牛津初中英語語法.doc
教育精品資料7A Unit 1一般現(xiàn)在時 (is /am/are, do / does)的肯定、否定和疑問形式。例:My hair is long. Cats eat fish.He goes to school on foot every day.7A Unit 21人稱代詞 主格 :I , you , he, she, it, we, they. 在句中作主語。例: We/ I / You/ They have lunch at school. He / She/ It looks at me.2人稱代詞 賓格 :me, you, him, her, it, us, them在句中作賓語。 例: The teacher often helps us / me/ him/ her/ them.7A Unit 31. 時間介詞 at, on, in2. 疑問詞:what, which, who, whose, when, where, why, how3. some, any 的用法7A Unit 41 頻率副詞 never, seldom, sometimes, often, usually, always2 There be 結(jié)構(gòu)表示“某個地方客觀存在”。7A Unit 5現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時 is/ am/are + doing 表示正在進(jìn)行的動作.7A Unit 61. can , may表示“允許、可以”。2. 順序副詞: first, then, next, afterwards, finally.7B Unit 11 方位介詞:in front of, between, next to, between, opposite, on2 基數(shù)詞:one, two, three, four,3 序數(shù)詞:first, second, third, fourth.7B Unit 21. how much, how many.表示“多少”, 前者跟不可數(shù)名詞,后者跟可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)。2. 名詞所有格: Millies home, The two students homes.3. 形容詞性物主代詞:my, your, his , her, our, their, its 名詞性物主代詞:mine, yours, his, her, ours, theirs, its 4. 定冠詞the的用法: 獨(dú)一無二的,前文已提到過的。7B Unit 31 動作介詞: across, along, through, over, to, up, down, round, from2 一般將來時:will +動詞原形, shall + 動詞原形(但只能用于we/ I 第一人稱) is/ am/ are going to + 動詞原形7B Unit 4 一般過去時的肯定、否定和疑問形式。1 be 動詞的過去式:was/ were2 do(實(shí)義動詞)的過去式分規(guī)則和不規(guī)則兩類。7B Unit 51 用can/ could表示“能力”“會”。I can speak English. I could swim when I was young.2 用can/ could 表示“可能”“可能性”。I am free. I can help you. At that time, anything could happen.3 感嘆句 What a good girl! What bad weather! How nice it is!7B Unit 61. 祈使句的肯定形式和否定形式:Walk the dog at 7:00. (Please) dont chase the cat.2. 情態(tài)動詞should, ought to & must 的用法should (應(yīng)該)/ shouldnt(不應(yīng)該),ought to(應(yīng)該)/ ought not to(不應(yīng)該), must (必須)/ mustnt (不可以,不允許)。8A Unit 11. 描述性形容詞,如:short, long, round, interesting,funny, slim, important, beautiful等。2形容詞的比較級和最高級 規(guī)則的bigger / the biggest more important/ the most important 不規(guī)則的 worse / the worst3. 表示“比較”的句式:as + 形容詞+as - “和。一樣” not as / so + 形容詞 + as“。不如。”8A Unit 21 比較兩者間的數(shù)量用以下句式:more.than, fewer.than., less than 例: I have more / fewer apples than you. (后跟復(fù)數(shù)名詞) I have more / less free time than he/ him.(后跟不可數(shù)名詞) 2比較兩者以上間的數(shù)量用 the most, the fewest, the least. 例: Amy scored the most/ fewest points of all. Daniel has the least money of the three.3用 like & alike 來比較。例: My skirt is / looks like hers. = My skirt and hers are alike. 4. 用詞組 the same as & be different from來比較8A Unit 31. and, but, or(或者)的用法。 2. 動詞+ to do 這些動詞有:plan, agree, want, decide, choose, hope, learn, prepare等。