雅思A類圖表作文各個(gè)擊破(流程圖、柱圖、曲線、表格)

A類圖表作文各個(gè)擊破（流程圖、柱圖、曲線圖、表格）.5.2 表格4.5.2.1 解題關(guān)鍵F        1表格與餅圖一樣，都是靜態(tài)圖。切入點(diǎn)在描述分配；F        2表格題考查列舉數(shù)字的能力和方法。通過舉一些有代表性的數(shù)據(jù)來說明問題；F        3橫向比較。介紹橫向各個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)的區(qū)別、變化和趨勢；F        4縱向比較。介紹縱向各個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)的區(qū)別、變化和趨勢；F        5不需要將每一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)分別說明，突出強(qiáng)調(diào)數(shù)據(jù)最大值和最小值；F        6對比時(shí)要總結(jié)出數(shù)據(jù)對比最懸殊的和最小的。4.5.2.2表格舉例Topic 4-4：The table below shows carbon dioxide emissions from transport in three European countries in 1994 and 2004Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where relevant.（表格貼不上，大家看附件吧 _）         范文The given table provides an overview of carbon dioxide emissions from four main transport sources (namely，road transport，railways，civil aviation and shipping) in the United Kingdom，F(xiàn)rance and Germany in 1994 and 2004 Germany，although having higher emissions than either the United Kingdom or France did，saw the amount decrease slightly from 47.2 to 46.7 million tonnesBy comparison，F(xiàn)rance recorded an increase of four million tonnes from 34.7 million in 1994，while the United Kingdom had a smaller growth，2.5 million tonnes over the same period（縱向比較三個(gè)國家1994到2004年間二氧化碳釋放量的整體趨勢變化。） In all the three countries, road transport was responsible for the majority of emissions（橫向?qū)λ膫€(gè)二氧化碳釋放源進(jìn)行比較，點(diǎn)明最大釋放源）In the United Kingdom，road transport produced emissions up to 32.6 million tonnes in 2004，2 million more than ten years earlier，while other three transport sources did not show any remarkable growth（接著對三個(gè)國家的釋放源進(jìn)行描述說明，說明從1994年到2004年間的變化）A similar pattern was seen in France，where road transport added 3.6 million tonnes to the total emissions within ten yearsGermany，by contrast，was the only country of the three to experience a drop in road transport emissions（比較德國和英國法國的區(qū)別）Other three transport sources had a lower emission volume as well，except civil aviation，with the amount rising to 1.2 million（對其它二氧化碳釋放源進(jìn)行描述，比較10年間的變化） As shown in the table，both UK and France failed to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from transport sources during the period 1994 to 2004，in contrast to the decrease in GermanyRoad transport continued to account for the biggest source of emissions(237 words) Topic 4-5：Write a report for a university lecturer，describing the information shown belowYou should write at least 150 words（表格貼不上，大家看附件吧 _）         范文：The table provides information about the favored tourist destinations in the city of Llorente of different age groupsEach figure for destinations shows the percentage of tourists who visited the destinations on their last holidayThere are four age groupstwenties，thirties， forties，and over 50-year-old group（點(diǎn)明表格提供不同年齡段所喜歡的旅游地點(diǎn)的信息。） The most favored destination for all age groups was shopping centresThe percentage of tourists who visited there was more than 80, and 95 of tourists of the forties group visited there. The percentages of tourists who vislted art galleries，zoos，and museums increased as the the age of tourists increased. For example，only 21 of people in the twenties visited art galleries，however，81 of the oldest age group visited thereOn the other hand，the percentages of tourists who visited nightclubs， discotheques，and cinemastheatres decreased as the age increasedFor example，87of tourists in twenties visited discotheques，however，only 5 of the oldest age group did so.