2020高考英語新創(chuàng)新一輪復(fù)習(xí) 語法 第一部分 第一講 名詞、冠詞學(xué)案（含解析）北師大版.doc

第一部分 掌握基礎(chǔ)詞法第一講名詞、冠詞(一)名詞可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式全析考法 .單句語法填空1(2018全國卷)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 that showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all _ (cause)解析：causes此處的cause是可數(shù)名詞，表示“原因”。根據(jù)其前的all可知，應(yīng)該使用復(fù)數(shù)形式，故填causes。2(20186月浙江高考)Making Chinese _ (dish) is seen as especially troublesome.解析：dishes此處dish是可數(shù)名詞，其前無限定詞，故用其復(fù)數(shù)形式泛指中國菜。3(2017全國卷)This trend, which was started by the medical munity (醫(yī)學(xué)界) as a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side _ (effect) such as overweight and heart disease the very thing the medical munity was trying to fight.解析：effects根據(jù)空格前面的some以及空格后面列舉的兩個(gè)例子“overweight and heart disease”可知，應(yīng)用effect的復(fù)數(shù)形式。4(2017全國卷)In 1863 the first underground passenger railway in the world opened in London.It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible _ (crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and from work.解析：crowds根據(jù)空格前面的形容詞terrible可知此處填名詞，crowd表示“人群”，是可數(shù)名詞，前面沒有限定詞，所以用名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。5(2016全國卷)The nursery team switches him every few _ (day) with his sister so that while one is being bottlefed, the other is with mum she never suspects.解析：daysevery few days表示“每隔幾天”，此處應(yīng)該使用名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式days。6(2015全國卷)Id skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River which are pictured by artists in so many Chinese _ (painting)解析：paintingspainting意為“圖片，圖畫”，是可數(shù)名詞，由于前有“so many”修飾，故使用其復(fù)數(shù)形式。.單句改錯(cuò)1(2018全國卷)Last winter when I went there again, they had a big separate house to raise dozens of chicken._解析：chickenchickens短語dozens of之后應(yīng)該使用可數(shù)名詞chicken“雞”的復(fù)數(shù)形式。2(2018全國卷)After supper, we would play card games of all sort in the sitting room._解析：sortsorts由前面的all 修飾可數(shù)名詞sort可知，應(yīng)用sort的復(fù)數(shù)形式；all sorts意為“各種各樣的”。3(2018全國卷)At that moment, I remembered that my father once said, “The classroom is a place for learning and that includes learning from textbooks, and mistake as well.”_解析：mistakemistakesand連接兩個(gè)平行成分，前面的textbooks為復(fù)數(shù)，故可數(shù)名詞mistake“錯(cuò)誤”應(yīng)改為 mistakes。4(2017全國卷)The instructor kept repeating the word, “Speed up！” “Slow down！” “Turn left！”_解析：wordwords根據(jù)后面引號內(nèi)的內(nèi)容可知教練一直重復(fù)說的話有多句，故此處應(yīng)用word的復(fù)數(shù)形式。5(2016全國卷)The teenage year from 13 to 19 were the most difficult time for me._解析：yearyears此處指1319歲的年齡，且其后be動(dòng)詞為were，故用year的復(fù)數(shù)形式。6(2015四川高考)As I told you last time, I made three new friend here._解析：friendfriends名詞friend為可數(shù)名詞，其前有three修飾，需要用復(fù)數(shù)形式，故把friend改成friends。7(2015浙江高考)My old classroom was interesting because three side of the classroom were made of glass._解析：sidesides前面有three修飾，故side要用復(fù)數(shù)形式sides。8(2014全國卷)Since then for all these year we have been allowing tomatoes to selfseed where they please._解析：yearyearsyear為可數(shù)名詞，其前面有these修飾，故應(yīng)用其復(fù)數(shù)形式y(tǒng)ears。