinkingHatYellowHat-PositiveBenefits,Feasibility and OptimismQuestions:Whyisthisworthdoing?Whatarethebenefits?Whycanitbedone?Whywillitwork?GreenHat-CreativeCreative Ideas,Alternatives,Suggestions,and Creative Ideas,Alternatives,Suggestions,and ProposalsProposalsQuestions:Arethereanyadditionalalternatives?Couldwedothisinadifferentway?Couldtherebeanotherexplanation?Whataresomepossiblesolutionsandcoursesofaction?Creative ThinkingHatBlueHat-ProcessSums up what is learned.Organization of thinking.Thinking about the thinking process(Reflection).Examples:Settheagenda.Suggestthenextsteps.Askforotherhats.Askforsummaries,conclusions,anddecisions.Meta-Cognition HatSequenceUseSeekinganIdeaWhiteGatheravailableinformation.GreenExploreandgeneratealternatives.YellowAssessthebenefitsandfeasibilityofeachalternative.BlackAssesstheweaknessesofeachalternative.GreenFurtherdevelopthemostpromisingalternativesandmakeachoice.BlueSummarizeandassesswhathasbeenachievedsofar.BlackMakethefinaljudgmentonthechosenalternative.RedFindoutthefeelingsontheoutcome.SequenceUseReactingtoaPresentedIdeaRedFindouttheexistingfeelingsabouttheidea.YellowFindoutthebenefitsintheidea.BlackPointouttheweaknesses,problemsanddangersintheidea.GreenSeeiftheideacanbemodifiedtostrengthentheyellow-hatbenefitsandtoovercometheblack-hatproblems.WhiteSeeifavailableinformationcanhelpinmodifyingtheideatomakeitmoreacceptable.GreenDevelopthefinalsuggestion.BlackJudgethefinalsuggestion.RedFindoutthefeelingontheoutcome.SequenceUseShortSequencesYellow/Black/Red:Quickassessment(idea)White/Green:GenerateideasBlack/Green:ImproveanexistingideaBlue/Green:Summarize&suggestalternativesBlue/Yellow:Anybenefits?(e.g.theidea)Etc“.Beopen-mindedandcreativeabout“.Beopen-mindedandcreativeaboutthesequenceuse,too!”thesequenceuse,too!”CaseStudyExample:ClassroomManagement-SixThinkingHatsStudents Talking While Dr.Cool is TeachingAdapted from:Dyck,B.Case Study:Classroom Management-Six Thinking HatsURL:http:/ from:Dyck,B.Case Study:Classroom Management-Six Thinking Hats URL:http:/ from:Dyck,B.Case Study:Classroom Management-Six Thinking HatsURL:http:/ from:Dyck,B.Case Study:Classroom Management-Six Thinking HatsURL:http:/ from:Dyck,B.Case Study:Classroom Management-Six Thinking Hats URL:http:/ from:Dyck,B.Case Study:Classroom Management-Six Thinking HatsURL:http:/ from:Dyck,B.Case Study:Classroom Management-Six Thinking HatsURL:http:/ Six Thinking HatsSix Thinking Hats activity involves the whole class.One student(or the lecturer)will act as the class facilitator class facilitator(and time keeper).One student will write on the whiteboardwrite on the whiteboard the class findings.One student will documentdocument the findingsthe findings into the word template.The whole class will do parallel thinking to discuss the problem3 min Brainstorm a Problem to discuss.3 min White Hat Facts and information about the Problem?3 min Red Hat Feelings towards the Problem?3 min Black Hat What are the negative aspects of the Problem?3 min Yellow Hat What are the benefits/positive aspects of the Problem?3 min Green Hat What alternatives do we have?7 min Blue Hat-Sum what is learned and discuss possible next steps.25 min TotalSummary7.1WhatisProblemSolving?Higher-ordercognitiveprocessthatrequiresthemodulationandcontrolofmoreroutineorfundamentalskills.7.2BarrierstoEffectiveProblemSolvingqFailuretorecognizetheproblemqConceivingtheproblemtoonarrowlyqMakingahastychoiceqFailuretoconsiderallconsequencesqFailuretoconsiderthefeasibilityofthesolution 7.3ProblemSolvingProcessAcceptingtheProblem1.WhatistheProblem?2.WhatAretheAlternatives?3.WhatAretheAdvantagesand/orDisadvantagesofEachAlternative?4.WhatIstheSolution?5.HowWellIstheSolutionWorking?7.4ProblemSolvingToolsqCoRTqSWOTAnalysisqSixThinkingHatsqEtc.AnyQuestions?GoodLuckonYourFinalExamSource:http:/ ReferencesOOn nl li in ne e R Re es so ou ur rc ce es sCourseware-Module 5:Problem Solving http:/cw.unitar.edu.my/ugb2013/c5/index.htm Problem Solving.URLs:http:/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_solving EdwarddeBono6ThinkingHats.URL:http:/schoolnet.gov.mt/thinkingskills/thinkingtools.htmSixThinkingHats.URL:http:/