（按大家都喜歡的地點(diǎn)老年人喜歡的地點(diǎn)年輕人喜歡的地點(diǎn)這個(gè)邏輯順序進(jìn)行描述；用on the other hand, for example 等連接詞來串聯(lián)句子。） To sum up，favored destinations were different for each age group，however，almost all tourists visited shopping centers(176 words)（總結(jié)得出結(jié)論。）4.5.2.3表格常用詞匯noticeable trend 明顯趨勢pronounced  adj. 明顯的significant changes一些較大變化                rank  n. vt. vi. 列為，排列，等級(jí)distribute  vt. 分布，區(qū)別unequally  adv. 不相等地                                average  n. vt. vi. adj. 平均                                      corresponding  adj. 相應(yīng)的，通訊的                   represent  vt. 闡述，表現(xiàn)overall  adj. 總體上講                                   in the case of   adv. 在.的情況下in terms of / in respect of / regarding 在.方面4.5.2.4表格常用表達(dá)       開頭概述1) The table shows (reveals，illustrates，demonstrates，depicts，describes，indicates) _.2) According to the table, _.3) As (is) shown in the table, _.4) As can be seen from the table, _.5) Figuresstatistics show (that) _.6) It can be seen from the figuresstatistics that _.7) It is clear from the figuresstatistics that _.8) It is apparent from the figuresstatistics that _.       描述比例1) _ accounts for (takes up) 20 of all.    _占總數(shù)的20。2) On the top of the list is _, which accounts for 70    比例最高的是_，占70。3) At the bottom of the list is _，which takes up 20 only    比例最低的是_，僅占20。4) A ranks first，followed by B at 20 and C at 15    A占比例最大，其次是B占20及C占15。5) The figure reached the highestlowest point in _.    數(shù)據(jù)在_時(shí)候達(dá)到最高點(diǎn)(最低點(diǎn))。       描述對比1) A has almost (nearlyabout) over a quarter (halftwiceone third) as many students as (as much money as) B.A的學(xué)生數(shù)錢(差不多)是B的四分之一一半兩倍三分之一一樣。2) A has about (approximatelyexactlyprecisely) the same number (proportionamount) of students (money) as BA和B的學(xué)生錢數(shù)量比例差不多正好一樣。3) A has something in common with B.A與B有一些共同點(diǎn)。4) The difference between A and B lies in _.A與B的不同之處在于_。       描述趨勢1) The number increased （/rose） suddenly （dramaticallyrapidlysubstantiallyconsiderablysharply） from _ to _.數(shù)量從_激增到_。2) During 1990 to 2000，there was a sudden （rapiddramaticsubstantialsharpconsiderable） rise （boom） in the number of private cars from _ to _.  1990年到2000年間，私人汽車的數(shù)量從_急劇增長到_。3) The ten years from 1990 to 2000 witnessed （/saw） a steady growth of private cars from _ to _.  1990年到2000年10年間，私人汽車的數(shù)量從_穩(wěn)步增長到_。4) The number of private cars increased (rose / felldroppeddeclineddecreased) by 20  私人汽車數(shù)量增長了(或：降低了)20。5) The number of private cars in 2000 was 5 times more than that in 1990  2000年私人汽車數(shù)量是1990年的5倍。6) The number of private cars roughly (/approximately) doubled (tripled) between 1990 and 2000  1990年到2000年間，私人汽車數(shù)量大約是原來的2倍(3倍)。       結(jié)尾1) We can conclude from the table that _.2) In short (In brief), _.3) In conclusion, _.4) To conclude, it seems clear that _.5) From the tablediagram, we can see _.6) As can be seen from the charttablediagram, _.7) It is clear (/apparent) from the chart (/graphtable) that _.4.5.2.5表格模板The table shows _. (簡要介紹表中呈現(xiàn)的信息。) According to the figures，as people age in Someland, their social lives reduceTeenagers and people in their twenties _. People in their 30s，40s，50s and 60s _.