9(2014全國卷)For example, we can do reading for one and a half hour and play sports for one hour every day._解析：第一個(gè)hourhours此處指一個(gè)半小時(shí)，所以用hour的復(fù)數(shù)形式。10(2014遼寧高考)Weve called several time about Cleos early morning barking._解析：timetimes根據(jù)前面表示數(shù)量的詞several可知，此處time意為“次數(shù)”，應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。謹(jǐn)記規(guī)則(一)規(guī)則名詞的6種復(fù)數(shù)變化形式變化規(guī)則例詞一般情況下在詞尾直接加smouthmouths以s, x, ch，sh 結(jié)尾的名詞在詞尾加esglassglassesmatchmatches以輔音字母y結(jié)尾的名詞變y為i再加escountrycountriesfactoryfactories以元音字母y 結(jié)尾的名詞在詞尾直接加sholidayholidaysmonkeymonkeys以o結(jié)尾的名詞一般在詞尾加sphotophotos有些在詞尾加espotatopotatoes以f, fe結(jié)尾的名詞一般要變f或fe為v再加esselfselves wolfwolves少數(shù)直接加sbeliefbeliefs(二)可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)的3種不規(guī)則變化形式變化規(guī)則例詞單復(fù)數(shù)同形deer, sheep, means, series, Chinese, Swiss, aircraft, spacecraft, species, fish變內(nèi)部元音footfeet, toothteeth, mousemice， manmen, womanwomen外來名詞mediummedia(媒體)phenomenonphenomena(現(xiàn)象)analysisanalyses(分析)特別注意fish表示“魚肉”時(shí)，為不可數(shù)名詞，表示“條數(shù)”時(shí)，其復(fù)數(shù)形式與單數(shù)形式相同，但表示不同種類的魚時(shí)，其復(fù)數(shù)形式為fishes。(三)合成名詞復(fù)數(shù)的2類變化形式1若有中心詞，則把中心詞變成復(fù)數(shù)；若無中心詞，則把最后一個(gè)詞變成復(fù)數(shù)。passerbypassersby, sisterinlawsistersinlaw, grownupgrownups2“man/womann.”變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，作定語的man/woman和中心詞都要變復(fù)數(shù)，如：women engineers。不可數(shù)名詞全析考法單句改錯(cuò)1(2017全國卷)Besides, they often get some useful informations from the Internet._解析：informationsinformationinformation是不可數(shù)名詞，沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。2(2016全國卷)If we go on a trip abroad, we can broaden our view and gain knowledges we cannot get from books._解析：knowledgesknowledgeknowledge意為“知識”，是不可數(shù)名詞，沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。3(2015全國卷)The airs we breathe in is getting dirtier and dirtier._解析：airsair由后面的定語從句“we breathe in”可知，此處先行詞的意思是“空氣”，air意為“空氣”時(shí)為不可數(shù)名詞。故airs改為air。謹(jǐn)記規(guī)則(一)常見的24個(gè)不可數(shù)名詞單詞詞義單詞詞義fun樂趣homework家庭作業(yè)progress進(jìn)步equipment設(shè)備bread面包wealth財(cái)富knowledge知識room空間work工作weather天氣music音樂news新聞；消息traffic交通meat肉word消息luck運(yùn)氣advice建議housework家務(wù)information信息furniture家具milk牛奶baggage/luggage行李orange橙汁man人類(二)抽象名詞的具體化抽象名詞(不可數(shù))具體化(表達(dá)個(gè)體概念時(shí)，是可數(shù)名詞)surprise驚訝a surprise一件令人驚訝的事success成功a success一個(gè)(件)成功的人(事)honour榮譽(yù)an honour一個(gè)(件)引起尊敬的人(事)failure失敗a failure一個(gè)(件)失敗的人(事)beauty美；美麗a beauty美麗的人或事物pleasure樂趣a pleasure一件樂事語法填空解題“3定向”1根據(jù)修飾詞確定名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式(1)不定冠詞a, an后用名詞單數(shù)形式；(2)有these, those, several, many, all, both, a pair of, a variety of, different或數(shù)詞等修飾時(shí)名詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式；(3)名詞前有one of, among時(shí)用名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式。2根據(jù)謂語動(dòng)詞確定名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式名詞作主語時(shí)，如果一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的謂語動(dòng)詞是動(dòng)詞原形或are，要考慮用名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。3根據(jù)常識和句意確定名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式表示兩個(gè)(或兩個(gè)以上)的可數(shù)名詞及并列名詞時(shí)，名詞需用復(fù)數(shù)形式。