（全國(guó)通用）高中英語(yǔ) 語(yǔ)法復(fù)習(xí)講義+訓(xùn)練 代詞

高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法復(fù)習(xí)講義代詞一、概說(shuō)代詞是代替名詞及起名詞作用的短語(yǔ)或句子的詞。代詞可分為人稱代詞、物主代詞、指示代詞、相互代詞、疑問(wèn)代詞、連接代詞、關(guān)系代詞、不定代詞等九類。二、人稱代詞1. 人稱代詞的用法。人稱代詞在句中能夠用作主語(yǔ)(用主格，如I, you, he, she, we, they, 等)和賓語(yǔ)(用賓格，如me, you, him, her, us, them等)：He loves her, but she hates him. 他愛(ài)她，但她卻討厭他。注：(1) 在口語(yǔ)中，當(dāng)人稱代詞用作表語(yǔ)、用于than, as 之后或用于強(qiáng)調(diào)句中被強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)，能夠用賓語(yǔ)：“Who is it?” “Its me.” “是誰(shuí)呀?”“是我?！盚e sings better than me. 他比我唱得好。He is as tall as her. 他和她一樣高。Its me who did it. 這是我干的。但是，若than, as 后的人稱代詞后跟有動(dòng)詞，則必須用主格：He sings better than I do. / He is as tall as she is.(2) 單獨(dú)使用的人稱代詞通常用賓格：“Im tired.” “Me too.” “我累了。”“我也累了。”“Who wants this?” “Me.” “誰(shuí)要這個(gè)?”“我要?！?3) 有時(shí)用主格或賓格會(huì)導(dǎo)致意思的變化：I like you better than he. 我比他更喜歡你。為I like you better than he likes you.之略。I like you better than him. 我喜歡你勝過(guò)喜歡他。為I like you better than he likes him.之略。2. 人稱代詞的排序：(1) 人稱代詞的排列順序?yàn)椋簡(jiǎn)螖?shù)人稱代詞通常按“二三一”排列，即you, he and I;復(fù)數(shù)人稱代詞通常按“一二三”排列，即 we, you and they：You, he and I are of the same age. 你，他和我都是同一年齡。We , you and they are all good citizens. 我們，你們和他們都是好公民。但若是用于承擔(dān)責(zé)任或錯(cuò)誤等場(chǎng)合，則可把第一人稱 I 置于其他人稱代詞之前：I and Tom are to blame. 我和湯姆該受批評(píng)。比較：Tom and I hope to go there. 湯姆和我想去那兒。但是，you and I 是固定結(jié)構(gòu)，語(yǔ)序通常不宜顛倒。(2) 在通常情況下，人稱代詞在句子中出現(xiàn)在它所代替的名詞之后，即先出現(xiàn)名詞，再出現(xiàn)相對(duì)應(yīng)的代詞。但是，在書面語(yǔ)中，有時(shí)也可出現(xiàn)代詞，后出現(xiàn)代詞所代替的名詞：As soon as it had hopped off, the plane picked up speed. 飛機(jī)剛一起飛，就加了速。(比較：As soon as the plane had hopped off, it picked up speed.)3. 人稱代詞后跟名詞同位語(yǔ)。有些人稱代詞后有時(shí)可跟同位語(yǔ)：These small desks are for us students. 這些小課桌是給我們學(xué)生的。We girls often go to the movies together. 我們女孩子常一起去看電影。He asked you boys to be quiet. 他要你們男孩子安靜些。三、物主代詞1. 物主代詞的用法。物主代詞分形容詞性物主代詞(my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their)和名詞性物主代詞(mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs)。形容詞性物主代詞在句只用作定語(yǔ);名詞性物主代詞則不能用作定語(yǔ)，但能夠用作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、連用of作定語(yǔ)：His son is taller than hers. 他的兒子比她的兒子高。Her son is a friend of ours. 她的兒子是我們的朋友。Ours is a great country. 我們的國(guó)家是一個(gè)偉大的國(guó)家This is your pen. Mine is in the box. 這是你的鉛筆，我的在鉛筆盒里。注：能夠說(shuō) a friend of mine (ours, yours, hers, his, theirs)，但是不能說(shuō) a friend of me (us, you, her, him, theirs)，但是“名詞+of it”有時(shí)可用來(lái)代替“its+名詞”，如 its price 也可說(shuō)成 the price of it。2. 物主代詞與own 連用。為了強(qiáng)調(diào)，有時(shí)可在物主代詞后加上own一詞：Mind your own business. 別管閑事。I saw it with my own eyes. 那是我親眼看到的。有可用 of ones own 置于名詞后作定語(yǔ)：I hope to have a room of my own. / I hope to have my own house. 我希望有自己的房子。3. 使用物主代詞注意點(diǎn)和易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)：(1) 要注意英語(yǔ)與漢語(yǔ)使用物主代詞的差異。漢語(yǔ)說(shuō)“我?！保f(shuō)成英語(yǔ)應(yīng)是my school，而不能是 I school;漢語(yǔ)說(shuō)“他媽”，說(shuō)成英語(yǔ)應(yīng)是his mother，而不能是 he mother;同樣地，漢語(yǔ)說(shuō)“你先生”，說(shuō)成英語(yǔ)應(yīng)是your husband，而不能是 you husband。