(general statement，點(diǎn)明從數(shù)據(jù)中概括得出的一種趨勢。) Group and individual exercise follow a similar patternPeople of all ages spend a good part of their leisure time on entertainment. Teenagers and retired people _. For everybody else, _.(general statement，點(diǎn)明從數(shù)據(jù)中概括得出的另一種趨勢。) Consequently，it can be concluded that there is a significant trend towards _.4.5.3 曲線圖4.5.3.1 解題關(guān)鍵F        1曲線圖和柱狀圖都是動(dòng)態(tài)圖，解題的切入點(diǎn)在于描述趨勢。F        2在第二段的開頭部分對整個(gè)曲線進(jìn)行一個(gè)階段式的總分類，使寫作層次清晰，同時(shí)也方便考官閱卷。接下來再分類描述每個(gè)階段的specific trend，同時(shí)導(dǎo)入數(shù)據(jù)作為分類的依據(jù)。F        3趨勢說明。即，對曲線的連續(xù)變化進(jìn)行說明，如上升、下降、波動(dòng)、持平。以時(shí)間為比較基礎(chǔ)的應(yīng)抓住“變化”：上升、下降、或是波動(dòng)。題中對兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的變量進(jìn)行描述時(shí)應(yīng)在此基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行比較，如變量多于兩個(gè)應(yīng)進(jìn)行分類或有側(cè)重的比較。F        4極點(diǎn)說明。即對圖表中最高的、最低的點(diǎn)單獨(dú)進(jìn)行說明。不以時(shí)間為比較基礎(chǔ)的應(yīng)注意對極點(diǎn)的描述。F        5交點(diǎn)說明。即對圖表當(dāng)中多根曲線的交點(diǎn)進(jìn)行對比說明。F        6不要不做任何說明就機(jī)械地導(dǎo)入數(shù)據(jù)，這不符合雅思的考試目的。 4.5.3.2曲線圖舉例Topic 4-6：The graph shows the rate of smoking of man and women in Scotland from 1960 to 2000.Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where relevant. You should write at least 150 words（圖貼不上， 大家下載附件吧 ）           范文The line chart compares the rate of smoking of men and women in Scotland from 1960 to 2000. It can be clearly seen that the rate of smoking for both men and women was declining and that fewer women smoked during the period.(點(diǎn)明圖表主要趨勢，用compare這個(gè)詞揭示下面的文章結(jié)構(gòu)。) In 1960, 600 men in every l,000 smoked. This number decreased gradually to 500 by 1974 and continued to decrease steeply to 250 by 2000In contrast, the smoking rate for women was very low, only 80 in every 1,000 in 1960By 1968 this increased to 170 and rose again more steeply to 320 in 1977The rate of female smokers then remained stable at 320 until in 1984，at which point the figures began to decline and dropped to 200 by 2000(按時(shí)間先后順序描述男性吸煙者的發(fā)展趨勢，用in contrast連接女性吸煙者，承上啟下，并形成對比。) In conclusion，we can see that the rate of smoking of men dropped throughout the whole period but was always higher than that of womenThe rate of female smokers increased until 1977，but then decreased for the rest of the period. (176 words)(結(jié)尾段中換一種方式描述結(jié)論，與開頭段相互呼應(yīng)。) Topic 4-7：The line chart bellow shows serious violent crime levels from 1978 to 2000 in the USSerious violent crimes include rape，robbery，aggravated assault and homicide. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where relevant.（圖貼不上， 大家下載附件吧 ）            范文The multiple-line graph demonstrates trends in violent crime levels in the US during the period 1978 to 2000. In the first ten years，there were fluctuations in the total crime level，but the overall trend was upbeatBy about 1989，it rose to a record high，around 4.5 offences per thousand Americans，half the figure in 1980 (slightly over 3 offences)，the lowest ever recorded during the given periodVictimisations rose and fell at a lower level between 2 and 2.5 offences over the same period，while crimes recorded by police showed a steady increase，reaching its highest in the year 1994，over 1.5 offences in a thousandThe arrest rate was the lowest，levelling off below 0.5 offences per 1,000 From 1988 onwards，the total violent crime level declined gradually，so did victimisations reported to policeIn 