新能源電動車驅(qū)動橋設(shè)計【三維CATIA】【含CAD圖紙、說明書】【QX系列】
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電動車驅(qū)動橋設(shè)計說明書2018年04月目 錄摘要關(guān)鍵詞AbstractKey words1緒論11.1引言11.2電動車的發(fā)展趨勢11.3 電動車驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)組成12電動車總體設(shè)計 32.1 技術(shù)參數(shù)32.2 構(gòu)造形式及工作條件32.3主要參數(shù)選擇32.3.1 主要尺寸32.3.2 電動車質(zhì)量32.3.3 電動機參數(shù)32.3.4 輪胎參數(shù)42.3.5 傳動比計算42.3.6 最大爬坡度計算42.4 核心件參數(shù)42.5 總體布置計算52.5.1 各部分質(zhì)量及重心坐標(biāo)52.5.2 空載及滿載時重心坐標(biāo)52.5.3 軸荷分配計算52.6 穩(wěn)定性計算 62.6.1 汽車不縱向翻倒的條件62.6.2 汽車不橫向翻倒的條件62.7 最小轉(zhuǎn)彎直徑的計算62.8 行程計算73 雙電動機驅(qū)動橋設(shè)計83.1 驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)總體設(shè)計83.2 減速器的設(shè)計83.2.1傳動比分配83.2.2 運動和動力參數(shù)計算83.2.3 齒輪參數(shù)計算93.2.4 軸的設(shè)計193.2.5 平鍵的強度校核203.2.6 軸的強度校核203.2.7 軸承的壽命校核253.2.8 減速器箱體的設(shè)計273.3 半軸的設(shè)計 273.3.1 半軸的形式273.3.2 半軸軸徑的確定283.3.3 花鍵的設(shè)計和校核283.3.4 半軸連接螺釘強度校核293.4 輪轂的設(shè)計293.4.1 輪轂的外形設(shè)計293.4.2 輪轂與輪輞的連接螺栓強度校核293.5 驅(qū)動橋殼的設(shè)計303.5.1 驅(qū)動橋殼的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計303.5.2 驅(qū)動橋殼的強度計算303.5.3 橋殼與減速器連接螺釘強度校核333.6 輪轂軸承的壽命計算33致謝35參考文獻36附錄37摘要: 總體方案設(shè)計包括:分析給定的技術(shù)參數(shù)及工作條件,進行調(diào)查研究、收集資料,確定個部分的構(gòu)造型式、主要尺寸及估重,并做布置位置草圖;初算整機重心位置、橋負荷、穩(wěn)定性、牽引性、制動性、機動性等,繪制總體外型尺寸及參數(shù)性能圖。驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)設(shè)計包括:驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)傳動方案的確定。采用單電機集中驅(qū)動系統(tǒng),由減速箱總成、差速器總成及驅(qū)動橋組成,驅(qū)動電機與減速器主動齒輪直接相連,通過兩級減速及差速器,將扭矩傳送到左右兩個驅(qū)動輪。電機軸線與車輪軸線平行,因此減速器采用兩極圓柱齒輪傳動。半軸采用全浮式結(jié)構(gòu),與輪轂用螺釘連接傳遞轉(zhuǎn)矩。橋殼采用組合式結(jié)構(gòu),一端由輪轂軸承支承在車輪上,另一端與減速器相連。減速器的設(shè)計。分配傳動比,計算動力和運動參數(shù);按接觸強度確定中心距,計算齒輪的主要參數(shù);按扭轉(zhuǎn)強度設(shè)計軸的尺寸,按彎扭合成校核軸的強度;減速器箱體的設(shè)計;軸承的壽命校核。半軸、橋殼等零件的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計與強度校核。