2019-2020年高三英語大一輪復(fù)習(xí)講義 語法知識(shí) 專題五 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài) 新人教版.doc

2019-2020年高三英語大一輪復(fù)習(xí)講義 語法知識(shí) 專題五 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài) 新人教版一、動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的用法1一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)(1)由連詞if，unless，however等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間(條件、讓步)狀語從句，需用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來。However much advice you give him，he will do exactly what he wants.(2)安排或計(jì)劃要做的動(dòng)作(有時(shí)間狀語)限于begin，e，leave，go，arrive等一類動(dòng)詞。I arrive in Beijing at 300 pm. tomorrow.2一般過去時(shí)過去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)經(jīng)?；蚍磸?fù)發(fā)生的行為，常與every day，often，sometimes等時(shí)間狀語連用。I used to play football when I was young.3一般將來時(shí)(1)willdo表示將來的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，常與一些表示將來的時(shí)間狀語連用；或表示事物的固有屬性或必然趨勢(shì)。Fish will die without water.注意：臨時(shí)決定做某事，只能用此時(shí)態(tài)。The lights in the classroom are still on.Sorry，Ill go and turn them off.(2)be going todo表示即將發(fā)生的或最近打算進(jìn)行的事。此外還表示根據(jù)現(xiàn)在的跡象，對(duì)未來進(jìn)行推測(cè)。Look at the clouds.It is going to rain.(3)be about todo表示即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，意為“正要；很快，馬上”。后面一般不跟具體的時(shí)間狀語，但是可以由when連接一個(gè)并列句。We are about to leave.(4)be todo表示事先商定、安排或準(zhǔn)備要做的事情；還表示可能性、必要、責(zé)任、義務(wù)、禁止等。She is to get married next month.(5)用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來。表示位置轉(zhuǎn)移的動(dòng)詞(go，e，leave，start，arrive等)，可用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來。Uncle Wang is ing.4現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示說話人對(duì)主語的行為表示贊嘆或厭惡等感情色彩，常與always，constantly，continually等副詞連用。She is always asking the same question.5現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示從過去某一時(shí)刻開始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，或者還要延續(xù)下去，句中常有since，for，yet，already等表示一段時(shí)間的狀語。Great changes have taken place in China since 1980.6過去進(jìn)行時(shí)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示在過去某個(gè)時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或存在的過去某個(gè)階段正在做的事情。He was reading an interesting book this time yesterday.7過去完成時(shí)(1)表示在過去某個(gè)時(shí)刻前已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，或者從過去某個(gè)時(shí)刻開始一直延續(xù)到過去另一時(shí)刻的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。My teacher had taught in that school for ten years before she came here.(2)表示希望或打算的動(dòng)詞(如hope，want，expect，think，suppose，plan，mean，intend等)的過去完成時(shí)，后接不定式to do時(shí)，表示未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望或打算，即“本來希望或打算做某事(但卻沒做)”。I had planned to send him a Christmas card，but I forgot to do so.(3)用于下列特殊句型中：hardly/scarcely/barely had.done.when.；no sooner had.done.than.。從句中用一般過去時(shí)，表示“剛剛就”。Hardly had I opened the door when he told me.It/That/This was the first/second.timethat從句。that從句要用過去完成時(shí)態(tài)。It was the second time he had been out with her.8過去將來時(shí)過去將來時(shí)表示從過去的觀點(diǎn)來預(yù)計(jì)以后要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，這種時(shí)態(tài)常用于賓語從句中，主句常是一般過去時(shí)。He always said that he would study hard at that time.二、被動(dòng)語態(tài)的用法1不知道動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者是誰或難以說明時(shí)常用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。Street lights are often turned on at six in winter.2當(dāng)動(dòng)作的承受者比起動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者來說更能引起人們的關(guān)注而需要加以強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)，要用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。