另外，有些在英語(yǔ)中必用的物主代詞在漢語(yǔ)中往往無(wú)需表達(dá)，如：聽(tīng)到這個(gè)消息，他搖了搖頭。誤：Hearing the news he shook head.正：Hearing the news he shook his head.漢語(yǔ)通常只說(shuō)“搖頭”，不說(shuō)“搖某人的頭”，而英語(yǔ)則說(shuō) shake ones head。(2) 有時(shí)按漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣似乎應(yīng)用物主代詞，而英語(yǔ)卻要用人稱代詞：這個(gè)學(xué)期誰(shuí)教我們的英語(yǔ)?誤：Who will teach our English this term?正：Who will teach us English this term?English 作為一個(gè)表示語(yǔ)言的名詞，其前不能用物主代詞，除非它表示的是使用英語(yǔ)的水平或能力，如可說(shuō) My English is poor. 我的英語(yǔ)(水平)不行。類似地，不能說(shuō) He teaches my physics，但可以說(shuō) My physics is good。(3) 不要受相似結(jié)構(gòu)和短語(yǔ)的影響而用錯(cuò)物主代詞。如lose heart 與 lose ones heart，兩者僅差一個(gè)物主代詞，意思截然不同：前者意為“灰心”、“泄氣”;后者意為“愛(ài)上”、“鐘情于”;又如 haveon one's mind(為擔(dān)憂，把掛在心上)與keepbearin mind(記住，把記在心里)，兩者結(jié)構(gòu)相似，但一個(gè)用物主代詞，一個(gè)不用物主代詞。四、反身代詞1. 反身代詞的基本形式。反身代詞是 oneself根據(jù)所指詞的人稱、性別、單復(fù)數(shù)等的變化可以有 myself, himself, herself, yourself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves 等形式。2. oneself與himself。當(dāng)one指人時(shí)，其相應(yīng)的反身代詞通常用oneself, 在美國(guó)英語(yǔ)中也可用himself：One should not praise oneself himself. 一個(gè)人不應(yīng)該自吹自擂。3. 反身代詞的句法功能：(1) 用作同位語(yǔ)(加強(qiáng)被修飾詞的語(yǔ)氣，緊放在被修飾名詞后, 或句末)：The box itself is not so heavy. 箱子本身并不重。You yourself said so. / You said so yourself. 你自己是這樣說(shuō)的。(2) 用作賓語(yǔ)(動(dòng)詞或介詞的賓語(yǔ))：Take good care of yourself. 照顧好自己。She could not make herself understood. 她不能使別人聽(tīng)懂她的話。(3) 用作表語(yǔ)：The poor boy was myself. 那個(gè)可憐的孩子就是我自己。The ones who really want it are ourselves. 真正想要它的是我們自己。有時(shí)用于 be, feel, seem, look 等后作表語(yǔ)表示身體或精神處于正常狀態(tài)：I'm not quite myself these days. 我近來(lái)身體不大舒服。I'll be myself again in no time. 我過(guò)一會(huì)兒就會(huì)好的。(4) 用作主語(yǔ)。在現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中，反身代詞一般不能獨(dú)立用作主語(yǔ)，但是它卻可以借助 and, or, nor 等連詞與其他名詞一起構(gòu)成并列主語(yǔ)(且位于并列主語(yǔ)的后部)，以及用于某些特殊結(jié)構(gòu)(如as.as等)：My brother and myself went there yesterday. 昨天我兄弟和我一起去了那兒。Jim's sister and himself get up at six every day. 吉姆的妹妹和他每天6點(diǎn)起床。He was as anxious as myself. 他和我一樣擔(dān)心。五、相互代詞1. 相互代詞的形式與用法。英語(yǔ)的相互代詞只有each other和one another，它們?cè)诰渲型ǔＶ挥米髻e語(yǔ)：We should help each other. 我們應(yīng)該互相幫助。They respect one another. 他們互相尊重(對(duì)方)。The sea and the sky seem to melt into each other. 大海和藍(lán)天似乎融為一體。2. 使用相互代詞注意點(diǎn)：(1) 相互代詞在句中通常只用作賓語(yǔ)，不可用作主語(yǔ)，所以以相互代詞為賓語(yǔ)的句子不能變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。(2) 不要將相互代詞誤認(rèn)為是副詞，將其用作狀語(yǔ)，如可說(shuō) talk to each other，但不能說(shuō) talk each other。(3) 相互代詞可以有所有格形式：The students borrowed each other's notes. 學(xué)生們互相借筆記。They looked into each other's eyes for a silent moment. 他們默默地對(duì)視了一會(huì)兒。(4) 有時(shí)可分開(kāi)用：We each know what the other thinks. 我們都知道對(duì)方的想法。Each tried to persuade the other to stay at home. 每個(gè)人都設(shè)法想說(shuō)服對(duì)方留在家里。(5) 有人認(rèn)為，each other用于兩者，one another用于三者，但在現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中兩者?？蓳Q用(即均可用于兩者或三者)。六、指示代詞1. 指示代詞的用法。指示代詞(this, that, these, those)在句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)：This is yours and that is mine. 這是你的，那是我的。I want this book, not that book. 我要這本書，不是那本書。