2019-2020年高考英語(yǔ) 語(yǔ)法知識(shí)匯總 第16章 特殊句式.doc

2019-2020年高考英語(yǔ) 語(yǔ)法知識(shí)匯總 第16章 特殊句式 （強(qiáng)調(diào)句、倒裝句、省略句、there be 結(jié)構(gòu)）1.He never said that he was good at mathematics, _?【05北京春】A.was heB. wasnt heC.did heD. didnt he2.Lose one hour in the morningyou will be looking for it the rest of theday. 【05北京春】A.but B. andC. orD. so1It was with great joy he received the news that his lost daughter had been found. 【04福建卷】AbecauseBwhichCsinceDthat2. There are eight tips in Dr Rogers lecture on -sleep, and one of them is: _to bed early unless you think it is necessary. 【04重慶卷】A doesnt go B. not to go C. not going D. dont go3. Why! I have nothing to confess. _ you want me to say? 【04上海卷】A. What is it that B. What it is that C. How is it that D. How it is that4. I would never e to this restaurant again. The food is terrible! _.【NMET04全國(guó)】A. Nor am I B. Neither would I C. Same with me D. So do I5. Of the making of good books there is no end; neither _ any end to their influence mans lives. 【04廣東卷】A. there is B. there are C. is there D. are there6. I failed in the final examination last term and only then _the importance of studies. 【04重慶卷】A. I realized B. I had realizedC. had I realized D. did I realize7. _ snacks and drinks, but they also brought cards for entertainment when they had a picnic in the forest. 【04上海卷】A. Not only they brought B. Not only did they bringC. Not only brought they D. Not only they did bring8. - Susan, will you please go and empty that drawer? - _? 【04全國(guó)4】A. What for B. What is it C. How is it D. How e9. - You havent lost the ticket, have you? 【04江蘇】- _. I know its not easy to get another one at the moment.A. I hope not B. Yes, I have C. I hope so D. Yes, Im afraid so10. Bills aim is to inform the viewers that cigarette advertising on TV is illegal, _?【04上海卷】A. isnt it B. is it C. isnt he D. is he13It is these poisonous products can cause the symptoms of the flu , such as headache and aching muscles . 【xx上海】Awho Bthat Chow Dwhat 14Only when your identity has been checked , . 【xx上?！緼you are allowed in Byou will be allowed in Cwill you allow in Dwill you be allowed in15.Mrs.Black doesnt believe her son is able to design a digital camera, ? 【xx上?！緼. is he B. isnt he C. doesnt she D. does she 16.You forgot your purse when you went out. -Good heavens , . 【xx上?！緼. so did I B. so I did C. I did so D. I so did.17. It is the ability to do the job _matters where you e from or what you are.Aone Bthat Cwhat Dit 【NMETxx】18. It was only when I reread his poems recently _I began to appreciate their beauty. A. until B. that C. then D. so【NEMETxx】19. It was about 600 years ago _the first clock with a face and an hour hand was made. A. that B. until C. before D. when【NEMET1997】20. It was not until 1920regular radio broadcasts began. 【NEMET1995】 A. while B. which C. that D. since21. The old couple have been married for 40 years and never once with each other.Athey had quarreledBthey have quarreled【NMETxx】Chave they quarreledDhad they quarreled22. Not until all the fish died in the riverhow serious the pollution was . A. did the villagers realize B. the villagers realized 【NMET1995】 C. the villagers did realize D. didnt the villagers realize23.The research is so designed that once _nothing can be done to change it.