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microscopicmess343Teaching and learning（完型）52Many teachers believe that the responsibilities for learning lie with the student. If a long reading assignment is given, instructors expect students to be familiar with the information in the reading even if they do not discuss it in class or take an examination. The ideal student is considered to be one who is motivated to learn for the sake of learning, not the one interested only in getting high grades. Sometimes homework is returned with brief written comments but without a grade. Even if a grade is not given, the student is responsible for learning the material assigned. When research is assigned, the professor expects the student to take it actively and to complete it with minimum guidance. It is the students responsibility to find books, magazines, and articles in the library. Professors do not have the time to explain how a university library works; they expect students particularly graduate students to exhaust the reference sources in the library. Professors will help students who need it, but prefer that their students should not be too dependent on them. In the United Stats professors have many other duties besides teaching，such as administrative or research work. Therefore, the time that a professor can spend with a student outside of class is limited. If a student has problems with classroom work, the student should either approach a professor during office hours or make an appointment.The Difference between Man and Computer What makes people different from computer programs? What is the missing element that our theories dont yet account for? The answer is simple: People read newspaper stories for a reason: to learn more about what they are interested in. Computers, on the other hand，dont. In fact，computers dont even have interests; there is nothing in particular that they are trying to find out when they read. If a computer program is to be a model of story understanding，it should also read for a "purpose". Of course，people have several goals that do not make sense to attribute to computers. One might read a restaurant guide in order to satisfy hunger or entertainment goals, or to find a good place to go for a business lunch. Computers do not get hungry, and computers do not have business lunches. However，these physiological and social goals give rise to several intellectual or cognitive goals. A goal to satisfy hunger gives rise to goals to find information about the name of a restaurant which serves the desired type of food，how expensive the restaurant is，the location of the restaurant, etc. These are goals to acquire information or knowledge, what we are calling learning goals. These goals can be held by computers too; a computer might "want" to find out the location of a restaurant，and read a guide in order to do so in the same way as a person might. While such a goal would not arise out of hunger in the case of the computer，it might well arise out of the "goal" to learn more about restaurants.The First Bicycle The history of the bicycle goes back more than 200 years. In 1791，Count de Sivrac delighted onlookers in a park in Paris as he showed off his two-wheeled invention，a machine called the celerifer. It was basically an enlarged version of a childrens toy which had been in use for many years. Sivracs "celerifer had a wooden frame，made in the shape of a horse，which was mounted on a wheel at either end. To ride it，you sat on a small seat，just like a modem bicycle，and pushed hard against the ground with your legsthere were no pedals. It was impossible to steer a celerifer and it had no brakes，but despite these problems the invention very much appealed to the fashionable young men of Paris. Soon they were holding races up and down the streets. Minor injuries were common as riders attempted a final burst of speed. Controlling the machine was difficult，as the only way to change direction was to pull up the front of the "celerifer" and turn it round while the front wheel was spinning in the air. "Celerifers" were not popular for long，however，as the combination of no springs，no steering and rough roads made riding them very uncomfortable. Even so，the wooden celerifer was the origin of the modem bicycle.Working Mothers Carefully conducted researches that have followed the children of working mothers have not been able to show any long-term problems，compared with children whose mothers stayed at home. My personal view is that mothers should be allowed to work if they wish. Whether we like it or not ，there are a number of mothers who just have to work. There are those who have invested such a big part of their lives in establishing a career that they cannot afford see it lost. Then there are many who must work out of pure economic necessity. Many mothers are not cut out to be full-time parents. After a few months at home with a much loved infant ，they feel trapped and isolated. There are a number of options when it comes to choosing childcare. These range from child minders and nannies through to Granny or the kind lady across the street. In reality, however，many parents dont have any choice; they have to accept anything they can get. Be prepared! No matter how good the childcare may be，some children are going to protest wildly if they are left. This is a perfectly normal stage of child development. Babies separate well in the first six months，but soon after that they start to get a crush on Mum and close family members. Make sure that in the first week you allow plenty of time to help your child settle in. All children are different. Some are independent，while others are more attached to their mothers. Remember that if you want to do the best for your children，its not the quantity of time you spend with them，its the quality that matters.The Family（閱讀預(yù)備）The structure of a family takes different forms around the world and even in the same society. 1. Another good title for this passage would be What Makes a Family? 2. A nuclear family is defined as a married couple with their minor children3. The information in this passage would most likely be found in an anthropology textbook4. The information in the first paragraph is presented mainly through pointing out similarities5. The word mobility means readiness to moveTales of the Terrible Past It is not the job of fiction writers to analyze and interpret history. 