3反身代詞:myself, yourself, yourselves, ourselves, himself, herself, itself, themselves 8A Unit 4 由if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句1. 用來描述可能出現(xiàn)的情況,主句時態(tài)用將來時,如: If it doesnt rain tomorrow, we will go to the park.2用來描述反復(fù)的、可預(yù)見的情況,主句時態(tài)用一般時。如: If tigers are hungry, they attack people.8A Unit 51. 用一般現(xiàn)在時表示“將來”。如:The train leaves at 9:00.2用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時表示“將來”,如:We are leaving for Shanghai this evening.3方式副詞:quietly, gently, easily, well往往由形容詞+ly變成副詞,如:quiet quietly, easyeasily, possible possibly 少數(shù)副詞和形容詞同形,如:fast, early, long 等。注意:goodwell, nearnearly , hard - hardly8A Unit 6 1. 表示原因的連詞:because , as, since. (這些詞放在原因從句之前,主句不能再用so.)2.表示命令、請求、建議的句式:tell / ask / order /advise / warn sb. (not) to do sth.8B Unit 1現(xiàn)在完成時 1. 結(jié)構(gòu): have / has + PP 表示動作發(fā)生在過去但對現(xiàn)在仍有影響。2. 肯定、否定和疑問形式3. 常用的一些時間狀語,如:already, ever, for, since, just, never, yet等。4. for + 一段時間, since + 過去的一點(diǎn)時間/ 用過去式的從句,相對應(yīng)的主句動詞要用延續(xù)性動詞,如:leave - be away, die - be dead, borrow - keep, buyhave, come -be here, join - be in/ be a member of 等。如:He has left already.He has been away for two hours.8B Unit 21. 過去進(jìn)行時 was / were + doing 表示過去某個時刻正在進(jìn)行的 。2. 肯定、否定和疑問形式.3. while 和 when在過去進(jìn)行時中的用法: 進(jìn)行時+ while +進(jìn)行時 過去式,while + 進(jìn)行時 = when +過去式,進(jìn)行時例:I was doing my homework while my father was watching TV. The bell rang while he was reading books. When the bell rang, he was reading books. (以上這兩句主從句前后可以互換)8B Unit 3被動語態(tài)1 結(jié)構(gòu):be + PP 時態(tài)變化都只改變be 的各種形式2 肯定、否定和疑問形式3 不是所有的動詞都有被動形式,如感覺動詞: feel, smell, look, taste, sound 和 happen, take place 等。4 主動形式表被動意義,如: This shirt sells well.(詳細(xì)見課件復(fù)習(xí))8B Unit 41. because, because of, so 的用法。because + 從句, because of +短語 (but: what you said), 兩者后都跟原因。so 后跟結(jié)果的從句。同一句子中,不能同時出現(xiàn)because/ because of和 so.2hope & wish的用法 hope 所希望的是有可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的,但wish所希望的是現(xiàn)在不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的。 如:I hope you can come to my party. I wish I were the President.3.主語 hope to do sth., 主語hope其他人做某事,要跟從句。 wish可用來向某人祝福,如: I wish you a happy new year!8B Unit 51. 賓語從句(陳述句、一般疑問句、特殊疑問句)2. used to & be used to 的用法used to do 意思為:過去常常,過去曾。如:He used to be a teacher. He used to get up early. be used to doing / sth.意思為:習(xí)慣于做某事,如: He is used to the bad weather. He is used to getting up early.8B Unit 6三個句型結(jié)構(gòu):1 Its +形容詞 + that 從句,如:It is necessary that we help the elderly.2. Its + 形容詞 + to do sth., 如:Its useful to learn English well.3. Its +形容詞+ for sb (not). to do sth.,如:Its necessary for us to protect the environment.9A Unit 11. 