據(jù)第1條解題1The team who won the three world championships (championship) would always get this cup.2Interested in their work, she picked up a pair of scissors (scissor)3During the festival, which lasts three or four days, people are dressed in their best clothes and participate in a variety of rich and colourful activities (activity)4Although they are seen as panions and part of the family today, China and Western countries have different cultural beliefs (belief) about dogs.5Above all, mercial interests often outweigh educational purposes, causing many plaints (plaint) about the unbearable advertisements.6Going to Cambridge University was a dream of mine, for it is one of the top universities (university) in the world.7I decided to label one of my small purses (purse), which I actually had with me that day, with her name, along with some cash inside and an encouraging note.據(jù)第2條解題8While there are amazing stories of instant transformation, for most of us, the changes (change) are gradual and require a lot of effort and work, like cleaning up a polluted river.9Recent studies (study) show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks regularly.據(jù)第3條解題10Timmis and his team set out to seek the effects of phone use on passersby (passerby)11It thinks that Cinglish may hurt peoples ability to speak standard English and make it hard for them to municate with foreigners (foreigner)12Unable to express himself easily in conversation, he uses a special typewriter to write letters to his friends, and beautiful poems (poem)短文改錯(cuò)解題“3視角”1分清名詞單復(fù)數(shù)看到several, a few, many, one of, three, a number of等要想到其后的名詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。2知曉不可數(shù)名詞看到information, advice, homework, progress, knowledge, furniture, luggage, strength等，要想到它們是不可數(shù)名詞，沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。3注意詞性錯(cuò)誤看到冠詞、形容詞性物主代詞、介詞或及物動(dòng)詞(短語)，要想到后跟名詞形式。據(jù)第1條解題1The two thing that change your life are the people you meet and books you read.thingthings2It is not easy for our parent to bring us up.parentparents3I failed to respond to their question.questionquestions4The teachers often encourage us to make more friend in the school.friendfriends5Due to some rich tourist attraction, every year many visitors e to my hometown, where they can not only appreciate the beautiful scenery, but also enjoy the delicious food.attractionattractions據(jù)第2條解題6He has much knowledges and his teaching method is scientific.knowledgesknowledge7Looking at the spot where he thought the “fly” was again, he was so angry that he slapped it with all his strengths.strengthsstrength8A lot of informations can be stored in it.informationsinformation9Shes getting married next month and decides to buy some decorations and furnitures.furnituresfurniture據(jù)第3條解題10I would appreciate it if you could give me a reply at your earliest convenient. convenientconvenience11Firstly, it is of vital important to have a positive attitude.importantimportance12I restarted to pick up my confident again.confidentconfidence(二)冠詞冠詞的基本用法全析考法.單句語法填空1(2018全國卷)Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over _ past 25 years, while rice has increased only 7 percent.解析：the此處特指過去的25年，故用the past 25 years。