I like these and he likes those. 我喜歡這些，他喜歡那些。These computers are cheap. 這些電腦便宜些。What I want to say is this. 我想說(shuō)的就是這點(diǎn)。注：指示代詞用作主語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)時(shí)，可指人或物;用作賓語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)時(shí)，只指物。如This is my father. this 在句中作作主語(yǔ)，可以指人，但是在Do you know this? 中，this作賓語(yǔ)，此句只能理解為“你知道這個(gè)情況嗎?”不能理解為“你認(rèn)識(shí)這個(gè)人嗎?”2. 表替代的that 與 those。有時(shí)為了避免重復(fù)，可用 that 和 those 代替前面提到的名詞：The population of China is much larger that that of Japan. 中國(guó)人口比日本人口多得多。(that = the population)His views are close to those of the Socialist Party. 他的觀點(diǎn)接近社會(huì)黨的觀點(diǎn)。(those = the views)3. this 與 that用法比較(1) 用來(lái)回指上文提到的事情時(shí)，可用this 或 that，但是若要指下文敘述的事情，通常要用 this：She married Jim, and this that surprised me. 她嫁給了吉姆，這使我感到很吃驚。I want to know this: Is he healthy? 我想知道這一點(diǎn)：他是否很健康。注：回指上文的 that 在譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常卻譯為“這”：Thats where you are wrong. 這就是你不對(duì)的地方。(2) 在打電話時(shí)，通常用 this 指自己，用 that 指對(duì)方：Hello. This is Jim. Is that John? 喂,我是吉姆,你是約翰嗎?但在美國(guó)英語(yǔ)中指對(duì)方時(shí)也可用 this。(3) 除用作代詞外，this 和that 都可用作副詞，與形容詞或副詞連用，其義為“這么”、“那么”(=so)：It's about this (that) high. 大約這(那)么高。Is it this hot every day? 每天都有這么熱嗎?4. this 的特殊用法。注意以下各句中this 的用法：He will be in Paris this day next week. 下個(gè)星期的今天他將在巴黎了。He will come here this day next month. 他將在下個(gè)月的今天來(lái)這兒。比較：He got married ten years ago today. 他是10年前的今天結(jié)婚的。七、疑問(wèn)代詞1. 疑問(wèn)代詞的用法。疑問(wèn)代詞(who, whom, whose, which, what等)在句中可用作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等：Who is your English teacher? 你們的英語(yǔ)老師是誰(shuí)?Whose is this umbrella? 這傘是誰(shuí)的?Whose umbrella is this? 這是誰(shuí)的傘?What question did he ask? 他問(wèn)了什么問(wèn)題?Which do you prefer, tea or coffee? 茶和咖啡，你喜歡那樣?注：who 和 whom 只用作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)，不用作定語(yǔ)，what, which, whose 則既可用作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)，也可用作定語(yǔ)。2. 兩組疑問(wèn)代詞的用法比較(1) who 與 whom：前者為主格，用作主語(yǔ)，后者為賓格，用作賓格：Who spoke at the meeting? 誰(shuí)在會(huì)上發(fā)言了?Whom are you talking about? 你們?cè)谡務(wù)撜l(shuí)?但是，當(dāng)用作賓語(yǔ)的 whom 位于句首時(shí)，通?？捎脀ho 代之：Who(m) is the letter from? 這信是誰(shuí)寄來(lái)的?若是緊跟在介詞之后用作賓語(yǔ)，則只能用 whom。(2) what, which 與 who： 若后接名詞(即用作限定詞)，只用which和what，不能用who：Which / What train did you come on? 你是坐哪次火車來(lái)的?What和 which 的區(qū)別是：當(dāng)選擇的范圍較小或比較明確時(shí)，多用 which;當(dāng)選擇的范圍較較大或不明確時(shí)，多用 what：Which color do you like, red, black or white? 紅色、黑色和白色，你喜歡哪種?What color is your car? 你的汽車是什么顏色的?但是，若指人，即使選擇的范圍不明確，也多用 which：Which What writers do you like? 你喜歡哪些作家? 若其后不接名詞(即用作代詞)，三者均可用，which和what的用法區(qū)別可參見(jiàn)上面的分析。至于who，它一般只用來(lái)指人(用作代詞的 which 不用于指人)，不管選擇范圍大還是小、明確還是不明確均可用：Who won Tom or Mike? 誰(shuí)贏了，是湯姆還是邁克?Who is your favorite poet? 你最喜歡的詩(shī)人是誰(shuí)?當(dāng)選擇范圍比較明確且用作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，who也可用which或which one代之：Who Which /Which one do you like better, your father or your mother? 你更喜歡誰(shuí)，父親還是母親? 由于what和who的選擇范圍可以很大或不明確，所以其后可以跟 else，表示其他的人(或事物)，但卻通常不跟表示特定范圍的of 短語(yǔ);而 which 的選擇范圍相對(duì)比較小或明確，所以其后一般不接 else，卻常與表特定范圍的of短語(yǔ)連用：Who (What) else did you see there? 