This kind of bicycle is not sold in our shop.3含有雙賓語的句子，主動(dòng)句中的間接賓語或者直接賓語都可變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)中的主語，另一個(gè)保留不變。變?yōu)橹髡Z的若是主動(dòng)句中的直接賓語，間接賓語前則需加介詞to或for。The pianist gave the pupils(間接賓語) some advice (直接賓語)The pupils were given some advice by the pianist.Some advice was given to the pupils by the pianist.4在主動(dòng)語態(tài)句中，動(dòng)詞make，have，let，see，watch，hear，feel等后接動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，動(dòng)詞不定式不加to。但變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)后面的不定式都需加上to。The boss made them work ten hours a day.They were made to work ten hours a day by the boss.三、注意事項(xiàng)1現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)用法注意點(diǎn)(1)狀態(tài)性動(dòng)詞不用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。(2)進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)和副詞always，forever等連用時(shí)，往往帶有一定的感情色彩，如贊揚(yáng)、批評(píng)、不滿、抱怨等。2過去進(jìn)行時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示動(dòng)作的未完成性、持續(xù)性，著眼于動(dòng)作的過程；一般過去時(shí)表示動(dòng)作的完成，即動(dòng)作發(fā)生過，且已結(jié)束，著眼于結(jié)果。She was writing a report last night and I dont know if she has finished it.(表示昨晚一直在寫)She wrote a report last night.(表示昨晚寫了，并且寫好了)3語態(tài)(1)動(dòng)詞sell，write，read等與well，smoothly，easily等連用時(shí)，說明主語內(nèi)在的“性能”、“特點(diǎn)”，用主動(dòng)表示被動(dòng)。(2)表示狀態(tài)特征的連系動(dòng)詞如smell，taste，feel，sound，look，prove等無被動(dòng)語態(tài)，用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。(3)不及物動(dòng)詞及一些固定短語不能用被動(dòng)語態(tài)：e up，run out，give out等。(4)以被動(dòng)的形式表主動(dòng)意義：有些動(dòng)詞devote，surprise，seat，hide，station，dress等，由于能接反身代詞，因此，可用被動(dòng)形式表主動(dòng)意義。時(shí)態(tài)答題技巧技巧1熟練掌握常見的固定句型在一些固定句型中，對(duì)謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)有特別的規(guī)定，我們可以把這作為判斷時(shí)態(tài)的一個(gè)依據(jù)。如下面的常見句型：1This/It/That is the first/second/last.timethat.如主句中動(dòng)詞用is，則that從句中動(dòng)詞用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)；如主句中動(dòng)詞用was，則that從句動(dòng)詞用過去完成時(shí)。This is the first time I have visited China.這是我第一次參觀中國。It was the first time Id had visitors since Id moved to London.那是我搬到倫敦以后第一次有人來看我。2主句since 從句。在該句型中，主句常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，(若主句主語是it或表示時(shí)間的詞時(shí)，還可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí))，since從句常用一般過去時(shí)(偶爾會(huì)出現(xiàn)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的情況)。Cath hasnt phoned since she went to Berlin.Cath自從去了柏林還沒有打來過電話。It is three years since I joined the army.我參軍3年了。3It is (high) time that.在that從句中常用動(dòng)詞過去時(shí)或should do。Its time that we went to school.到我們上學(xué)的時(shí)間了。4It be.before.這種結(jié)構(gòu)意為“要時(shí)間才”或“在時(shí)間以后才”。若be動(dòng)詞用一般過去時(shí)，則before從句中常用一般過去時(shí)；若be動(dòng)詞用將來時(shí)，則before從句中常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。It will be a long time before we meet again.要過很久我們才能重逢。It was half a year before I heard from him.半年之后我才收到他的信。5hardly/scarcely.when.；no sooner.than.在這兩個(gè)句型中，when從句和than從句中常用一般過去時(shí)，主句常用過去完成時(shí)。意為“一就”。No sooner had I left than he came.他一來我就離開了。6was/were about to do.when.在when從句中常用一般過去時(shí)。I was about to leave when he came.我正要離開這時(shí)他來了?？碱}印證The book has been translated into thirty languages since it_on the market in 1973.(xx重慶，24)Ahad e Bhas eCcame Des答案C解析句意為：自從1973年上市以來，這本書已經(jīng)被翻譯成了30種語言。主句是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句用一般過去時(shí)，表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去。技巧2利用試題中提供的時(shí)間狀語確定時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)態(tài)往往和一些特定的時(shí)間狀語連用。如：every., sometimes, at., on Sunday等常和一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)連用；.ago, the other day, in xx, last week, just now等常和一般過去時(shí)連用；now, at present, at this time等常和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)連用；tomorrow, next week, in 時(shí)間段等常和一般將來時(shí)連用；by the end of last week, before I went there等常標(biāo)志著過去完成時(shí)。