2(2017全國卷)This included digging up the road, laying the track and then building a strong roof over _ top.解析：thetop是名詞，前面要用冠詞，此處特指在(地鐵的)頂部建造一個(gè)結(jié)實(shí)的頂，所以填定冠詞the。3(2017全國卷)Instead, she is earning 6,500 a day as _ model in New York.解析：a此處意為“作為紐約的一名模特”，在單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞model前應(yīng)該使用不定冠詞，表示“一，一名”，且model的讀音以輔音音素開頭，故填a。4(201711月浙江高考)Its not all that hard to build an advanced and large vocabulary. Like many things in life, its _ ongoing process.解析：an此處表示積累詞匯是一個(gè)持續(xù)的過程，因?yàn)閱卧~ongoing的讀音以元音音素開頭，故填不定冠詞an。5(20176月浙江高考)For Pahlsson, its return was _ wonder.解析：awonder為可數(shù)名詞，表示“奇跡，奇事”，此處為泛指，且wonder的讀音以輔音音素開頭，故填不定冠詞a。6(2015全國卷)The adobe dwellings (土坯房) built by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even _ most modern of architects and engineers.解析：the在形容詞最高級的前面用定冠詞the。7(2015廣東高考)He owned _ farm, which looked almost abandoned.解析：a此處指一個(gè)農(nóng)場，表示泛指，且farm的讀音以輔音音素開頭，故用不定冠詞a。8(2014全國卷)Now, years later, this river is one of _ most outstanding examples of environmental cleanup.解析：the此空后為形容詞的最高級形式，故應(yīng)填定冠詞the。.單句改錯(cuò)1(2018全國卷)As the kid, I loved to watch cartoons, but no matter how many times I asked to watch them, my parents would not let me._解析：theakid在此處表泛指，且kid的讀音以輔音音素開頭，故用不定冠詞a。 2(2017全國卷)I still remember how hard first day was._解析：first前加the/my表示第幾天，序數(shù)詞前要加定冠詞the或者用形容詞性物主代詞my進(jìn)行修飾。3(2017全國卷)They live far from the school, and it takes them about a hour and a half to go to work every day._解析：第一個(gè)aan/onehour的讀音以元音音素開頭，且是可數(shù)名詞，所以用an/one hour表示“一個(gè)小時(shí)”。4(2016全國卷)But in that case, we will learn little about world._解析：world前加the此處特指我們所生活的這個(gè)世界。5(2016四川高考)I asked Mom to stay in the sitting room and I cooked in kitchen._解析：kitchen前加the此處特指“我們家”的廚房。6(2015全國卷)He liked it so much that he quickly walked into the shop . A woman saw him crying and told him to wait outside a shop._解析：outside后的athe此處用定冠詞特指上文提到的商店。7(2014全國卷)There are all kinds of the flowers and trees around the classroom buildings._解析：去掉第一個(gè)the此處為泛指，不表示特指，故去掉the。謹(jǐn)記規(guī)則(一)不定冠詞表示類指或某類中的“任何一個(gè)”。A virus is a very small living thing that causes disease.表示泛指“某個(gè)”。當(dāng)說話人第一次提及某人或某物時(shí)通常用不定冠詞；或由不定冠詞構(gòu)成的名詞詞組往往帶有不確定的含義，相當(dāng)于a certain；或?qū)Ｓ忻~前加不定冠詞，表示具有某種特性的人或物、某一位不認(rèn)識的人或某個(gè)不確定的時(shí)間。I have a question to ask you.In a sense what you said is true.All of a sudden, she burst into tears.Experts think that the recently discovered painting may be a Picasso.表示量指。不定冠詞表示“一”這個(gè)數(shù)量，但數(shù)的概念沒有one強(qiáng)烈。Suddenly they heard a loud voice.表示“每”，相當(dāng)于per，用在表示價(jià)格、速度、頻率等的短語中。Prices start at 13.95 a yard for printed cotton.用在某些物質(zhì)名詞或抽象名詞前，使之具體化。表示“一種的人或事”He suddenly appeared on a rainy night, which was a great surprise to us.不定冠詞用于序數(shù)詞前，表示“再一，又一”。Live a good, honorable life.Then when you get older and think back, youll get to enjoy it a second time.(二)定冠詞表示特指的人或物，或者雙方都知道的或心中都明確的人或物，或者指上文已經(jīng)提到過的人或事物。Take your time its just a short distance from here to the restaurant.用在世界上獨(dú)一無二的事物前。The earth goes around the sun.用于序數(shù)詞或形容詞、副詞的最高級前。Is this the first time that you have visited Qingdao？