句式:It is +形容詞(性格)+of sb.+ (not) to do sth. 如:Its kind of you to help me.2. 句式: 主語+ be +形容詞+enough + to do sth. 如: They are patient enough to wait for me for 2 hours.3. 句子的不同成分:主語、謂語、表語、賓語、定語、狀語。9A Unit 21 固定結(jié)構(gòu):would ratherthan寧愿。也不愿。如:On such a rainy day, I would rather stay at home than go out.2 固定結(jié)構(gòu):prefer to 寧愿。不愿。, 比起。更喜歡。如:I prefer red to blue. On such a rainy day, I prefer staying at home to going out.3 不定代詞:someone /somebody, anyone / anybody, no one / nobody something, anything, nothing, none 作主語時為單數(shù),形容詞后置。9A Unit 31. 疑問詞+ to do 如:I dont know how to do it./ what to do. We havent decided when to have the meeting.2句子種類:陳述句、疑問句、祈使句、感嘆句。3賓語補(bǔ)足語。如:We find him a good boy / good.4. 5種句子結(jié)構(gòu) 主語+ 謂語 Millie is reading. 主語+ 謂語+ 賓語 Millie is reading a book. 主語+ 謂語+ 表語 Millie is here. 主語 + 謂語間接賓語直接賓語We gave him a book. 主語 + 謂語 + 賓語 + 賓補(bǔ) We call him Tom. 9A Unit 41. 介詞短語:between. and., from. to.2. 連詞:before, after, until / not until3. 連詞:while & as While + 進(jìn)行時,進(jìn)行時 while / as + 進(jìn)行時, 非進(jìn)行時(短暫性動詞) As + 非進(jìn)行時(短暫性動詞),非進(jìn)行時(短暫性動詞)9A Unit 51過去完成時 had + PP(過去分詞)2用should, ought to, had better, have to, must 表示建議。否定形式: ought not to had better not, dont have to / neednt3. 用 why not, why dont you, perhaps 來表示建議,要放在句首。9A Unit 61易混淆的單詞: bring /take, hear/ listen, see/ look/ watch, come / go 2有時態(tài)變化的間接引語。 時間狀語的變化(P 103) 疑問句變?yōu)殚g接引語時,要注意疑問語序要變?yōu)殛愂稣Z序、句尾標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號。9B Unit 11. 用can / could, may / might 來表示允許。四單詞正式語氣遞增。2. that 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。3If / whether引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。9B Unit 21由疑問詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。2i n order to do & as a result3. need to do , need 有時態(tài)變化,否定形式要用助動詞 do. does, did1. 形容詞的用法: 形容詞用以修飾名詞,表示人或事物的特征。在句中可以作定語、表語,用于限定被修飾語的特征,如長短、大小、重量、顏色、高矮、胖瘦、新舊等,。 The little girl is very pretty. 這個小女孩很好看。 -I want that one. 我想要那個。 -Which one? 哪一個? -The new blue one. 那個藍(lán)色新的。 Can I have a look at the big nice one? 我能看一看那個大的漂亮的嗎? 2、人稱代詞: 是用來表示人的代詞,有單數(shù)和負(fù)數(shù)之分,有主格和賓格之分。人稱代詞的主格在句中作主語;人稱代詞的賓格在句中作賓語,是作動詞或介詞的賓語。 主格:I, we, you, he, she, it, they在句子中作主語 賓格:me, us, you, him, her, it, them在句子中作賓語 He and I are in the same class. 我和他在同一個班級。 Can you see them in the street? 你能看見他們在街上嗎? 3、可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞 英語中名詞分為可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。凡是可數(shù)計數(shù)的名詞叫做可數(shù)名詞;凡是不可以計數(shù)的名詞叫做不可數(shù)名詞。 (1)可數(shù)名詞分為單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)兩種形式??蓴?shù)名詞前可以用不定冠詞、數(shù)詞或some many等修飾。