同時(shí)要注意，像副詞always, forever, constantly等常與進(jìn)行時(shí)連用，表示說話者的贊揚(yáng)、批評(píng)、生氣等語氣?？碱}印證Why do you know the pany so well?Oh，I_there for three years.A.worked B.would workC.had worked D.was working答案A解析有些考生認(rèn)為“for three years”是完成時(shí)的標(biāo)志，于是誤選C。其實(shí)，過去完成時(shí)表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)之前的情況，顯然與語境不符，因此正確答案為A。技巧3利用上下文語境推測(cè)時(shí)態(tài)很多試題中沒有時(shí)間狀語，但是我們可以從試題所提供的語言環(huán)境或上下文來推測(cè)出動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間或從雙方的交談中“捕捉”到時(shí)間點(diǎn)，這就要求學(xué)生要有宏觀把握句子和分析句子的能力。考題印證Were you surprised by the ending of the film?No.I_the book，so I already knew the story.(xx安徽，28)Awas reading Bhad readCam reading Dhave read答案B解析句意為：你對(duì)這部電影的結(jié)局驚訝嗎？不，我已經(jīng)讀過這本書，早知道結(jié)局了。從上下文句意看，應(yīng)用過去完成時(shí)。技巧4利用時(shí)態(tài)的呼應(yīng)來把握時(shí)態(tài)若主句是一般過去時(shí)，賓語從句的時(shí)態(tài)常用與過去相關(guān)的時(shí)態(tài)(表客觀事實(shí)、科學(xué)真理的從句總用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí))；若主句是現(xiàn)在時(shí)或?qū)頃r(shí)，賓語從句的時(shí)態(tài)不受主句的限制，可根據(jù)需要選用時(shí)態(tài)。在時(shí)間、條件、讓步等狀語從句中，若主句為一般將來時(shí)，從句往往用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來，或主句為過去時(shí)，則從句也用相對(duì)應(yīng)的過去時(shí)。He said that he had helped Tom.他說他已經(jīng)幫過湯姆了。I think he is ill today.我認(rèn)為他今天病了。You will fail the test if you dont work hard.如果你學(xué)習(xí)不努力，你考試會(huì)不及格?？碱}印證If you plant watermelon seeds in the spring，you_fresh watermelon in the fall.(xx浙江，5)Aeat Bwould eatChave eaten Dwill be eating答案D解析句意為：如果你春天播下西瓜種子，那么(整個(gè))秋天就會(huì)吃上新鮮的西瓜了。因?yàn)閺木溆昧艘话悻F(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來時(shí)，那么主句就要用一般將來時(shí)。因in the fall在此句中意為“在整個(gè)秋天”，相當(dāng)于during the fall，強(qiáng)調(diào)了完整的時(shí)間段，故用will be eating將來進(jìn)行時(shí)，表示在未來一段時(shí)間內(nèi)一直進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。語態(tài)答題技巧技巧1固定搭配法英語中有許多固定短語，如make use of, pay attention to, find fault with, take care of, take advantage of, keep pace with等，在試題中，常把短語中的名詞拿出來作句子的主語，剩下的動(dòng)詞作謂語動(dòng)詞，如果能夠看出它們構(gòu)成固定的短語動(dòng)詞，則問題迎刃而解。考題印證The discovery of gold in Australia led thousands to believe that a fortune_.(xx大綱全國，32)Ais made Bwould makeCwas to be made Dhad made答案C解析句意為：在澳大利亞發(fā)現(xiàn)黃金這件事情使成千上萬的人相信要發(fā)財(cái)了。thousands在此處指代成千上萬的人，由led的時(shí)態(tài)可知A項(xiàng)不符合句意；而had made為過去完成時(shí)，發(fā)生在led動(dòng)作之前，不符合語境；would make應(yīng)該為would be made；故只有was to be made正確。技巧2習(xí)慣表達(dá)法在英語中有一些習(xí)慣表達(dá)，它們往往用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義，如need/want/require/deserve doing need/want/require/deserve to be done，be worth doing.等，在平時(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)中，要注意歸納和總結(jié)。考題印證Would you please make up a topic worth_in tomorrows conference?Adiscussing Bto be discussedCto discussed Dbeing discussed答案A解析worth作后置定語，修飾the topic；worth后常用doing，主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)。1Until we have discussed all the details，no decision _ about any new operations.Awill be made Bis madeCis being made Dhas been made答案A解析考查時(shí)態(tài)。 until引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句中現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示的是將來的動(dòng)作，所以，主句用一般將來時(shí)。2In the past few years thousands of films _ all over the world.Ahave produced Bhave been producedCare producing Dare being produced答案B解析In the past few years為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的標(biāo)志，主語“電影”和謂語動(dòng)詞“produce”為動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，所以用完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。