用在表示姓氏的復(fù)數(shù)名詞之前，表示一家人或夫妻倆；或用于形容詞或分詞前，表示某一類人或物。The explosion saw people rush to help the injured.用在世紀(jì)前或用在逢十的年代前，后者表示“在某世紀(jì)幾十年代”。Its said that corn was grown a lot in Tibet in the 17th century.(三)零冠詞專有名詞、物質(zhì)名詞、抽象名詞、人名、地名等名詞前，一般不加冠詞。He is living in Canada now.季節(jié)、月份、星期、節(jié)假日、一日三餐前一般不加冠詞。We usually have breakfast at 7 oclock.語言、學(xué)科名稱、球類運(yùn)動(dòng)、棋類游戲等名詞前不用冠詞。Im interested in English.表示頭銜和職務(wù)的名詞作表語、同位語或補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，其前通常不用冠詞。Dr.Peter Spence, headmaster of the school, told us，“A fifth of pupils here go on to study at Oxford or Cambridge.”系動(dòng)詞turn(變成)后的單數(shù)名詞作表語不用冠詞。His brother has turned writer.“(零冠詞)單數(shù)名詞/形容詞最高級as/though(主語謂語)”，意為“盡管但是”。Hero as/though he is, he has some shortings.冠詞的固定搭配全析考法.單句語法填空1(2018全國卷)Unexpectedly, Im facetoface with the gorilla, who begins screaming at _ top of her lungs.解析：theat the top of ones lungs為固定搭配，意為“盡量大聲地，聲嘶力竭地”。2(2017全國卷)When fat and salt are removed from food, the food tastes as if it is missing something.As _ result, people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing.解析：aas a result為固定搭配，意為“結(jié)果”。3(2016全國卷)The nursery team switches him every few days with his sister so that while one is being bottlefed, _ other is with mum she never suspects.解析：theone .the other為固定搭配，意為“一個(gè)另一個(gè)”。此處表示雙胞胎大熊貓中的另一只，兩者之間的“另一個(gè)”應(yīng)該使用the other。4(2016全國卷)Give your body and brain a rest by stepping outside for _ while, exercising, or doing something you enjoy.解析：afor a while為固定搭配，意為“一會(huì)兒”。5(2014廣東高考)She apologized for the mistake and gave us a spare VIP room on _ top floor.解析：theon the top floor為固定搭配，意為“在頂層”。.單句改錯(cuò)1(2018全國卷)During my last winter holiday, I went to countryside with my father to visit my grandparents._解析：countryside前加thego to the countryside是固定用法，意為“去鄉(xiāng)下”。2(2016全國卷)At the first, I thought I knew everything and could make decisions by myself._解析：去掉theat first“起初”，為固定短語。3(2015浙江高考)On the right side of the class was the road.I was always interested to see the drivers in hurry in the morning._解析：hurry前加ain a hurry“匆匆忙忙”，為固定短語。4(2014全國卷)As result, the plants are growing everywhere._解析：As后加aas a result“結(jié)果”，為固定短語。5(2014遼寧高考)Besides, Cleo tends to bark a average of six hours a day._解析：第一個(gè)aanan average of .“平均有”，為固定短語。謹(jǐn)記規(guī)則(一)不定冠詞用于固定搭配中an average of平均for a while一會(huì)兒as a result因此 as a rule 通常as a whole總體上 as a matter of fact 事實(shí)上at a loss不知所措 in a hurry匆忙in a word總之 in a sense在某種意義上in a way在某種程度上 in a short while不久keep an eye on照看，留意 pay a visit to 拜訪put an end to結(jié)束 once in a while偶爾once upon a time從前 all of a sudden突然be on a diet節(jié)食 have a gift for有天賦have/catch a cold感冒 make a living謀生 have/take a rest休息 give sb.a lift讓某人搭便車(二)定冠詞用于固定搭配中in the middle of 在中間in the end 最后by the way順便說一下 in the distance在遠(yuǎn)處in the way擋道 on the whole總的來說at the same time同時(shí) on the other hand另一方面to tell the truth說實(shí)話 for the time being暫時(shí)on the spot在現(xiàn)場 on the top floor在頂層the other day前幾天 take the place of代替at the moment此刻，目前 in the countryside在鄉(xiāng)村make the most/best of 充分利用one .the other . 