你在那兒還看到了別人的什么人(什么東西)?Which of the three girls is the oldest? 這三個(gè)女孩中哪個(gè)年紀(jì)最大? 另外，比較以下兩句："Who is he?" 他是誰(shuí)?(who 指姓名、關(guān)系等)What is he? 他是干什么的?(what 指職業(yè)、地位等)3. 兩類易混句型的區(qū)別。請(qǐng)先看以下兩句：What do you think he wants? 你認(rèn)為他想要什么?Do you know what he wants? 你知道他想要什么嗎?上面第一句為特殊疑問(wèn)句，第二句為一般疑問(wèn)句，它們不能倒過(guò)來(lái)說(shuō)成Do you think what he wants? What do you know he wants? 其原則區(qū)別是：可以用 yes 或 no 回答者，用一般疑問(wèn)句的形式(疑問(wèn)詞放在句中，即主句之后)，適合這類句型的主句動(dòng)詞通常有 know, hear, ask, tell 等;不能用 yes 或 no 回答者，用特殊疑問(wèn)句的形式(疑問(wèn)詞放在句首)，適合這類句型的主句動(dòng)詞通常有 think, believe, suppose, guess 等：Where do you suppose he has gone? 你認(rèn)為他去什么地方了?Did you ask why he had left so soon? 你問(wèn)過(guò)他為什么那么快就離開(kāi)了嗎?4. 兩個(gè)疑問(wèn)代詞同用的情況。請(qǐng)看以下實(shí)例：Where and when were you born? 你出生在何時(shí)何地?When and how did he go there? 他是什么時(shí)候、怎么去那兒的?"Where is it?" "Where is what?" “它在哪兒?”“什么在哪兒?”八、連接代詞1. 連接代詞的用法。連接代詞主要包括who, whom, what, which, whose, whoever, whatever, whichever, whosever 等，它們?cè)诰渲锌捎米髦髡Z(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等，可以引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句和表語(yǔ)從句：I don't know who he is. 我不知道他是誰(shuí)。What he says sounds reasonable. 他說(shuō)的話聽(tīng)起來(lái)很有道理。The question is who(m) we should trust. 問(wèn)題是我們?cè)撔湃握l(shuí)。I'll take whoever wants to go. 誰(shuí)想去我就帶誰(shuí)去。Take whichever seat you like? 你喜歡坐哪個(gè)座位就坐哪個(gè)?I will just say whatever comes into my mind. 我想到什么就說(shuō)什么。注：who, whom, whoever 等不用于名詞前作定語(yǔ)。2. what 的兩種用法。請(qǐng)看以下兩個(gè)句子：I didn't know what he wanted. 我不知道他想要什么。I gave her what she wanted. 我給了她想要的一切。上面第一句中的 what 表示“什么”，帶有疑問(wèn)的意味;第二句中的 what 表示“所的一切事或東西”，其意義上大致相當(dāng)于 that (those) which, the thing (things) that, anything that, all that, as much as等，又如：What =That which you say is quite true. 你說(shuō)的完全是事實(shí)。He saves what = all that he earns. 他賺多少，積蓄多少。Call it what = anything thatyou please. 你喜歡叫它什么就叫它什么。這樣用的 what 有時(shí)還可后接一個(gè)名詞：He gave me what money = all the money that he had about him. 他把身邊帶有的錢全給了我。What friends =All the friends that he has are out of the country. 他所有的朋友都在國(guó)外。3. whatever, whoever, whichever用法說(shuō)明。主要用于引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句和賓語(yǔ)從句：He does whatever she asks him to do. 她要他做什么，他就做什么。Whoever breaks the rules will be punished. 誰(shuí)違反這些規(guī)則都將受到處罰。I'll give the ticket to whoever wants it. 請(qǐng)想要這票，我就把它給誰(shuí)。Whichever team gains the most points wins. 哪個(gè)隊(duì)得分最多，哪個(gè)隊(duì)就贏。注：其中的 ever 主要用于加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣，含有“一切”、“任何”、“無(wú)論”之義。使用這類詞時(shí)，注意不要按漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣用錯(cuò)句子結(jié)構(gòu)：任何人(誰(shuí))先來(lái)都可以得到一張票。誤：Anyone comes first can get a ticket. / Who comes first can get a ticket.正：Anyone who comes first can get a ticket./ Whoever comes first can get a ticket.九、不定代詞1. 不定代詞概說(shuō)。英語(yǔ)的不定代詞有 all, each, both, either, neither, one, none, little, few, many, much, other, another, some, any, no, few, little, both, enough, every 等，以及由 some, any, no 和 every 構(gòu)成的合成代詞(即somebody, anyone, nothing 等)。