【NMETxx】 A. begins B. having begun C. beginning D. begun24.The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him. 【NMET1995】 A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to25. The Parkers bought a new house but_will need a lot of work before they can move in. (xx) A.they B.it C.one D.which【答案與解析】1. C 該題考查反意疑問句的用法。關(guān)鍵詞是never said，符合前否定后肯定；said無需否定轉(zhuǎn)移，助動(dòng)詞選did。句意：他從來未說他擅長(zhǎng)數(shù)學(xué)，是嗎？2. B該題考查連詞的用法。此處是“祈使句+and+句子”句型。句意：早晨失去一小時(shí)，你一天都找不回。3. A 考查強(qiáng)調(diào)句的用法。此處在疑問句中對(duì)句子的強(qiáng)調(diào)。非強(qiáng)調(diào)句應(yīng)該是What do you want me to say?句意:為什么！我沒有什么要坦白的，什么是你要我說的？4. B 該題是根據(jù)交際情景中考查倒裝句的用法?！癗either/Nor+助動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)”表示“也不怎樣”。根據(jù)第一句I would never e得知助動(dòng)詞應(yīng)選擇would。句意：“我再也不來這家餐館了。飯?zhí)盍?。”“我也不來了。?. C該題考查倒裝句的用法。關(guān)鍵詞是there is no end和neither。由于neither方句首因此倒裝，由于前面提供的事there is因此需用there倒裝。句意：做好無止境，對(duì)于人生的影響也是如此。6. D該題根據(jù)交際情景考查倒裝句和動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的用法。only then放居首句子倒裝，realize的動(dòng)作在failed之后發(fā)生過選過去時(shí)。句意：我上學(xué)期期末考試沒及格，只有在那時(shí)我意識(shí)到了學(xué)習(xí)的重要性。7. B 考查倒裝句的用法。Not only but also 在這里連接兩個(gè)句子，第一個(gè)句子中not only位于句首，應(yīng)該使用倒裝語(yǔ)序，因此，B正確。句意他們?nèi)淞掷镆安筒粌H帶了點(diǎn)心和飲料，而且還帶了牌進(jìn)行娛樂。8. A 該題是考查句子的省略。what for相當(dāng)于“What do you ask to do that for?”意為：為何，問目的，單獨(dú)使用。也可以理解成習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)。How e意為：為何，問原因，往往后面跟句子。如：How e you never visit us any more? 你為何不再來看我們呢？句意：“蘇珊，請(qǐng)你去把抽屜倒空好嗎？”“為什么？（有什么用？）”9A 該題考查句子縮略的用法。I hope not意為：希望不是這樣。I hope so意為：希望如此。句意：“你沒丟票，是嗎？” “希望沒丟，我知道此刻再買張票不容易?！贝祟}關(guān)鍵是第一句話用了前否定后肯定的反意疑問句，因此要選A。10. A 考查反義疑問句的用法。本題題干含有一個(gè) that引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)從句具有很強(qiáng)的干擾作用，主句的主語(yǔ)是Bills aim其代詞形式是it，因此，A為正確答案。句意：比爾的目的是想告知觀眾在電視上作香煙廣告是違法的。11D 該題考查強(qiáng)調(diào)句型?！癐ts +強(qiáng)調(diào)成分+that+”這是借助于it對(duì)句子的賓語(yǔ)、主語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)強(qiáng)調(diào)。with great joy是句子的狀語(yǔ)，因此這是強(qiáng)調(diào)句，故選that。句意：得知找到他失散多年的女兒的消息，他非常地高興。12. D 該題考查祈使句的用法。關(guān)鍵是is后面的冒號(hào)，引出對(duì)前面tips的解釋。tip 意為：勸告，告誡。告誡，勸告一般用祈使句。因此選擇D。句意：在羅杰博士的關(guān)于睡眠的演講中有八處告誡：不要早睡除非你認(rèn)為有必要。13.B 考查強(qiáng)調(diào)句式，強(qiáng)調(diào)句式為It is（was）+被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that+其他成分，因此B正確。14.D 考查倒裝句，only強(qiáng)調(diào)句子的狀語(yǔ)，如果置于句首，要使用倒裝序，D為正確答案。15.D 考查think .believe. suppose等詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句的用法。這些詞后的賓語(yǔ)的運(yùn)用應(yīng)注意以下兩點(diǎn)：（1）賓語(yǔ)從句的否定應(yīng)前移。（2）主句的主語(yǔ)如果是第一人稱，它的反意疑問句是對(duì)從句的反問；如果主句的主語(yǔ)是第三人稱，它的反意疑問句是對(duì)主句的反問，正確答案為D。16.B 考查so引導(dǎo)倒裝句的用法。在此句中so表示同意，句式為so+pron+aux.v17B該題考查由“Itsthat”引導(dǎo)的強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的用法。對(duì)主語(yǔ)the ability to do the job強(qiáng)調(diào)。Matter在此意為：重要, 有重大關(guān)系。句意：以個(gè)人的工作能力重要的不是你從哪里來,或是做什么的。18B 該題考查由“Itsthat”引導(dǎo)的強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的用法。對(duì)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)only when I read his poem recently強(qiáng)調(diào)。