2000，3 out of a thousand Americans committed violent crime，while half as many victims were reported to the policeAs to crimes recorded by police and arrests for violent crime，both dropped slightly in the last five years and the figures were 1.5 and 0.5 offences respectively in 2000 Overall，the violent crime rate，as well as victimisations reported to police，crimes recorded and arrests for violent crime，was not subject to strong fluctuations in the final two decades of the last century，although by the end of the century，there was a trend toward lower violent crime levels. (240 words)4.5.3.3曲線圖常用詞匯        動(dòng)詞九大運(yùn)動(dòng)趨勢一：表示向上：increase，rise，improve，grow，ascend，mount，aggrandize，go up，climb， take off， jump，shoot up暴漲，soar，rocket， skyrocket舉例：人口上升：the number of population increased/ascended/mounted等等。二：表示上升后保持平穩(wěn)：flatten out(下降或升高后變平)， level off舉例：人口上升后保持平穩(wěn)：the number of population mounted and leveled off.三：表示復(fù)蘇（下降后再上升）：recover，bounce back舉例：人口下降后復(fù)蘇：the number of population decreased and recovered.四：表示下降：decrease，decline，descend，drop， fall，go down，come down，collapse， crash， fall off， slump， plummet， plunge， slide，shrink, dwindle, diminish舉例：人口減少：the number of population decreased/ declined.五：表示下降后保持平穩(wěn)：bottom out，flatten out(下降或升高后變平)舉例：人口下降后保持平穩(wěn)：the number of population decreased and bottomed out.六：表示穩(wěn)定或水平：remain steady/constant，stay stable, stabilize， stagnate，flatten out(下降或升高后變平)， level off， stay at the same level， be similar to， there is littlehardly anyno change舉例：表示人口數(shù)量保持平穩(wěn)的時(shí)候可以寫: the number of population stayed stable. /the number of population remained steady.七：表示波動(dòng)：fluctuate舉例：人口波動(dòng)：the number of population fluctuated.八：表示在底部：reach a low point，bottom out，reach the bottom，reach the rock，hit a trough九：表示在頂部：reach a peak，peak，top out，reach the highest point/ the top/ the summit/ the most，peak in/at，reach the zenith舉例：人口到達(dá)了頂峰：the number of population peaked/ reached its summit/ reached its zenith.        形容詞和副詞變化程度abrupt(ly)(突然)，sudden(ly)(突然)，dramatic(ally)(急劇)，drastic(ally)(急劇)，sharp(ly)(急劇)，quick(ly)(迅速)，rapid(ly)(迅速)，marked(ly)(顯著)，significant(ly)(顯著)，considerable(considerably)(相當(dāng))，substantial(ly)(相當(dāng)) moderate(ly)(適當(dāng))，gradual(ly)(逐漸)，slight(ly)(輕微)，slow(ly)(緩慢)，steady(steadily)(平緩)        名詞line chart線圖，curve diagram曲線圖，horizontal axis橫軸，vertical axis縱軸，plateau(上升后的穩(wěn)定期)，record high歷史高度，record low歷史低點(diǎn)，trough (曲線上的)最小值，zenith(最高值), general trend，upward/downward tend增加：an increase，a rise，a growth， an improvement， an upturn， a surge， an upsurge， an upward trend下降：a fall， a decrease， a decline， a drop， a downturn， a downturn trend，low point，reduction波動(dòng)：fluctuation        介詞一. remain steady/ stay stable/ level off/ bottom out/ peak/reach its peak/ reach its zenith后面需要使用的是at.舉例: 1.人口在500萬上保持平穩(wěn): The number of population remained steady at 5 million.2. 人口在800萬時(shí)到達(dá)了頂峰: The number of population peaked at 8 million.3. 下降后，人口在400萬保持平穩(wěn):After decreasing, the number of population bottomed out at 4 million.4. 上升后，人口在700萬保持平穩(wěn): After mounting, the number of population leveled off at 7 million.二. 上升/下降后面使用to(到)和by(了)舉例:1. 人口下降到200萬: number of population decreased to 2 million.2. 人口下降了200萬: number of population decreased by 2 million.3. 人口上升到1000萬: number of population increased to 10 million.4. 人口上升了500萬: number of population increased by 5 million.