在這些不定代詞中，多數(shù)都能作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ)，但是代詞 none 以及由 some, any, no 和 every 構(gòu)成的合成代詞只能作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)，不能作定語(yǔ)，而 no 和 every 則只用作定語(yǔ)。2. 指兩者和三者的不定代詞。有些不定代詞用于指兩者(如both, either, neither)，有的不定代詞用于指三者(如all, any, none, every)，注意不要弄混：Both of my parents are doctors. 我的父母都是醫(yī)生。All of the students are interested in it. 所有的學(xué)生對(duì)此都很感興趣。There are trees on any side of the square. 廣場(chǎng)的每一邊都種有樹(shù)。He has two sons, neither of whom is rich. 他有兩個(gè)兒子，都不富有。He has three sons, none of whom is rich. 他有三個(gè)兒子，都不富有。注：each 可用于兩者、三者或三者以上，而 every 只用于三者或三者以上，因此用于兩者時(shí)只能用 each，不能用 every。如不能說(shuō) There are trees on every side of the road.3. 復(fù)合不定代詞的用法特點(diǎn)。復(fù)合不定代詞包括 something, somebody, someone, anything, anybody, anyone, nothing, nobody, no one, everything, everybody, everyone 等。它們?cè)诰渲锌捎米髦髡Z(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)，但不能用作定語(yǔ)。something, someone 等和 anything, anyone等的區(qū)別與 some 和 any 的區(qū)別一樣，前者一般用于肯定句，后者一般用于否定句、疑問(wèn)句或條件句(參見(jiàn) any & some)。具體使用時(shí)應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn)：(1) 復(fù)合不定代詞受定語(yǔ)修飾時(shí)，定語(yǔ)應(yīng)放在它們后面：There is nothing wrong with the radio. 這收音機(jī)沒(méi)有毛病。Have you seen anyone anybody famous? 你見(jiàn)過(guò)名人嗎?(2) 指人的復(fù)合不定代詞若用作主語(yǔ)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)，相應(yīng)的人稱代詞和物主代詞也用單數(shù) he, him, his (不一定指男性)。但在非正式文體中常用復(fù)數(shù)代詞 they, them, their：Everyone knows this, doesn't he don't they? 人人都知道這一點(diǎn)，不是嗎?If anybody anyone comes, ask him them to wait. 要是有人來(lái)，讓他等著。(3) 指事物的復(fù)合不定代詞若用作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞只能用單數(shù)，相應(yīng)的人稱代詞也只能用 it，而不用 they：Everything is ready, isn't it? 一切都準(zhǔn)備好了，是嗎?(4) anyone, everyone 等只能指人，不能指物，且其后一般不接of 短語(yǔ)。若是指物或后接 of 短語(yǔ)，可用 any one, every one (分開(kāi)寫)：any one of the boys (books) 孩子們(書)當(dāng)中的任何一個(gè)(本)every one of the students (schools) 每一個(gè)學(xué)生(一所學(xué)校)4. 是any not 還是 not any。按英語(yǔ)習(xí)慣，any 以及含有any的復(fù)合不定代詞用于否定句時(shí)，它只能出現(xiàn)在否定詞之后，而不能在否定詞之前：誤：Any one doesn't know how to do it.正：No one knows how to do it. 任何人都不知道如何做它。誤：Anybody Anyone cannot do it.正：Nobody No one can do it. 這事誰(shuí)也干不了。誤：Anything cannot prevent me from going.正：Nothing can prevent me from going. 什么也不能阻擋我去。5. 不定代詞與部分否定。不定代詞all, both, every 等與 not 連用時(shí)構(gòu)成部分否定;若 要表示完全否定，則需換用 none, neither, no one等。比較：All of the students like the novel. 所有這些學(xué)生都喜歡這本小說(shuō)。Not all of the students like the novel. 并不是所有這些學(xué)生都喜歡這本小說(shuō)。All of the students dont like the novel. 并不是所有這些學(xué)生都喜歡這本小說(shuō)。None of the students like the novel. 這些學(xué)生當(dāng)中沒(méi)有一個(gè)喜歡這本小說(shuō)。6. all, both, each 等用作同位語(yǔ)。若用作主語(yǔ)同位語(yǔ)，主語(yǔ)可以是名詞或代詞;若用作賓語(yǔ)等其他成分的同位語(yǔ)，則賓語(yǔ)等成分必須是人稱代詞，而不能是名詞：We have all read it. 我們都讀過(guò)他。(all 修飾的主語(yǔ)是代詞)The villages have all been destroyed. 村莊都被毀了。(all 修飾的主語(yǔ)是名詞)They told us all to wait there. 他叫我們都在那兒等。(all 修飾的賓語(yǔ)是代詞)但不能說(shuō)：They told the men all to wait there. (all 修飾的賓語(yǔ)是名詞不是代詞)7. so little 與 such little的區(qū)別。