一個(gè)，另一個(gè)(三)零冠詞用于固定搭配中at present目前take part in參加in peace平靜 by chance/accident碰巧on purpose故意 on second thoughts再一想ahead of time提前 in advance提前by law根據(jù)法律 by mistake錯(cuò)誤地under repair處于維修中 lose heart灰心out of control失控 out of work失業(yè)in danger處于危險(xiǎn)之中 at risk處境危險(xiǎn)；遭受危險(xiǎn)day and night 整日整夜from morning till night 從早到晚語法填空解題“2定向”1根據(jù)泛指或特指選擇冠詞如果空格后的名詞或“形容詞名詞”前沒有形容詞性物主代詞、不定代詞、名詞所有格或指示代詞等限定詞時(shí)很可能填冠詞。(1)如果空格及后面的名詞可翻譯成“一個(gè)(本、種等)”，一般填a/an。如果可翻譯成“這/那個(gè)，這/那些”一般填the; (2)如果名詞后有of短語、不定式、分詞或從句等作定語時(shí)很可能填the。2根據(jù)固定句式或固定搭配選擇冠詞英語中有很多帶有冠詞的固定句式或短語，記住這些句式和短語也有利于解決此類問題。據(jù)第1條解題1She stayed up until eleven thirty one evening on purpose just to see the moonlight.2In Chinese culture, each year is related to a Chinese animal according to the 12year cycle.3He not only is the best student in our class, but also has an excellent sense of humour and a genuine interest in other people.4Like many other universities at that time, Harvard at the early stage often ran into a financial crisis.5Dinosaurs died out because of an unexpected incident.6The “Spiderstory” is often told.Robert Bruce, leader of the Scots in the 13th century, was hiding in a cave from the English.據(jù)第2條解題7As a matter of fact, there are two trophies (獎(jiǎng)杯) in history.8For most individuals, as a result of eating foods rich in fats and sugar several years, they choose to go on a diet but do not succeed at the end.9He smiled back as if to give me a receipt and I would preserve his smile for a long time.10It is also a cultural bridge between Xishuangbanna and Southeast Asian countries that share the same festival culture of watersplashing.11I usually go to my workplace coffee shop to place an order, but this Wednesday, it was slightly different.12At the same time, great progress made in science and technology was really amazing.短文改錯(cuò)解題“4視角”1注意單詞首字母的音素看到讀音以輔(元)音音素開頭的名詞要想到應(yīng)用不定冠詞a(n)。2明確特指與泛指如果名詞表示特指，則應(yīng)用定冠詞the，泛指用a/an。3掌握可數(shù)與不可數(shù)看到單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞要想到是否少用了冠詞；看到不可數(shù)名詞表示泛指要想到是否多用了冠詞。4記熟固定搭配牢記含冠詞的固定搭配，確定冠詞的增與刪。據(jù)第1條解題1Last but not least, we should take a active part in sports and build up our body.aan2Besides, this will be my first experience to participate in such a activity.aan據(jù)第2條解題3On entering the flat, you will find yourself in the sitting room.To be honest, a sitting room is my favourite part.athe4Zhang Wei was watching TV while his father was preparing dinner in the kitchen on an evening of January 9th. anthe5It is the great honour for me to take part in the volunteer work, and I learn the significance of helping others. 第一個(gè)thea據(jù)第3條解題6It started when teacher set up a volleyball club in our school, hoping that more students would take part in the sport and keep fit.teacher前加a7Last summer vacation, I worked in restaurant. restaurant前加a8The blogs serves as open platform where you can do lots of things.open前加an據(jù)第4條解題9Though there are a lot of changes, the great number of men still guard their rights. thea10Mr Yang found me and apologized to me for his sharp words next day.next前加the11With his help, we have made a great progress.去掉a12When the landlady discovered what had happened, she decided to do him favor.favor前加a