句意：直到最近我重讀他的詩(shī)作才開始欣賞它們的美。19A 該題考查由“Itsthat”引導(dǎo)的強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的用法。對(duì)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)about 600 years ago強(qiáng)調(diào)。句意:大約600多年前，就已經(jīng)制造出了帶有表盤和時(shí)針的鐘表。20C 該題考查由“Itsthat”引導(dǎo)的強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的用法。對(duì)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)until 1920強(qiáng)調(diào)。句意：直 到1920年，定期的電臺(tái)廣播才開始。21C 該題考查倒裝句和時(shí)態(tài)的用法。never once放句首故選用倒裝句；前面的have been married for 40 years和never得知該句是強(qiáng)調(diào)到目前的結(jié)果故選現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。句意：這對(duì)老夫婦結(jié)婚40年了；倆人從未吵過一次架。22 A該題考查倒裝句的用法。Not until all the fish died in the river放在句首,主句主謂結(jié)構(gòu)借助于助動(dòng)詞倒裝。故選A。句意：直到河里所有的魚都死了，村民們才意識(shí)到污染的嚴(yán)重性。23D 該題考查連詞加分詞作狀語(yǔ)的用法。本題是sothat 結(jié)構(gòu)，that 之后的句序可以補(bǔ)充調(diào)整為 nothing can be done to change it once it is begun .省去 it is, 用once begun 作狀語(yǔ)，或理解成連詞(once) +分詞作狀語(yǔ)，句子主語(yǔ)（nothing）是動(dòng)詞（begin）動(dòng)作的承受者故用過去分詞，故D為正確答案。句意：調(diào)查研究的形式已經(jīng)設(shè)計(jì)好，一旦開始是無人能更改的。24 A 該題考查動(dòng)詞不定式省略的用法。動(dòng)詞不定式省略是借助于替代詞to來實(shí)現(xiàn)的。不定式中的動(dòng)詞可以省略但to 不能，以避免重復(fù)。例如：want，hope，would like，would love，intend，plan，tell等動(dòng)詞后面都可接to，省略不定式中的動(dòng)詞以避免重復(fù)。句意：那個(gè)男孩想在大街上騎自行車，但他媽媽不讓他騎。25. B 考查it的用法。it指前面已經(jīng)提到過的人或事物，it作真實(shí)主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。句意：帕克買了一套新房子，但在他們搬入之前還需做大量的工作。第二節(jié) 考點(diǎn)歸納一、it 的用法在英語(yǔ)中，it的使用相當(dāng)廣泛，它既可用作代詞，如人稱代詞（personal it）、指示代詞（demonstrative it）及非人稱代詞（impersonal it）, 也可用作引導(dǎo)詞（anticipatory it）和強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)中的強(qiáng)調(diào)詞（emphatic it）（一）it作代詞1、用作人稱代詞（personal it）代替前文提到過的事物，it作真實(shí)主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。Toms mother kept telling him that he should work harder, but it didnt help.湯姆的媽媽不停地告訴他要努力，但這沒起作用。2、用作指示代詞（demonstrative it）相當(dāng)于this或that，it有時(shí)不特指某件東西，而代表前面已提到的或?qū)?huì)發(fā)生的某件事情。-Who is knocking at the door? 誰(shuí)在敲門？-Its me. 是我。3、用作非人稱代詞（impersonal it）代詞it可用來指除人以外的一切生物和事物，無陰陽(yáng)性之分。可指時(shí)間、距離、度量、價(jià)值、自然現(xiàn)象（天氣、氣體、陰暗等）。Its half past ten. “十點(diǎn)半”（指時(shí)間） Its about two kilometers. -大約兩公里。（指距離） It is raining hard. 雨下得很大。（指自然現(xiàn)象）It is sixty-three dollars. 六十三元（指價(jià)值）（二）it作引導(dǎo)詞1、作形式主語(yǔ)（formal subject）當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)詞的-ing形式短語(yǔ)和主語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，為了避免頭重腳輕，往往把主語(yǔ)放在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之后，習(xí)慣上用it作形式主語(yǔ)來指代后面的真實(shí)主語(yǔ)。這個(gè)it稱為引導(dǎo)詞（anticipatory）it，作形式主語(yǔ)，放在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞后的主語(yǔ)是真正的主語(yǔ)。(1) 代替不定式短語(yǔ)Is it necessary to plete the design before National Day? 國(guó)慶節(jié)前完成這個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)有必要么？It is not a good habit to stay up late.開夜車不是個(gè)好習(xí)慣。（2）代替動(dòng)詞-ing形式短語(yǔ)It is no use crying over spilt milk.潑水難收。Is it any good trying again?再試一次有用嗎？（3）代替主語(yǔ)從句It is a pity that you didnt go to see the movie.你沒去看這個(gè)電影， 真是可惜。Does it matter if he cant finish the job on time?如果他不能按時(shí)完成那工作要緊嗎？