用so little還是such little取決于little的意思：若表示數(shù)量方面的“少”，則用so little;若表示形狀體積的“小”，則用such little：He has so little time for reading. 他讀書的時(shí)間少得可憐。I've never seen such little boxes. 我從未見(jiàn)過(guò)那樣小的盒子。8. some 與 any的用法區(qū)別。一般說(shuō)來(lái)，some 用于肯定句中，any 用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句中。但是，在表示請(qǐng)求、邀請(qǐng)或征求意見(jiàn)的句子中，通常要用 some 而不用any：Would you like some cake? 吃點(diǎn)蛋糕嗎?Why not buy some bread? 為什么不買些面包呢?Shall I get some chalk for you? 要我?guī)湍隳眯┓酃P來(lái)嗎?注：any 有時(shí)也用于肯定句中，此時(shí)表示“任何”：Any colour will do. 任何顏色都行。Come any day you like. 隨便哪天來(lái)都可以。9. many 與 much的用法區(qū)別。兩者都表示“許多”，但 many 修飾或代替可數(shù)名詞(復(fù)數(shù))，與 few(少數(shù))相對(duì);而 much 用來(lái)修飾或代替不可數(shù)名詞(單數(shù))，與little(少量)相對(duì)。在口語(yǔ)中兩者主要用于非肯定句中：Did you see many people there? 你在那兒看見(jiàn)許多人了嗎?We don't have much time. 我們沒(méi)有許多時(shí)間。在肯定句中，一般用 a lot of, lots of, plenty of 等代之。但在正式文體中有時(shí)也用于肯定句中;另外，若用作主語(yǔ)或主語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)，或其前有 how, too, as, so, a good, a great 等修飾，也可用于肯定句中：Many of us left early. 我們有許多人離開(kāi)得很早。Much work has been done. 許多工作都已經(jīng)做了。You've given me too much. 你已給我太多了。Take as many (much) as you want. 你要多少拿多少。I asked her a great many questions. 我問(wèn)了她許多問(wèn)題。10. few, a few 與 little, a little的用法區(qū)別。(1) few和a few 后接可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。few 表示數(shù)量很少或幾乎沒(méi)有，強(qiáng)調(diào)“少”，含有否定意義;a few 表示數(shù)量雖然少但畢竟還有，強(qiáng)調(diào)“有”，含有肯定意義：It is very difficult, and few people understand it. 它很難，沒(méi)有幾個(gè)人能懂。It is very difficult, but a few people understand it. 他雖難，但是有些人懂。(2) little 和 a little 之后接不可數(shù)名詞，其區(qū)別跟 few 和 a few 之間的區(qū)別相似：Unfortunately, I had little money on me. 很不巧，我身上沒(méi)帶什么錢。Fortunately, I had a little money on me. 幸好我身上帶著一點(diǎn)錢。11. other, the other, another與others的用法區(qū)別：這些不定代詞不僅在含義上有單復(fù)數(shù)之分，而且在用法上有泛指(無(wú)the)和特指(有the)之別。其用法區(qū)別可歸納如下：(1) 指單數(shù)時(shí)，若泛指用another，若特指用 the other：Give me another (one). 另外給我一個(gè)。Shut the other eye, please. 請(qǐng)把另一只眼睛也閉上。(2) 指復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，若泛指用 other(后接復(fù)數(shù)名詞)，若特指用the other(后接復(fù)數(shù)名詞)：There are other ways of doing it. 做這事還有其他的辦法。Where have the other students gone? 其他學(xué)生都到哪里去了?(3) others永遠(yuǎn)表示復(fù)數(shù)意義(且其后不能再接名詞)。其用法大致相當(dāng)于“other+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”，同樣地 the others 大致相當(dāng)于“the other+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”：Other people Others may not think that way. 別的人可能不這樣想。He is cleverer than the others the other students in her class. 他比班上其他學(xué)生聰明。(4) another一般只能表單數(shù)，且其后接名詞也只能接單數(shù)名詞。但是若其后有數(shù)詞或 few 修飾時(shí)，則也可接復(fù)數(shù)名詞：We need another few chairs. 我們還需要幾把椅子。In another two weeks it'll be finished. 再過(guò)兩個(gè)星期就可做完了。(5) 與 some 對(duì)比使用時(shí)，用 others(此時(shí)與 some 同義)：Some say yes, and others say no. 有人說(shuō)對(duì)，有人說(shuō)不對(duì)。12. 不定代詞與語(yǔ)境考題。不定代詞是高考的?？伎键c(diǎn)，有的不定代詞考題出得比較靈活，不能死套規(guī)則，要注意結(jié)合語(yǔ)境來(lái)理解：(1) “Is _ here?” “No, Bob and Tim have asked for leave.”A. anybody B. everybody C. somebody D. nobody若只是從表面來(lái)看，填空句是個(gè)疑問(wèn)句，可能會(huì)誤選A。