三. recover的后面大家需要使用的是from舉例: 人口在200萬時(shí)開始復(fù)蘇: The number of population recovered from 2 million.四. fluctuate的后面大家需要連接between and舉例: 人口在20和100億之間波動(dòng): The number of population fluctuated between 2 and 10 billion. 4.5.3.4曲線圖常用表達(dá)        開頭概述常用表達(dá)1) The line chart depicts the changes in the number of _ over the period from 2000 to 2004    該曲線圖描述了從2000年到2004年_數(shù)量的變化。2） The chart provides some data regarding the fluctuations of _ from 2000 to 2004    該曲線圖描述了從2000年到2004年_的變動(dòng)。3) The graph，presented in the curve diagram，shows the general trend in _.    該圖以曲線圖的形式描述了_總的趨勢。4) This is a line chart showing _.    這是一個(gè)曲線圖，描述了_。5) As can be seen from the graph，the two curves show the fluctuations of _.    如圖所示，兩條曲線描述了_波動(dòng)的情況。        描述曲線常用表達(dá)1)The _ in the graph is measured in units，each of which is equivalent to _.    圖表中的_以_為單位，每單位等于_。2) The horizontal axis stands for _.    橫軸代表了_。3) The vertical axis stands for _.    縱軸代表了_。4)There was a rapid (/dramaticdrasticsharpgreatremarkableslightlittleslow) increase (/risedecreasedropfalldecline) of A over the period from _ to _.    從_到_期間A有快速 / 劇烈急速很大明顯很小幾乎沒有緩慢地增長下降。5) The curve appeared to level off in 1988    曲線似乎在1988年穩(wěn)定下來。6) The situation reached a peak (/high point) at _ in 2000.  這種情況在2000年到達(dá)一個(gè)頂點(diǎn)，為_。7) The situation fell down to (/reached) the bottom in 2000  這種情況在2000年降到低谷。8) The figures hit a trough in 2000  這些數(shù)字2000年降到最低點(diǎn)。 4.5.3.5曲線圖模板The line chart compares the rate of  A  and  B  . It can be clearly seen that _.A _.  In contrast，B _.In conclusion, we can see from the chart that _.4.5.4 柱圖4.5.4.1 解題關(guān)鍵F        1柱狀圖是動(dòng)態(tài)圖表，切入點(diǎn)是描述趨勢。F        2柱狀圖寫作注重“比較”(找出similarity)和“對比”(找出difference)，也就是說需要橫向總結(jié)所有柱狀圖表的共性特征，也要分別描寫各個(gè)柱子的個(gè)性特征。F        3有兩種寫作方式：其一是對不同時(shí)間段內(nèi)的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行比較，適合于數(shù)據(jù)代表的物體較少且時(shí)間界限明確的情況。另外是對單獨(dú)數(shù)據(jù)的全程描述，適合于描述數(shù)據(jù)對象很多且時(shí)間劃定不清晰的情況。 4.5.4.2柱圖舉例Topic 4-8：The graph shows the increasing use of consumer goods (TVs，washing machines, etc.) in the UKSummarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where relevant. （圖貼不上，大家下載附件吧 ）          范文：The bar chart indicates the percentage of household consumer durables sold in the UK from 1972 to 1983. The goods can be divided into three groups. (首先介紹了圖表的內(nèi)容，然后點(diǎn)明從圖表中總結(jié)出的大致傾向，為下文展開做好鋪墊。)Firstly，a number of appliances were in a high percentage of homes for the entire periodThese included TVs，vacuum cleaners and washing machines TV ownership was the highest，growing from 93 to 98 over the eleven-year period, while washing machine ownership，the lowest of this group，increased from 66 to 80(開頭句為中心句。第二句用these來作承接，下面用最突出的數(shù)據(jù)來做例子，即highest和lowest。)The second group included the central heating and telephones which showed the most dramatic rise with increases of 27 for central heating and 35 for telephonesAt the beginning of the period, these appliances had been bought by 37 and 42 of homes respectively The final group was appliances that were only introduced into the market during the period shown Video recorder was quickly accepted into households, achieving 18 ownership by 1983The dishwasher had less impact, with its ownership slowly rising from 3 to 5 between 1978 and 1983(第二類、第三類電器現(xiàn)在的情況與以前相比較。比較是寫文章時(shí)常用的修辭手段。