關(guān)鍵詞:電動車;驅(qū)動橋;減速器 Abstract: The collectivity design includes: Analyzing with the technical parameters and conditions of work which is given, surveying and collecting information, identifying the structure type, size and major, then the general layout could be done. Those barycentric coordinates, burthen of transaxle, stability, tractive effort, brakeage and maneuverability and so on will be calculating. The arrangement plan will be drawn. Transaxle design includes: Transaxle concept design is completed: the system consists of only a traction motor , gear reducer, diff and transaxle. Drive motor and gear reducer are directly linked to the initiative. The torque will be sent to driving wheels through the slowdown and the diff. As the axis of the motor parallels to the axis of the wheel, the reducer must be parallel shaft reducer. The gearing is full-floating axle shaft, which transfers torque with integral hub by screw. Axle housing must be unitized carrier-type axle housing, with one end bears on the wheel; the other end connects with the reducer. The design of reducer. Distribution of transmission ratio, computing parameters of power and motion; contacting center distance by strength identified, calculating parameters of the main gear, designing the size of axes; the design of reducer box; checking bearing life. The structure design and strength check of the axle, bridges and other parts of spare.Key words: Electric Vehicle;Transaxle;Reducer1 緒論1.1 引言伴隨著21世紀的到來,由于降低公害、安全節(jié)能及新穎化的社會要求,汽車技術(shù)在不斷引入以新材料、電子技術(shù)為基礎(chǔ)的新技術(shù)過程中取得巨大的進步。汽車能源利用效率、有害物排放、車用新能源的開發(fā)和利用等問題,近年來一直受到各國政府、專家和公眾的關(guān)注。人們投入巨額資金和大量人力研究更加清潔的電動汽車,電動汽車已經(jīng)成為各大汽車企業(yè)競相研究開發(fā)的前沿項目。1.2電動車的發(fā)展趨勢電動汽車是最近這些年來世界各大汽車廠競相開發(fā)的項目,因為清潔環(huán)保汽車一直是人們追求的目標(biāo)。