但其實(shí)此題最佳答案應(yīng)選B，因?yàn)橄挛牡拇鹁湔f(shuō)“只有Bob和Tim請(qǐng)假了”，這說(shuō)明問(wèn)句是在查人數(shù)，故用 Is everybody here? (大家都到齊了嗎?)(2) I agree with most of what you said, but I don't agree with _.A. everything B. anything C. something D. nothing此句若從表面看，有可能誤選B，因?yàn)樘羁站錇榉穸ň?。但?shí)際上最佳答案為A，因?yàn)樯衔恼f(shuō)“我同意他說(shuō)的大部分內(nèi)容”，這與下文的 but I dont agree with everything(但并不是同意他說(shuō)的所有內(nèi)容)完全相符。(3) “Do you have _ at home now, Mary?” “No, we still have to get some fruit and tea.”A. something B. anything C. everything D. nothing答案選C，句意為“瑪麗，現(xiàn)在家里東西都準(zhǔn)備齊了嗎?”“還沒(méi)有，我們還要買些水果和茶?！?4) “If you want a necklace, Ill buy one for you at once.” “Oh, no. A necklace is not _ that I need most.A. anything B. something C. nothing D. everything此題容易誤選A，機(jī)械地認(rèn)為：something 用于肯定句，anything 用于否定句或疑問(wèn)句。但是，此題的最佳答案是B，something 在此的意思不是“某種東西”，而是指“那種東西”或“這種東西”，即心中最想要的那種東西(相當(dāng)于 the thing)。十、關(guān)系代詞1. 關(guān)系代詞的用法。主要的關(guān)系代詞有 that, who, whom, whose, which, as 等。其中who, whom 只用于指人，which, as 只用于指事物，whose, that 既可于指人也可用于指物。關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句主要用于主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)(可以省略)、表語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ)：He is the man who that lives next door. 他就是就是住在隔壁的那個(gè)人。How do you like the photo that which I took? 你覺(jué)得我拍的這張照片怎么樣?This is the same watch as I lost. 這塊表跟我丟失的那塊一樣。I want to find someone with whom I could discuss music. 我想找個(gè)能和我談音樂(lè)的人。She received an invitation from her boss, which came as a surprise. 她收到了老板的邀請(qǐng)，這是她意想不到的。2. that 與 which的用法區(qū)別。兩者都可指物，?？苫Q。其區(qū)別主要在于：(1) 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，通常要用which：She received an invitation from her boss, which came as a surprise. 她收到了老板的邀請(qǐng)，這是她意想不到的。(2) 直接放在介詞后作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常要用which：The tool with which he is working is called a hammer. 他干活用的那個(gè)工具叫做錘子。(3) 當(dāng)先行詞是下列不定代詞或被它們修飾時(shí)much, little, none, all, few, every(thing), any(thing), no(thing) 等時(shí)，通常用that：There was little that the enemy could do but surrender. 敵人無(wú)法,只有投降了。All Everything that can be done must be done. 凡能做的事都必須做。(4) 當(dāng)先行詞有the very, the only, the same 等修飾時(shí)，通常用that：This is the only example that I know. 我知道的例子只有這一個(gè)。Those are the very words that he used. 那是他的原話。(5) 當(dāng)先行詞有形容詞最高級(jí)或序數(shù)詞(包括last, next等)等修飾時(shí)，通常用that：This is the best dictionary that I've ever used. 這是我用過(guò)的最好的詞典。The first thing that you should do is to work out a plan. 你應(yīng)該做的第一件事是訂個(gè)計(jì)劃。(6) 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中用作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常用that：China is not the country (that) it was. 中國(guó)已不是過(guò)去的中國(guó)了。(7) 當(dāng)先行詞是一個(gè)既指人又指物的并列詞組時(shí)，通常用that：They talked about the persons and things that most impressed them. 他們談?wù)摿耸顾麄冇∠笞钌畹娜撕褪隆?8) 當(dāng)要避免重復(fù)時(shí)：Which is the course that we are to take? 我們選哪門課程?3. that與who的用法區(qū)別。(1) 兩者均可指人，有時(shí)可互換：All that who heard him were delighted. 