2、作形式賓語(yǔ)(formal object)當(dāng)復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)中的賓語(yǔ)是動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)詞-ing形式短語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，往往把賓語(yǔ)放在它的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的后面，而把引導(dǎo)詞it放在全句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的中間。放在賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)后面的賓語(yǔ)叫真正賓語(yǔ)，放在全句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)中間的引導(dǎo)詞it叫形式賓語(yǔ)。（1）it代替不定式短語(yǔ)He feels it his duty to help others.他感到幫助別人是他的職責(zé)。 (2）it代替動(dòng)詞-ing形式短語(yǔ)I think it no use telling them.我認(rèn)為告訴他們沒用。 (3)it代替從句They want to make it clear to the public that they do an important and necessary job.他們想向公眾表明，他們所做的工作既重要又有必要。（三）it用在強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)中當(dāng)我們要強(qiáng)調(diào)句子的某一部分（通?？偸侵髡Z(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)）時(shí)，常用強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)。其形式為“it is (was)+被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分+who(that)+句子的其它成分”。在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中，it無實(shí)際意義，它只幫助改變一個(gè)句子的結(jié)構(gòu)，使某一成分受到強(qiáng)調(diào)。如I told her the news at the gate yesterday. 這個(gè)句子就可借助it改為下列幾種形式，各強(qiáng)調(diào)一個(gè)不同的成分。1、強(qiáng)調(diào)的成份（1）強(qiáng)調(diào)主語(yǔ)It was I that told her the news at the gate yesterday. 昨天在大門口告訴她這個(gè)消息的是我。（2）強(qiáng)調(diào)賓語(yǔ)It was her that I told the news at the gate yesterday.昨天在大門口我告訴消息的是她。 (3)強(qiáng)調(diào)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)It was at the gate that I told her the news yesterday. 我昨天是在大門口告訴她這個(gè)消息的。 (4)強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)It was yesterday that I told her the news at the gate. 我是昨天在大門口告訴她這個(gè)消息的。It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized that she was a famous film star. 直到她拿下墨鏡我才認(rèn)出她是著名的影星。2、使用“It is/wasthat”強(qiáng)調(diào)句型要注意的幾點(diǎn)（1）被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分指人時(shí)，其后除了用that之外，也可用who或。強(qiáng)調(diào)的是主語(yǔ)時(shí)，使用who；It was Mary who picked up the wallet. 是瑪麗拾到了那個(gè)錢包。It was one of my old schoolmates whom I visited yesterday. 我昨天去看的是我的一位老校友。It was Jack that I met in the park last week.我上星期在公園遇到的是杰克。It was her that I met in the park yesterday.昨天在公園時(shí)里我遇到的是她。(2)強(qiáng)調(diào)句的時(shí)態(tài)一般說來，原句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞如果是現(xiàn)在或?qū)砀鞣N時(shí)態(tài)，則用句型“It is . that(who,) . ?！比绻渲^語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是過去各種時(shí)態(tài)，則用句型“It was .that(who, whom).”It was only when I reread his poems recently that I began to appreciate their beauty.只是在最近我在讀他的詩(shī)時(shí)才開始欣賞到它的美。It is Smith who is leaving for Beijing tomorrow.是史密斯先生明天去北京。(3)在強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因或方式狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，不能用when、where、why或how，只用that。It was in Shanghai that the Chinese munist Party was founded on July 1, 1921.中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨是在上海于1921年7月1日建立的。注意：可用“It is/was becausethat”結(jié)構(gòu)強(qiáng)調(diào)because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句，如上例所示，但不能用該結(jié)構(gòu)強(qiáng)調(diào)由since或as引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句，如不能說:It is everybody is here that lets begin our discussion.