隨著人類對地球升溫的擔(dān)心和大氣污染的日益加重,人們對太陽能的關(guān)心越來越增長。電動汽車的驅(qū)動橋處于傳動系的末端,它的基本功用是增大由傳動器傳來的轉(zhuǎn)矩,將轉(zhuǎn)矩分配給左右驅(qū)動車輪,并使左右驅(qū)動車輪具有汽車行駛運動學(xué)所要求的差速功能;同時,驅(qū)動橋還要承受作用于路面和車架之間的鉛垂力、縱向力和橫向力。轉(zhuǎn)向系的功用是改變汽車的行駛方向和保持汽車穩(wěn)定的直線行駛。汽車一般采用前輪轉(zhuǎn)向。轉(zhuǎn)向系的主要組成機構(gòu)包括:轉(zhuǎn)向盤、轉(zhuǎn)向器、轉(zhuǎn)向傳動桿系等。制動系是用來強制汽車減速或停車,并可使汽車在坡道上停放的裝置。為保證汽車在緊急情況下可靠的制動,應(yīng)有兩套獨立的制動系統(tǒng),其中一種是用機械方式傳遞其操縱力的。制動系的主要組成機構(gòu)包括:制動踏板、駐車制動桿、車輪制動器等。車身包括駕駛室和各種形式的車廂,用以容納駕駛員、乘客和裝載貨物。1.3電動車驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)組成一般的汽車結(jié)構(gòu)中,驅(qū)動橋包括減速器、差速器、驅(qū)動車輪的傳動裝置及橋殼等部件。根據(jù)其齒輪類型、主動齒輪和從動齒輪的安置方法以及減速方式的不同,減速器的結(jié)構(gòu)形式也不同。減速器的傳動比、驅(qū)動橋的離地間隙和計算載荷是減速器設(shè)計的原始數(shù)據(jù),要在總體設(shè)計時就確定。由于發(fā)動機在汽車上是縱向安置的,減速器將用來改變轉(zhuǎn)矩的傳遞方向。為了使汽車有足夠的牽引力和適當(dāng)?shù)淖罡哕囁伲瑴p速器進行增大轉(zhuǎn)矩、降低轉(zhuǎn)速的變化。差速器用來解決左右車輪間的轉(zhuǎn)矩分配問題和差速要求。當(dāng)汽車轉(zhuǎn)彎或在不平路面上行駛時,左右車輪在同一時間內(nèi)所滾動的行程是不一樣的,因此其轉(zhuǎn)速也應(yīng)不同。因此,要求驅(qū)動橋在傳遞轉(zhuǎn)矩給左右車輪的同時,能使它們以適應(yīng)上述運動學(xué)要求的不同角速度旋轉(zhuǎn),這一要求是由差速器來實現(xiàn)的。裝有差速器的汽車,當(dāng)左右齒輪與地面的附著系數(shù)不同且一個驅(qū)動車輪滑轉(zhuǎn)而失去牽引力時,另一個附著好的驅(qū)動車輪也將喪失牽引功能。驅(qū)動車輪的傳動裝置的功用在于將轉(zhuǎn)矩由差速器半軸齒輪傳到驅(qū)動車輪。對轉(zhuǎn)向驅(qū)動橋,則必須在驅(qū)動車輪的傳動裝置中安裝等速萬向節(jié),對于非轉(zhuǎn)向驅(qū)動橋來說,驅(qū)動車輪的傳動裝置也要用萬向節(jié)傳動。如果驅(qū)動車輪不是轉(zhuǎn)向輪,則車輪直接由連接差速器和輪轂的半軸來驅(qū)動,這時半軸將差速器半軸齒輪與輪轂連接起來。在裝有輪邊減速器的驅(qū)動橋上,輪邊減速器的主動齒輪與半軸齒輪以半軸連接。橋殼起著支撐汽車荷重的作用,并將載荷傳遞給車輪,作用在車輪上的牽引力、制動力等力都是通過橋殼傳到車架上。因此,橋殼既有承載作用,又有力的傳遞,同時還是減速器、差速器、半軸的外殼。在汽車行使過程中,橋殼承受繁重的載荷。因此,橋殼既要結(jié)構(gòu)簡單,降低成本以及方便拆裝維修,又要考慮在動載荷下有足夠的強度和剛度。輪胎與車輪支撐汽車質(zhì)量,并承受路面的各種反力,如驅(qū)動力和制動力,在汽車轉(zhuǎn)彎時,還要承受側(cè)向力以及吸收汽車行使時產(chǎn)生的動載荷和振動。車輪由輪輞和輪輻組成。輪胎裝在輪輞上,輪輻用輪胎螺栓固定在輪轂上。輪輞是輪胎安裝的基礎(chǔ),既要支撐輪胎,又要保證輪胎拆卸方便。