所有聽(tīng)了他講話的人都很高興。Have you met anybody that who has been to Paris? 你遇見(jiàn)過(guò)到過(guò)巴黎的人嗎?He is the only one among us that who knows Russian.他是我們中間唯一懂俄語(yǔ)的人。(2) 但是在下列情況，通常要用 that：當(dāng)先行詞是一個(gè)既指人又指物的并列詞組時(shí)：I made a speech on the men and things that I had seen abroad. 我就我在國(guó)外所見(jiàn)到的人和事作了報(bào)告。當(dāng)先行詞是who時(shí)(為避免重復(fù))：Who was it that won the World Cup in 1982? 誰(shuí)贏得了1982年的世界杯?當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作表語(yǔ)時(shí)(可省略)：Tom is not the boy (that) he was. 湯姆這孩子已不是以前那個(gè)樣子了。4. as與which的用法區(qū)別(1) 引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，在such, as, the same后只能用as，其他情況用 which：I never heard such stories as he tells. 我從未聽(tīng)過(guò)他講那樣的故事。It's the same story as I heard yesterday. 這故事跟我昨天聽(tīng)到的一樣。This is the photo which shows my house. 這張照片拍的是我的住宅。(2) 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，有時(shí)兩者可互換：I live a long way from work, as which you know. 我住得離工作單位很遠(yuǎn)，這你是知道的。(3) 但在，在以下情況引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，兩者不可換用： 當(dāng)從句位于主句前面時(shí)，只用 as：As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. 月球每月繞地球轉(zhuǎn)一周，這是每個(gè)人都清楚的。 as 引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句應(yīng)與主句在意義上和諧一致，which無(wú)此限制：He went abroad, as which was expected. 他出國(guó)了，這是大家預(yù)料到的。He went abroad, which was unexpected. 他出國(guó)了，這讓大家感到很意外。(不用as) as 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，先行詞通常不能是主句中某個(gè)具體的詞，而應(yīng)是整個(gè)句子、整個(gè)短語(yǔ)或某個(gè)短語(yǔ)推斷出來(lái)的概念，而which 則無(wú)此限制：The river, which flows through London, is called the Thames. 這條流經(jīng)倫敦的河叫泰晤士河。(不用as) 當(dāng)as 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)通常應(yīng)是連系動(dòng)詞，而不宜是其他動(dòng)詞，而 which則無(wú)此限制：She has married again, as which seemed natural. 她又結(jié)婚了，這似乎很自常。She has married again, which delighted us. 她又結(jié)婚了，這使我們很高興。(不用as)5. who與whom的用法區(qū)別。兩者均只用于人，從理論上說(shuō)，who 為主格，whom為賓格：Where's the girl who sells the tickets? 賣票的女孩在哪里?The author whom you criticized in your view has written a letter in reply. 你在評(píng)論中批評(píng)的那個(gè)作者已寫了一封回信。但實(shí)際上，除非在正式文體中，賓格關(guān)系代詞 whom 往往省略不用，或用who或that代之：The man (that, who, whom) you met just now is called Jim. 你剛遇見(jiàn)的那個(gè)人叫吉姆。不過(guò)，在以下幾種情況值得注意：(1) 直接跟在介詞后面作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，只能用 whom，而且不能省略：She brought with her three friends, none of whom I had ever met before. 她帶了3個(gè)朋友來(lái)，我以前都沒(méi)見(jiàn)過(guò)。(2) 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句且作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，who 和 whom均可用，但以用 whom 為佳，此時(shí)也不能省略：This is Jack, who whom you haven't met before. 這是杰克，你以前沒(méi)見(jiàn)過(guò)。高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練代詞1. Tom, Please pass _ the glasses. I want to read the newspapers.A. you B. me C. him D. her2. The English novel is quite easy for you. There are _ new words in it.A. a little B. little C. a few D. few3. -You want _ sandwich?-Yes, I usually eat a lot when Im hungry.A. other B. another C. others D. the other4. The doctors and nurses are doing their best to fi