也不能說: It was as it was raining hard that they had to stay at home.（4）強(qiáng)調(diào)“not.until”結(jié)構(gòu)在強(qiáng)調(diào)“not.until”結(jié)構(gòu)中由until短語(yǔ)（或從句）表示的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，要用固定的強(qiáng)調(diào)句型“It is/was not until . that . 。” 其中that從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用肯定式。My father did not e until 12 oclock last night.It was not until 12 oclock last night that my father came home.昨晚直到十二點(diǎn)我父親才回家。（5）在強(qiáng)調(diào)一般疑問句中的某一成份時(shí)，主句要用一般疑問句的語(yǔ)序。Did this happen in Guangzhou?Was it in Guangzhou that this happened? 此事是在廣州發(fā)生的嗎？（6）特殊疑問句中只有疑問詞可以強(qiáng)調(diào)，其強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)是：“疑問詞+is/was it +that ？”When did you get to know her?When was it that you got to know her?你是在什么時(shí)候認(rèn)識(shí)她的？（7）可以強(qiáng)調(diào)方式狀語(yǔ)和以because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句。It was unwillingly that he did it for me. 他是不情愿地替我做的那件事。It was because he was ill that we had to e back early.正是因?yàn)樗×?，我們才不得不早歸。（8）可以強(qiáng)調(diào)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，當(dāng)連系動(dòng)詞不是be，表語(yǔ)部分是名詞性詞組時(shí)，也可使用這種結(jié)構(gòu)強(qiáng)調(diào)表語(yǔ)，但是，當(dāng)連系動(dòng)詞是be時(shí)，不能強(qiáng)調(diào)表語(yǔ)。It is white that they painted the house. 他們把房子漆成的是白色。（強(qiáng)調(diào)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)）It is a chief engineer that he bees now. 他現(xiàn)在擔(dān)任的是總工程師。（強(qiáng)調(diào)表語(yǔ)）（9）強(qiáng)調(diào)句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞除了可采用現(xiàn)在時(shí)和過去時(shí)的單數(shù)形式外，有時(shí)根據(jù)需要還可采用復(fù)雜的形式。It must have been Mary that you saw just now. 你剛才看到的一定是瑪麗。注意：對(duì)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞強(qiáng)調(diào)不能借助于It is/was that結(jié)構(gòu)，要借助于助動(dòng)詞do, did, does，意為：確實(shí)、真的、務(wù)必、一定。如：Do e on time next time.下次一定要準(zhǔn)時(shí)來。He did know the truth.他確實(shí)知道真相。Do be careful when crossing the street.過馬路時(shí)務(wù)必要小心。二、省略為了避免重復(fù)，省略句子的一個(gè)或幾個(gè)句子成分，使語(yǔ)句簡(jiǎn)練，結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，收到一定的修辭效果，這種語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象稱為省略。（一）不用替代詞的省略1、省掉主語(yǔ)(I) Beg your pardon.請(qǐng)?jiān)僬f一遍。(I) See you later. 回頭見。(I) Thank you for your help. 謝謝你的幫助。2、省略謂語(yǔ)或謂語(yǔ)的一部分They learn French and we (learn) English. 他們學(xué)法語(yǔ)，我們學(xué)英語(yǔ)。(Is there ) Anything I can do for you ? 要我?guī)兔幔?、省略表語(yǔ)Are you a teacher? Yes, I am (a teacher). 你是教師嗎？是的，我是。4、省略賓語(yǔ)This is the book (that) Im looking for.這是我正在找的書。5、省略主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)或主謂和謂語(yǔ)的一部分(e )This way, please. 請(qǐng)走這邊。What a good boy (he is )! 他是多好的學(xué)生??！6、省略主、謂或賓 -To whom did you lend the book?你把書借給誰(shuí)了？-To John.(I lend the book)約翰。7、asas結(jié)構(gòu)中的省略 這種結(jié)構(gòu)中，從句于主句重復(fù)的詞可以省略；把兩個(gè)時(shí)間地點(diǎn)等相比較時(shí)，第一個(gè)as可省略。He can be( as )happy in hard times as in good days.他在艱難歲月里能像在好時(shí)光時(shí)一樣幸福。8、所有格后的名詞名詞所有格所修飾的名詞，若表示住宅、辦公室、店鋪、教堂或上文己暗示或明確指出過的事物時(shí)，常常可以省略。Well go to the doctors （clinic）in a minute.