2 電動車總體設(shè)計2.1 技術(shù)參數(shù)1、 額定載人數(shù) 46人2、 總質(zhì)量 約1000 kg3、 最大行駛速度V行 30km/h 4、 最大爬坡度(滿載) 10%5、 最小離地間隙 150mm6、 最小轉(zhuǎn)彎半徑Rmin 4500mm7、 最大制動距離 6m8、 自重 576 kg9、 蓄電池電壓 48V10、電控 Acl/48/1802.2 構(gòu)造形式及工作條件1、電動車形式:后置后驅(qū) 2、電動車動力:蓄電池組直流串勵電動機驅(qū)動 額定電壓:48V 3、路面條件:瀝青或混凝土路面2.3主要參數(shù)選擇2.3.1 主要尺寸總長a=3200mm,總寬w=1600mm,總高h=1900mm,軸距L=(54%60%)a代入數(shù)據(jù),取整為2000mm, 輪距B=0.75L+100(80) 代入數(shù)據(jù),取整為1350mm, 前懸L=450mm,后懸L=700mm,最小離地間隙150mm2.3.2 電動車質(zhì)量座位數(shù):4座,整車質(zhì)量=人均整備質(zhì)量 座位數(shù)=96 5=480kg,參考同類車取 600kg;總質(zhì)量取整為1000 kg。2.3.3 電動機參數(shù):最大功率P=(V+V) (2-1)=(30+30)=1.56kw其中:傳動效率0.9,g重力加速度,滾動阻力系數(shù)0.0165,C空氣阻力系數(shù)0.65,A汽車正面投影面積,m汽車質(zhì)量。取 安全裕量系數(shù)為1.1,則電機最大功率應(yīng)為2.18kW,根據(jù)電機資料,以最接近原則選取2.2kW的串勵直流電機,其額定轉(zhuǎn)速為,額定轉(zhuǎn)速時的扭矩為; 2.3.4 輪胎參數(shù)直徑工作半徑,單邊寬最大承載437kg,胎壓0.3MPa;2.3.5 傳動比計算=9.15 (2-2)式中:為汽車的最高車速;是最高車速時發(fā)動機的轉(zhuǎn)速;為車輪的滾動半徑。2.3.6 最大爬坡度計算= (2-3)=46.6=36.6Km最大牽引力F= (2-4) = =118Kg=0.0165 =11.8%10%,故滿足設(shè)計要求。2.4 核心件參數(shù)鉛酸蓄電池:DC 48V,160Ah,外形尺寸 522mm 240mm 242mm,重量 260kg;電動機: 2.2kW,DC 48V,56A,2800r/min,重量 26kg;轉(zhuǎn)向系 60kg;驅(qū)動橋 100kg;車架車廂 80kg。2.5 總體布置計算2.5.1 各部分質(zhì)量及重心坐標(biāo):蓄電池:尺寸522240242,總電壓48V,容量160AH,重260Kg,重心坐標(biāo)(720,371).直流電動機:功率2.2KW,電壓48V,電流57A,轉(zhuǎn)速2800r/min,重26Kg,重心坐標(biāo)(1840,260).轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng):包括前車輪、懸架、制動器,重約60Kg,重心坐標(biāo)(100,260).驅(qū)動系統(tǒng):包括減速器、差速器、半軸、后車輪、制動器,重約100Kg,重心坐標(biāo)(1950,260).車架、車身:重約80Kg,重心坐標(biāo)(1000,225).2.5.2 空載及滿載時重心坐標(biāo)空載總質(zhì)量約600Kg,滿載總質(zhì)量約880Kg則空載時重心坐標(biāo) (2-5) 計算結(jié)果x=1020,y=460滿載時重心坐標(biāo) 計算結(jié)果=1080,=5702.5.3 軸荷分配計算滿載靜止時 (2-6)其中:前軸負荷,后軸負荷,汽車總質(zhì)量 L汽車軸距,a質(zhì)心距前軸距離,b質(zhì)心距后軸距離=405Kg,=475Kg滿載行駛時 (2-7)其中為附著系數(shù),在干燥的瀝青或混凝土路面上,該值為0.70.8,取0.75。