3Sorry.I would have e earlier，but I _that you were waiting.Adidnt know Bhadnt knownCdont know Dhavent known答案A解析考查動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)。句意為：對(duì)不起，我該早來的，但是我不知道你一直在等我。前半部分用的是虛擬語氣，是對(duì)過去情況的虛擬，后半部分?jǐn)⑹龅氖且粋€(gè)事實(shí)，意思是當(dāng)時(shí)我不知道你在等，所以用一般過去時(shí)。4Wed better take umbrellasIm sure it _ when we arrive in London；its always wet there at this time of year.Awill rain Bis rainingCwill be raining Dwould rain答案C解析考查動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)。when引導(dǎo)的是時(shí)間狀語從句，一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示的是將來的動(dòng)作，表示將來某個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，用將來進(jìn)行時(shí)，故選C。5Close the door of fear behind you，and you _ the door of faith open before you.(xx湖南，25)Asaw Bhave seenCwill see Dare seeing答案C解析句意為：關(guān)上你身后的懼怕之門，你就會(huì)看到信心之門在你面前敞開著。該句為：祈使句and陳述句。根據(jù)句意，陳述句謂語應(yīng)該用一般將來時(shí)態(tài)。6I had been working on math for the whole afternoon and the numbers_before my eyes.(xx新課標(biāo)全國，33)Aswim BswumCswam Dhad swum答案C解析句意為：整個(gè)下午我都在做數(shù)學(xué)題，眾多數(shù)字在我眼前晃來晃去。本題中的誤導(dǎo)信息是had been working on，這是過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，受其誤導(dǎo)易選D項(xiàng)，但是這里應(yīng)用swam陳述過去的事實(shí)，所以選C項(xiàng)。7Youve got your flat furnished，havent you?Yes.I _ some used furniture at the Sunday Market and it was a real bargain.Awill buy Bhave boughtChad bought Dbought答案D解析考查時(shí)態(tài)。由后面的was可以看出，買二手家具是過去的一個(gè)動(dòng)作，所以用一般過去時(shí)。8In the weeks before the Academy Awards ceremony，movie reviewers make predictions about which movies and actors_.Ahave awarded Bwill awardCare awarded Dwill be awarded答案D解析考查時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)。由make predictions可以看出，動(dòng)作還沒有發(fā)生，所以用將來時(shí)，電影和演員是被獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)的，所以用被動(dòng)語態(tài)，故選D。9Look! Somebody_the sofa.Well，it wasnt me.I didnt do it.(xx江西，26)Ais cleaning Bwas cleaningChas cleaned Dhad cleaned答案C解析從后面的回答可以看出事情已經(jīng)完成了，前面一句是著重談對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)。句意為：看，有人已經(jīng)清理了沙發(fā)。嗯，不是我，我沒有做。10Can I call you back at two oclock this afternoon?Im sorry，but by then I _ to Beijing.How about five？(xx陜西，24)Afly Bwill flyCwill be flying Dam flying答案C解析考查動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)。根據(jù)問句中的two oclock和答句中的by then可知所填詞表示的動(dòng)作在當(dāng)時(shí)正在進(jìn)行，用將來進(jìn)行時(shí)，故選C。11It was a pity that when we got to the cinema，the movie _，so we saw only the end of t.Awas finishing Bhas just finishedCjust finished Dhad just finished答案A解析考查時(shí)態(tài)。由下文的so we saw only the end of it可以看出，我們到的時(shí)候電影還沒有放完，看到的是結(jié)尾，也就是說馬上要放映完了，所以用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過去將來時(shí)。12She _ volleyball regularly for many years when she was young.Awas playing BplayedChas played Dhad played答案B解析考查時(shí)態(tài)。由后面的時(shí)間狀語when she was young來判斷，這是客觀的敘述過去的一個(gè)動(dòng)作，所以應(yīng)該用一般過去時(shí)。如果忽略了when she was young，僅僅從for many years判斷，就會(huì)誤選C。13Have you seen Tom recently?No.He _ for a software pany overseas.Aworked Bhad workedCis working Dwas working答案C解析考查時(shí)態(tài)。答語承前省略了標(biāo)志詞recently，所以用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。14Next month a new road_in that part of the city.Ais built Bwill be builtCwill have built Dis being built答案B解析next month 與一般將來時(shí)連用，且句子的主語a new road 與 build之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故B項(xiàng)正確。15You are not allowed to go into the meeting room.A secret plan_there.Ais being discussedBis discussedCwas discussedDis discussing答案A解析句意為：你不被允許進(jìn)入會(huì)議室。一個(gè)秘密計(jì)劃正在被討論。應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。