如:a man a desk an apple an orange some books some children tow pens (2)不可數(shù)名詞沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式,前面不能用不定冠詞、數(shù)詞或many等詞語修飾,但可以用some a little much等詞語來修飾。有時可以與一些量詞短語搭配,這些量詞短語中的名詞一般是可數(shù)的,有單數(shù)形式,也可以有復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:some water a little milk much food a piece of bread tow bottles of ink some glasses of water 4、祈使句 祈使句用來表示請求、命令等,句中沒有主語,肯定形式由謂語或者謂語+賓語(+賓語補(bǔ)足語)構(gòu)成,否定形式則在句前加Dont. Stand up, please. 請起立。 Dont worry. 別擔(dān)心。 can的用法: can是情態(tài)動詞,表示“能,會,可以,被允許等”,其后接動詞原形,否定形式為cannot,可縮寫為cant. She can speak Japanese. 她會講日語。 I cant remember his name. 我不記得他的名字了。 Can you spell your name? 你會拼寫你的名字嗎? 5、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時態(tài): 概念:表示現(xiàn)在(說話瞬間)正在進(jìn)行或發(fā)生的動作,也可以表示目前一段時間內(nèi)或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的活動。 結(jié)構(gòu):由be動詞(am, is, are) + 動詞ing構(gòu)成,其中be動詞要與主語保持性數(shù)一致。 Mary is flying a kite in the park. 瑪麗正在公園里放風(fēng)箏。 -What are you doing now? 你現(xiàn)在在干什么? -Im reading English. 我正在讀英語。Are they drawing the pictures now? 他們正在畫畫嗎?動詞現(xiàn)在分詞是動詞原形變化而來的,規(guī)則變化如下: 動詞ing形式叫動詞現(xiàn)在分詞,其構(gòu)成如下: 1) 直接在動詞后加ing playplaying, dodoing, talktalking, sing-singing 2) 以不發(fā)音的字母e結(jié)尾的動詞,先去e,再加ing makemaking, writewriting, havehaving, taketaking 3) 以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾的動詞且詞尾只有一個輔音字母,應(yīng)雙寫這個輔音字母,再加ing runrunning, stopstopping, putputting, swimswimming 注意對現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時態(tài)的判斷。判斷一個英語句子用什么時態(tài),主要看句子的時間狀語,一般說來,每種時態(tài)都有與之相對應(yīng)的時間狀語?,F(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時表示現(xiàn)在(說話瞬間)正在進(jìn)行或發(fā)生的動作。因此,這個時態(tài)最常用的時間狀語是now;但有不少句子并沒有now,只能通過提示語如look、listen等或者通過上下文來確定用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時。 She is cleaning her room now. 她正在打掃房間。 Look! The girl is dancing over there. 看!那個女孩在那里跳舞。 -Can you go and play games with me? 你能和我們一起做游戲嗎? -Cant you see I am doing my homework? 你沒看見我正在做作業(yè)嗎? 6、have/ has的用法: 1) 謂語動詞have表示“有”,有兩種形式:have和has,前者用于第一人稱(I, we),第二人稱(you)和第三人稱復(fù)數(shù)(they),后者用于第三人稱單數(shù)(he, she, it)或單數(shù)名詞。 I have an apple and he has two bananas. 我有一個蘋果,他有兩個香蕉。 You have a new English teacher. 你們有了一個新的英語老師。 It has two big eyes. 它有一雙大眼睛。 Julie and Jack have a nice car. 朱莉和杰克有一輛好看的車。 2) have/has句型與there be句型的比較:兩者都表示“有”,但用法不同。前者表示所屬關(guān)系,即表示“某人或某物有什么”,而后者表示存在,表示“某地有什么”。 They have some new books. 他們有一些新書。 There are some new books on their desks. 他們桌子上有一些新書。 She has a lot of pretty skirts. 她有很多漂亮的裙子。 There are a lot of pretty skirts in the shop. 商店里有很多漂亮的裙子。 3) have/ has的否定句,一般要加助動詞do/ does,再加not構(gòu)成,即do not have (dont have)/ does not have (doesnt have) . She does not have a sister. 