=275Kg,=605Kg滿載制動 (2-8)Kg,341Kg2.6 穩(wěn)定性計算2.6.1 汽車不縱向翻倒的條件,=0.75 (2-9)0.75即滿足條件2.6.2 汽車不橫向翻倒的條件,=0.75 (2-10)0.75即滿足條件2.7 最小轉(zhuǎn)彎直徑的計算汽車最小轉(zhuǎn)彎直徑=9mD2 (2-11)90002汽車前內(nèi)輪最大轉(zhuǎn)角36.72.8 行程計算S=Vt (2-17) = V() = 30() =158Km大于目標(biāo)里程120Km,故滿足要求。3 電動機驅(qū)動橋設(shè)計3.1 驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)總體設(shè)計驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)的總體設(shè)計方案示意圖如圖3-1所示,采用單電機集中驅(qū)動系統(tǒng),由減速箱總成、差速器總成及驅(qū)動橋組成,驅(qū)動電機與減速器主動齒輪直接相連,通過兩級減速,將扭矩傳送到左右兩個驅(qū)動輪。電機軸線與車輪軸線平行,因此減速器采用兩極圓柱齒輪傳動。半軸采用全浮式結(jié)構(gòu),與輪轂用螺釘連接傳遞轉(zhuǎn)矩。橋殼采用組合式結(jié)構(gòu),一端由輪轂軸承支承在車輪上,另一端與減速器相連。橋殼的設(shè)計還要與懸架等配合,根據(jù)它的結(jié)構(gòu)和尺寸設(shè)計連接部件。圖3-1驅(qū)動橋總成3.2 減速器的設(shè)計3.2.1傳動比分配總傳動比,故采用兩級圓柱齒輪減速器。根據(jù)的經(jīng)驗公式,取,。3.2.2 運動和動力參數(shù)計算高速軸: 中間軸: 低速軸 3.2.3 齒輪參數(shù)計算高速級齒輪傳動設(shè)計:(1)齒輪均采用斜齒傳動,6級精度,齒面滲碳淬火。材料選擇:小齒輪:38SiMnMo,調(diào)質(zhì),硬度 320340HBS;大齒輪:35SiMn,調(diào)質(zhì),硬度 280300 HBS。查得,=790,=760; =640,=600。(2)按接觸強度初步確定中心距,并初選主要參數(shù)。 (3-1)式中 小齒輪傳遞的轉(zhuǎn)矩=7.5載荷系數(shù)K:K=1.6。齒寬系數(shù):取=0.4。齒數(shù)比u:暫取u=3.55。許用接觸應(yīng)力: 取最小安全系數(shù)=1.1,按大齒輪計算=691將以上數(shù)據(jù)代入計算中心距的公式得=56圓整為標(biāo)準中心距為=60。按經(jīng)驗公式,=(0.0070.02)=(0.0070.02)60=0.421.2 取標(biāo)準模數(shù)=1。初取,=。 取,精求螺旋角 所以 (3)校核齒面接觸疲勞強度 (3-2)式中分度圓上的圓周力 使用系數(shù)動載系數(shù): (3-3) 根據(jù)齒輪圓周速度,齒輪精度等級為9級。將有關(guān)值代入式(3-17)得齒向載荷系數(shù): 齒向載荷分配系數(shù):按,查得節(jié)點區(qū)域系數(shù):按,查得。查得接觸強度計算的重合度及螺旋角系數(shù)查得:首先計算當(dāng)量齒數(shù)求當(dāng)量齒輪的端面重合度。按,分別查得。所以。按,縱向重合度。按,查得。將以上各數(shù)值代入齒面接觸應(yīng)力計算公式得計算安全系數(shù): (3-4)式中,壽命系數(shù):先計算應(yīng)力循環(huán)次數(shù):對調(diào)質(zhì)鋼,查得。潤滑油模影響系數(shù):按照,選用220號中級壓型工業(yè)齒輪油,其運動粘度,查得。工作硬化系數(shù):因為小齒輪齒面未硬化處理,齒面未光整,故取。接觸強度計算的尺寸系數(shù)。將以上數(shù)值代入安全系數(shù)的計算公式得查得,。,故安全。(4)校核齒根彎曲疲勞強度 (3-5)式中彎曲強度計算的載荷分布系數(shù):彎曲強度計算的載荷分配系數(shù):復(fù)合齒行系數(shù):按,查得。