1. This passage is mostly about two novels that deal with slavery2. Beloved is set in Ohio after the Civil War3. The writer seems to feel that the books are worthwhile but challenging4. The writer emphasizes that the two books are similar in their portrayal of violence5. The word appalling means terrible Seeing the World Centuries AgoIf you enjoy looking through travel books by such familiar authors as Arthur Frommer or Eugene Fodor，1. This passage is mostly about where three early travel writers went and wrote about2. Ibn Battutah traveled throughout the Muslim world3. The books of the three writers were popular because they told of strange and exotic locales4. The overall organization of this passage is through chronological order5. In this passage attest means to give proof of“Lucky” Lord Lucan - Alive or DeadOn 8th November 1974 Lord Lucan，a British aristocrat，vanished. 1. The public are still interested in the investigation because Lord Lucan has never been found2. It is thought that Lucan killed the nanny because it was dark and he thought she was Lady Lucan3. Aspinall thought Lucan killed himself by sinking his boat4. Lucan could have been killed because people thought he might talk to the police about them if he was caught5. Ex-detective MacLaughlin claimed that Mr Barry Haplin was really Lord Lucan in disguiseThe Travels of Ibn Battuta“I left Tangier, my birthplace,1. What is the passage mainly about? The adventures of Ibn Battuta.2. Which of the following is closest in meaning to set off for in line 5? left to go to.3. The Sultan of Delhi gave Ibn Battuta a position of judge because Ibn Battuta had studied in Mecca.4. Which of the following would the writer of this passage most likely agree with? Ibn Battuta should be better known in the West today. 5. Why did Ibn Battuta finally return to his home? The Sultan of Morocco asked him to return.Sark Attack!Craig Rogers was sitting on his surfboard, 1. After Craig Rogers fell into the water, the shark.swam away.2. It is difficult for the author to understand why great whites often let humans escape3. Which of the following is closest in meaning to make up, in line 2 of paragraph 4? Are4. The word their in line 2 of paragraph 4 means great whites.5. What is the main idea of the fourth paragraph? We now know great whites dont mistake humans for other animals. Telling Tales about People（閱讀預(yù)備） One of the most common types of nonfiction, 1. This passage is mostly about the characteristics of autobiographies，memoirs，and biographies. 2. Helen Keller wrote an autobiography.3. Autobiography writers are not always objective because they want to present themselves in a good light. 4. The writer introduces each category in the passage by defining it.5. Diverse means varied or different _.A. able to swim in deep water B. similar or alike C. varied or different D. enjoying poetryA Letter from AlanI have learnt of a plan to build three hundred houses on the land called Parsons Place1. Why has Alan written this letter? To inform other people about the builders plans.2. Why is Parsons Place particularly important，in Alans opinion? Because it is a place near the town where people can enjoy nature. 3. What will cause traffic jams? A building on Parsons Place.4. Alan says that ordinary people who live in the town will probably soon have less money.5. Which of these posters has Alan made? SAY NO TO HOUSES ON PARSON S PLACE The Development of BalletBallet is a dance form that has a long history. 1. This passage deals mainly with the way ballet developed.2. An important influence in early ballet was Louis XIV.3. You can conclude from this passage that ballet will continue to change as new people and ideas influence it.4. The information in this passage is presented in chronological order.5. The word pageants means elaborate shows.The Sahara The name Sahara derives from the Arabic word for "desert" or "steppe". 1. This passage is mostly about life in the Sahara.2. Rainfall in most of the Sahara is less than five inches per year. 3. The Sahara can be described as a place of contrasts.4. The phrase "an area roughly the size of the United States" gives an indication of the size of the Sahara.5. In this passage caravan means group traveling together through difficult country.Eiffel Is an Eyeful Some 300 meters up, near the Eiffel Towers wind-whipped summit the world comes to scribble 1.Why does the author think the Eiffel Tower is transformed into symbol of a world on the move? Tourists of all nationalities come to scribble on the cold iron of the tower.2. What seems strange to the author? Visitors prefer wasting time scribbling to enjoying the view.3. Which statement is NOT true of Hugues Richard? He climbed 747 steps up the tower in 19minutes and 4 seconds.4. What did the builder use the Eiffel Tower for? Conducting research in various fields.5. Which of the following is nearest in meaning to "(The Eiffel Tower is like) a blank canvas for visitors to make of it what they will? Visitors can imagine freely what the tower represents.Goal of American Education Education is an enormous and expensive part of American life. Its size is matched by its variety.1.Which of the following best states the goal of American education? To give every student the opportunity to fully develop his/her ability.2.It is implied in the passage that the subjects every student takes may vary.3.American schools place great emphasis on the learners acquisition of the ability to be creative.4.According to the passage, American education meets the needs of all the following EXCEPT the students from foreign countries.5. Which of the following best states the feature of American education that makes it different from education in other countries? Its underlying goal to develop every childs abilities to the fullest extent.Spacing in Animals Any observant person has noticed that a wild animal will allow a man or other potential enemy to approach only up to a given distance before it flees. “Flight distance" is the terms used for this interspecies spacing. 1.Which of the following is the most appropriate definition of Flight Distance？ Distance between an animal and its enemy before fleeing.2.If an animals critical distance is penetrated, it will begin to attack.3.According to the passage, social distance refers to psychological distance.4.Which of the following could best replace the word "band" in "We can think of it as a hidden band that contains the group" (in Paragraph 3)? strip of land.5.The example of the children holding hands when crossing the street in the last paragraph shows that social distance is sometimes determined by outside factors.Some Things We Know about Language Many things about language are a mystery, and many will always remain so. But some things we do know.1.In the second paragraph the author thinks that any human race, whether backward or not, has a language.2. According to the author, people of undeveloped cultures can have complicated languages.3.The author has used American Indian languages as an example to show that they are just as sophisticated as some well-known languages.4.Which of the following statements is INCORRECT? Some languages are better than other languages.5.According to the author, language changes are most likely to occur in vocabularyM