一會(huì)兒我們要到醫(yī)務(wù)室去。9、狀語(yǔ)從句中的主謂省略 在以if、when、though、unless、as、as if等連詞引導(dǎo)的從句中，如果從句的主語(yǔ)和主句的主語(yǔ)一致,而且從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是be，可以將狀語(yǔ)從句中的主謂省略。He will not e unless (he is ) invited.除非邀請(qǐng)他才肯來。 如果從句主謂語(yǔ)是it is或it was，可以省略主謂結(jié)構(gòu) if it is possible, when it is necessary 等都是這種結(jié)構(gòu)。He ran as fast as (it was) possible.他拼命跑。If （it is ）necessary, put a ma.有必要的話，加一個(gè)逗號(hào)。 10、在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ)的關(guān)系副詞when、why、where也可以省去。This is the very reason (why) I want to kill you. 這就是我為何要?dú)⑺滥愕睦碛?。This was the first time (when) I had visited Beijing.這是我第一次參觀北京。11、當(dāng)wh-疑問從句作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)如果其內(nèi)容與上文重復(fù)可以省略從句，只保留wh-疑問詞。He will e back, but he doesnt know when (he will e back). 他將回來，但不知道什么時(shí)間。12、 在狀語(yǔ)的獨(dú)立分詞結(jié)構(gòu)中，分詞往往可以省略 The meeting (being)over, they walked out of the hall.會(huì)議結(jié)束了，他們走出了大廳。 The work (having been) done, he left the office.做完工作后，他離開辦公室。（二）、用替代詞的省略1、to代替不定式to代替不定式，常同refuse, want, seem, intend, expect, hope, like, be afraid, prefer, care, oblige, forget, wish, try等動(dòng)詞連用。-Would you like to e to the party? -你愿意參加晚會(huì)嗎？-Id like to (e to the party). -我愿意。注意：如果不定式中含有be, have,或have been，一般要保留be, have或have been。-Are you on holiday?你放假了嗎？-No, but Id like to be ( on holiday).沒有。不過我真愿意。-She hasnt done it yet.她還沒有做。-She ought to (have done it).她該做。2、so 和not so 可以代替單詞、詞組或句子，做call, expect, hope, do, fear, imagine, suppose, speak, tell, think, believe, be afraid, see, notice等賓語(yǔ)；not代替句子,用法和so相似，并可以放在perhaps, probably, absolutely等副詞后面。-Is the famous singer going to give any performance at the evening party? 這位著名歌手在晚會(huì)上要表演節(jié)目的吧?-I expect so. 我想是吧。-I expect not. (I dont expect so.)我認(rèn)為不會(huì)。He must be a teacher. I imagine so.他一定是老師。我認(rèn)為是。-Do you think so? 你是這樣想嗎?-Absolutely not. 當(dāng)然不是。注意：so作替代詞一般同表示個(gè)人看法或想法的動(dòng)詞連用，口氣比較委婉，不表示肯定，也不表示否定，因此，在表示肯定或懷疑的答句中不可用so。再know和ask后也不可用so。3、do do可以用來代替動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞加其他成分。 -Did you see the film?你去看那場(chǎng)電影了嗎？ -Yes. I did.是的，去看了。 He speaks English more fluently than you do.他英語(yǔ)講得比你流暢。4、do so, do that,和do it（1） do so 可以替代動(dòng)詞加賓語(yǔ)，也可以替代動(dòng)詞加狀語(yǔ)。She said she would go with me, but she didnt do so.她說她要和我一起去，但她沒有。Just finish off watering the flowers. And let me know when you have done so.趕快較完花，等你澆完時(shí)通知我。（2） do so 替代動(dòng)詞加賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，so可以用it或that所取代，it指具體事物，that表示較重的語(yǔ)氣。Henry is going to make the experiment and he wanted me to do it, too.亨利打算做試驗(yàn)，他曾想讓我也做。He played cards after supper and I watched them do that.他們吃完晚飯后玩牌，我看著他們玩。（3）do so, do that,和do it一般只用于替代動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞，而不適合替代靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞。- Alice feels better today.愛麗斯今天感覺很好。 - I think she does. （正） -Yes, so does she. （正） -I think she does so. （誤）-I think she does that. （誤）I think she does it. （誤）5、one和ones one和ones具有泛指的性質(zhì)，常指替代單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)名詞，不能替代不可數(shù)名詞。使用時(shí)應(yīng)注意：（1） one和ones與其所替代的名詞在數(shù)方面和句法功能上可以不一致以及所指意義上可以不同。 