她沒有姐姐。 We dont have any classes on Saturday. 我們星期六沒有課。 Ann and I dont have a big room. 我和安沒有一個大房間。 4) 一般疑問句由“助動詞Do/ Does + 主語 + have + 賓語”構(gòu)成,回答用Yes, do/ does.或者No, dont/ doesnt. -Do you have a big house? 他們的房子大嗎? -No, they dont. 不,他們的房子不大。-Does he have an eraser? 他有橡皮嗎? -Yes, he does. 他有的。 5) 特殊疑問句由特殊疑問詞 + 助動詞do/ does + have (+狀語)構(gòu)成。 What do they have? 他們有什么? What does he have? 他有什么? How many telephones do they have? 他們有幾部電話?7、介詞用法: 1) 具體時間前介詞用at。 . He gets up at half past seven every day. 他每天七點(diǎn)半起床。 She goes to bed at eleven oclock. 她十一點(diǎn)睡覺。 2) 表示“在早上,在下午,在晚上”的短語中用介詞in,且定冠詞the不能省略;表示“在中午,在夜里”的短語中介詞用at,不加冠詞。 in the morning在早上,in the afternoon 在下午,in the evening 在晚上 at noon在中午,at night在夜里 3) 表示“在某天”、“在某天的上午、下午等”的短語用介詞on。 What do you usually do on Monday morning? 星期一上午你通常做什么? Do you sometimes go out to eat on Friday evening? 有時你星期五晚上出去吃飯嗎? He watches DVDs on Saturday night. 星期六晚上他看DVD。 Parents take children to parks on June 1. 六月一日,家長們帶著孩子去公園。 4) 在this, last, next, every等詞前面既不加介詞,也不用冠詞。 What are you doing this afternoon? 今天下午你做什么? He visits his grandma every Friday. 他每個星期五都去看望祖母。 She is going to Shanghai next Monday. 她下個星期一去上海。 8、一般現(xiàn)在時 一般現(xiàn)在時表示經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動作,或表示現(xiàn)在的特征或狀態(tài)。 其動詞形式是:動詞原形(只有第三人稱單數(shù)作主語時除外,要加-s)其疑問句和否定句需要用助動詞do或does 1) 肯定句用行為動詞原形表示 They get up very early every morning. 他們每天早晨起來很早。 I visit my grandparents four times a month. 我一個月去看望祖父母四次。 2) 否定句用dont + 動詞原形來表示 We do not go shopping on Sundays. 我們周日不去購物。 I dont think you like this colour. 我想你不喜歡這個顏色。 3) 一般疑問句則是把助動詞do提前至句首,后面動詞用原形?;卮饡r,肯定用 “Yes, 主語+do”;否定句用 “No, 主語+dont”。 Do they go to school at seven oclock? 他們七點(diǎn)去上學(xué)嗎? -Yes, they do. -Do you like this skirt? 你喜歡這條裙子嗎? -No, I dont. 不,我不喜歡。一般現(xiàn)在時用來表示經(jīng)常的或習(xí)慣性的動作,常與以下的時間狀語連用:often 經(jīng)常,always 總是,sometimes 有時,usually 通常,every day/ week 每天/ 周等。 He usually goes to school by bike. 通常他騎車上學(xué)。 I visit my grandparents every week. 我每個星期都去看祖父母。 She is always late for class. 她總是上課遲到。 My parents and I sometimes go out to eat. 我和父母有時出去吃飯。 It often rains here. 這兒常常下雨。 主語為第三人稱單數(shù)時的一般現(xiàn)在時 一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài),當(dāng)主語為第三人稱單數(shù)時,謂語動詞也要是第三人稱單數(shù),后要加-s或-es。 He likes reading at night. 他喜歡夜里讀書。 She usually goes to school by bike. 她平時騎車上學(xué)。 The little cat drinks milk every day. 小貓每天都喝牛奶。 轉(zhuǎn)換成否定句要加doesnt,其后的動詞用原形。 Kelly doesnt get up early on Saturdays and Sundays. 凱麗星期六星期天起床不早。 He doesnt feel well today. 他今天感覺不舒服。 轉(zhuǎn)換成一般疑問句,句首用Does,其后的動詞用原形。 Does he have lunch at school? 他在學(xué)校吃午飯嗎? Does it take long by train? 乘火車要很長時間嗎?