video recorder和the dishwasher之間進(jìn)行比較，用less連接兩個(gè)句子。)In all，it can be seen from the graph that British households enjoyed all ever-increasing ownership of consumer durables from 1972 to 1983(4.5.5 流程圖4.5.5.1 解題關(guān)鍵流程圖flow charts是一個(gè)難點(diǎn)。流程圖的題目基本不會(huì)重復(fù)；流程圖的詞匯隨著圖表不同而變化，很少出現(xiàn)重復(fù)的詞匯。幸運(yùn)的是，流程圖考題次數(shù)并不多，一年大概三到五次，主要集中在年初年末三個(gè)月。         流程圖特點(diǎn)：²        1流程圖基本不會(huì)出現(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)，文字信息占主要地位；²        2流程圖以描述為主，比較的機(jī)會(huì)比圖表題少；²        3流程圖中出現(xiàn)的信息都需要描述，而普通圖表則不需要描述每一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)；²        4流程圖的時(shí)態(tài)多比較單一，主要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)；²        5流程圖的分段比較靈活，只要不同階段之間的差距很明顯，就可以另起一段。         描述流程五大步F        1首先說明該過程是做什么工作的，目的是什么。F        2準(zhǔn)備工作。F        3按時(shí)間過程先后描述。F        4結(jié)果。F        5簡單總結(jié)(可有可無)。         描述一個(gè)實(shí)物器具的工作過程F        1實(shí)物是什么，做什么用的。F        2基本結(jié)構(gòu)。F        3工作過程。F        4簡單總結(jié)。         擴(kuò)充內(nèi)容的關(guān)鍵：階段間進(jìn)行比較很多烤鴨們在流程圖寫作中經(jīng)常遇到字?jǐn)?shù)不夠的問題，這是由于描述過程太平鋪直敘。此時(shí)要注意各個(gè)階段的比較。例4-33：In two weeks，the fry will grow up to two inches long解析：原句過于簡單，可以增加魚苗和前一階段的比較。改正：In two weeks, the fry will grow up to two inches long, more than twice longer than it was when hatched大意：在兩周的時(shí)間內(nèi)，魚苗長到了兩英寸，比剛孵化的時(shí)候長兩倍還要多。例4-34：In the second step，workers will rinse bottle glass of any colour解析：原句過于簡單，可以增加一點(diǎn)說明，譬如說關(guān)于第二階段產(chǎn)生的變化和結(jié)果。改正：In the second step，workers will rinse bottle glass of any colourWhile the glass in the first phase is possibly life-threatening and contaminated，the glass is now hygeian and ready for the next stage of the recycling process大意：在第二步，工作人員會(huì)清洗各種顏色的玻璃。第一階段的玻璃可能是危害健康并被污染的，而這一階段的玻璃是衛(wèi)生的，可以為循環(huán)過程的下一步做準(zhǔn)備。例4-35：In the second phase of urban sprawl，land developers start to build a residential area解析：原句過于簡單，可以增加一點(diǎn)說明，譬如說關(guān)于第二階段的功能和目的。改正： In the second phase of urban sprawl，land developers start to build a residential areaIt is to serve the needs of those people working in those office blocks and factories built in the first phase大意：在城市擴(kuò)張的第二階段，土地開發(fā)商開始建造居民區(qū)。這是為了滿足在第一階段所建辦公樓和工廠里工作的人們的需要。4.5.5.2流程圖舉例Topic 4-9：The diagram below shows the life cycle of the butterflySummarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where relevant. （圖貼不上，大家下載附件吧 ）         范文：The life cycle of a butterfly starts from egg layingThe female butterfly normally lays eggs on a plant that it thinks is suitable for accommodating and feeding caterpillarsIn each egg，an embryo develops graduallyIn general，this period takes two to three weeksThe fully-grown embryo，called “the caterpillar”，will emerge from the eggThe next stage is skin-sheddingCaterpillars will shed their skin several times throughout this stageThey feed on the food plants where they liveThis stage lasts for two months at most，until caterpillars are ready for the pupal stageThe pupal stage is possibly one of the greatest wonders in the natural worldAt this stage，the caterpillar wraps itself in a pupa，a creature it creates within two hoursInside the pupa，a process known as metamorphosis takes placeIn two weeks，the pupa is transformed into an adult butterfly.At the final stage，the adult butterfly will break the pupal case，expand its wings and take the flight for the first timeIt marks the end of metamorphosisFlying around for new foo