I prefer the new edition to the old ones.和舊版本相比我更喜歡新版本。（數(shù)不一致）Do you see the teachers over there? The one wearing blue coat is his father.你看見那些老師了嗎？那個(gè)穿藍(lán)上衣的是他爸爸。（句法功能上不一致）I dont like this film. I like a more interesting one.我不喜歡這部電影。我喜歡看更有趣的。（所指對(duì)想不同）（2） one前面有this或that，ones 前面有these或those，或者前面又形成對(duì)比的形容詞、最高級(jí)或the next, the last時(shí)one和ones可以省略。Lets finish the exercise so we can do the next （one）.我們做完這個(gè)練習(xí)，好做下一個(gè)。（3） 所有格my, your, our, her, their 被其相應(yīng)的物主代詞mine等代替時(shí)。不用one或ones. This is my pen, not yours.(不能說yours one)I prefer to use my own.(不能說my own one)（4） Whose和名詞所有格后面不能用one或ones。own后不能用one或ones。Whose is it?(不能說whose one)Her bike is better than her brothers.（不能說brothers one）6、one和that作替代詞時(shí)的區(qū)別（1） one 可以代替人或物，that只能代替物。 I havent a book; can you lend me one? 我沒有書，你能借我一本嗎? I have a brother, one in the army.我有一個(gè)哥哥，他在部隊(duì)。 Look at the clock, that the wall.看那座鐘，墻上那座。（2） one只能代替可數(shù)名詞；that可替代可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞。 The novel is as interesting as the one I read last year.這本小說和我去年讀的那本一樣有趣。The weather here is rather hotter than that in Beijing.這里的天氣比北京的熱。（3） one 可以有前置或后置定語(yǔ)；而that只能有后置定語(yǔ)。 Your answer is better than that of hers.你的答案比她的好。 This is a red pen, and I have three other blue ones.這是一枝紅鋼筆，我還有三只別的。Please look at the map, the one on the right wall.請(qǐng)看地圖，右邊墻上的那幅。（4） one（不加定語(yǔ)）表示泛指；that表示特指。 The music is as sweet as that we heard yesterday.這首曲子和我昨天聽的那首一樣美。（三）、倒裝英語(yǔ)最基本的詞序“主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞（+ 賓語(yǔ)）”通常十分固定，但在一些句子中，由于語(yǔ)法、修辭、強(qiáng)調(diào)或句子結(jié)構(gòu)上的需要，主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)不是處于正常語(yǔ)序，而是把謂語(yǔ)的全部或一部分提到主語(yǔ)的前面，這種語(yǔ)序叫做倒裝。1、倒裝的類型倒裝可分為全部倒裝和部分倒裝。（1）全部倒裝(plete inversion)全部倒裝就是整個(gè)謂語(yǔ)部分放在主語(yǔ)之前。In front of the house stands a tree. 房前有一棵樹。Here es the bus.車來了。（2）部分倒裝(partial inversion)部分倒裝就是把謂語(yǔ)的一部分（通常是助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞）放在主語(yǔ)之前。Never shall I forget the day.我永遠(yuǎn)忘不了這一天。Only in this way can we finish the work.只有這樣，我們才能完成工作。2、語(yǔ)法倒裝（1）在疑問句中Is breakfast ready yet? 早飯準(zhǔn)備好了嗎？（2）在“there+ be”結(jié)構(gòu)中There are some books on the desk. 桌子上有些課本。（3）以表示“運(yùn)動(dòng)方向”的副詞開頭的倒裝句為了使敘述或描繪更加生動(dòng)，常將表示運(yùn)動(dòng)方向的副詞 (如here，there，out，in，up，off，down，away，back等)放在句首，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為go，e，run，rush等表示位置轉(zhuǎn)移的動(dòng)詞，主語(yǔ)為名詞。用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或一般過去時(shí)。 Be quick! Here es the bus. 快點(diǎn)汽車來了。There goes the bell. 鈴響了。注意：如主語(yǔ)是人稱代詞時(shí)，主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)序不變。Here it is.它在這兒。（4）省略了if的虛擬條件從句虛擬結(jié)構(gòu)中的條件從句省if去時(shí)，這時(shí)were、had及should須移到主語(yǔ)前面，從而形成倒裝。Were I in your position, I would go.要是我處在你的地位，我就去。Had it not been for the free tickets, I would not have gone to the film so often.如果不是票免費(fèi)，我不會(huì)那么經(jīng)常去看電影。Should it rain tomorrow, we would have to put off the visit to the Yangpu Bridge.如果明天下雨的話，我得推遲去看揚(yáng)浦大橋。（5）“so+be（have、助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞）+主語(yǔ)” 句型把副詞so放在句首，表示前面所說的情況也適用于另一人（或物）。She can swim. So can I.她會(huì)游泳，我也會(huì)。-I like swimming in winter.我喜歡冬泳。- So do I .我也是。In an earthquake, the earth shakes. And so do you. 地震時(shí)，地球震動(dòng)，你也會(huì)震動(dòng)。Society has changed and so have the people in it.社會(huì)變了，人也跟著變了。比較：“so+主語(yǔ)+助動(dòng)詞”結(jié)構(gòu)的用法如果一個(gè)句子只是重復(fù)前面一句話的意思，表示同意對(duì)方的看法，意為“是的，確實(shí)”時(shí)，句子不用倒裝語(yǔ)序。 -It was careless of you to have left your clothes outside all night.你太粗心了，把衣服整夜放在外邊。-My God! So I did.天哪！還真是這樣。（6）“neither(nor)+be（have、助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞）+主語(yǔ)” 句型把neither、nor、no more放在句首，表示前面否定的內(nèi)容也適用于另一個(gè)人（或物），需用倒裝語(yǔ)序-Do you enjoy that trip?你旅途玩得高興么？-Im afraid not. And neither did my classmates. 恐怕我不高興，我同學(xué)也是。（7）感嘆句的倒裝 How happy the children are!孩子們多幸福?。。ū碚Z(yǔ)前置） What a lovely birthday present the old lady has received!這位老太太收到一份多好的生日禮物?。。ㄙe語(yǔ)前置）（8）以表示“地點(diǎn)”的介詞短語(yǔ)開頭的倒裝句當(dāng)句首為表示地點(diǎn)的介詞短語(yǔ)時(shí)，為了保持句子結(jié)構(gòu)的平衡，或?yàn)榱耸股舷挛你暯泳o密時(shí)，常使用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。On the wall hang two large portraits. 墻上掛著兩幅巨大的畫像。Under the big tree was sitting an old farmer. 大樹底下坐著一個(gè)老農(nóng)夫。（9）many a time和next等時(shí)間、次數(shù)或順序的副詞位于句首時(shí)要到裝 Often did she e to my home in the past.她過去常到我家來。 Long did we wait before hearing from her.我們等了很久才收到她的來信。 Many a time have I seen her taking a walk alone.我許多次看見她獨(dú)自散步。（10）well, so, gladly等表示方式、程度的副詞位于句首時(shí)常到裝 Well do I remember the day I saw her first.我第一次見到她的那一天，我記憶猶新。 Gladly would I accept your proposal.我很高興接受你的建議。（11）直接引語(yǔ)的一部分或全部放在句首時(shí)，有時(shí)也用倒裝“I dont think so”, said Tom. 湯姆說：“我不這樣認(rèn)為?！保?2）however引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句however為連接副詞，引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，其意義和作用相當(dāng)于no matter how。 however后面接形容詞或副詞，其基本結(jié)構(gòu)為“however+形容詞/副詞+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)”。如:However cold it is, she always goes swimming.無論天氣多么冷，她總是去游泳。4、修辭倒裝（1）“only+ 狀語(yǔ)”放句首倒裝句副詞only所強(qiáng)調(diào)的方式狀語(yǔ)、條件狀語(yǔ)、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)等位于句首時(shí)，引起部分倒裝。Only by taking a taxi can you arrive on time. 只有打的你才能按時(shí)到達(dá)。Only then did we realize that the man was blind.只在那時(shí)我們才意識(shí)到那人是個(gè)瞎子。Only when the war was over in 1949 was he able to get back home.只有在1949年當(dāng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)結(jié)束時(shí)他才能回家。（2）連詞as/though引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句的倒裝句這種狀語(yǔ)從句的結(jié)構(gòu)為“形容詞/名詞+as/though+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)”。在句首的如果是名詞，不要帶冠詞;但如果名詞前有形容詞修飾，則常常帶冠詞。Clever as he is, he doesnt study well.他雖然聰明，但學(xué)習(xí)并不好。Old as he is, he is full of energy.他雖然年老，但精力充沛。Child as he was, he was very brave.盡管他是個(gè)孩子，但他非常勇敢。Try as you may, you cant persuade him.盡管你很努力，你不可能說服他。（3）以否定詞開頭的倒裝句為了強(qiáng)調(diào)句子中的否定狀語(yǔ)，常將其置于句首，這時(shí)一般引起部分倒裝。常見的含有否定意義的副詞、連詞或詞組有：hardly, scarcely , barely, seldom, never, not, little, not only, not until, on no account(決不), in no way, nowhere, at no time, in no case, not on ones life, no sooner, by no means, under / in no circumstances等。Never have I seen him before.以前我從未見過他。Not a single mistake did h