彎曲強度計算的重合度與螺旋角系數(shù):按,查得將以上各數(shù)值代入齒根彎曲應(yīng)力計算公式得計算安全系數(shù): (3-6)式中,壽命系數(shù):對調(diào)質(zhì)鋼,按,查得,按,查得相對齒根圓角敏感系數(shù)。相對齒根表面狀況系數(shù):齒面粗糙度,得。尺寸系數(shù):查得。將以上數(shù)值代入安全系數(shù)的公式得查得,取。及均大于,故安全。(5)主要幾何尺寸取低速級齒輪傳動設(shè)計(1)齒輪均采用斜齒傳動,6級精度,齒面滲碳淬火。材料選擇:小齒輪:38SiMnMo,調(diào)質(zhì),硬度 320340HBS;大齒輪:35SiMn,調(diào)質(zhì),硬度 280300 HBS。查得,=790,=760; =640,=600。(2)按接觸強度初步確定中心距,并初選主要參數(shù)。 (3-1)式中 小齒輪傳遞的轉(zhuǎn)矩=26.625載荷系數(shù)K:K=1.6。齒寬系數(shù):取=0.54。齒數(shù)比u:暫取u=2.54。許用接觸應(yīng)力: 取最小安全系數(shù)=1.1,按大齒輪計算=691將以上數(shù)據(jù)代入計算中心距的公式得=74.9圓整為標(biāo)準中心距為=100。按經(jīng)驗公式,=(0.0070.02)=(0.0070.02)100=0.72 取標(biāo)準模數(shù)=1.5。初取,=。 取,精求螺旋角 所以 (3)校核齒面接觸疲勞強度 (3-2)式中分度圓上的圓周力 使用系數(shù)動載系數(shù): (3-3) 根據(jù)齒輪圓周速度,齒輪精度等級為9級。將有關(guān)值代入式(3-17)得齒向載荷系數(shù): 齒向載荷分配系數(shù):按,查得節(jié)點區(qū)域系數(shù):按,查得。查得接觸強度計算的重合度及螺旋角系數(shù)查得:首先計算當(dāng)量齒數(shù)當(dāng)量齒輪的端面重合度。按,分別查得。所以。按,縱向重合度。按,查得。將以上各數(shù)值代入齒面接觸應(yīng)力計算公式得計算安全系數(shù): (3-4)式中,壽命系數(shù):先計算應(yīng)力循環(huán)次數(shù):對調(diào)質(zhì)鋼,查得。潤滑油模影響系數(shù):按照,選用220號中級壓型工業(yè)齒輪油,其運動粘度,查得。工作硬化系數(shù):因為小齒輪齒面未硬化處理,齒面未光整,故取。接觸強度計算的尺寸系數(shù)。將以上數(shù)值代入安全系數(shù)的計算公式得查得,。,故安全。(4)校核齒根彎曲疲勞強度 (3-5)式中彎曲強度計算的載荷分布系數(shù):彎曲強度計算的載荷分配系數(shù):復(fù)合齒行系數(shù):按,查得。彎曲強度計算的重合度與螺旋角系數(shù):按,查得將以上各數(shù)值代入齒根彎曲應(yīng)力計算公式得計算安全系數(shù): (3-6)式中,壽命系數(shù):對調(diào)質(zhì)鋼,按,查得,按,查得相對齒根圓角敏感系數(shù)。相對齒根表面狀況系數(shù):齒面粗糙度,得。尺寸系數(shù):查得。將以上數(shù)值代入安全系數(shù)的公式得查得,取。及均大于,故安全。(5)主要幾何尺寸取3.2.4 軸的設(shè)計材料選擇45鋼,調(diào)質(zhì)處理,硬度217255HBS,許用疲勞應(yīng)力。(1)高速軸a 最小軸徑的確定取A=115由于有花鍵,適當(dāng)增加軸徑,取。b 主要分布零件有:齒輪、軸承、軸承端蓋等。c 根據(jù)工況,選擇軸承類型為滾動軸承 6002。 基本尺寸:15mm32mm9mm 配合軸段直徑為15mmd 齒輪安裝:安裝軸段直徑24mm,軸段長度26mm。e 齒輪定位:由于齒輪分度圓直徑小于兩倍軸徑,故齒輪采用齒輪軸。(2)中間軸a 中間軸為實心軸,故 取A=115由于開有鍵槽,軸徑適當(dāng)增加,取。b主要分布零件有:齒輪、軸承、鍵、軸承端蓋等。c 根據(jù)工況,選擇軸承類型為滾動軸承 6004。 基本尺寸:20mm42mm12mm 配合軸段直徑20mmd 齒輪安裝:安裝軸段直徑 大齒輪25mm,小齒輪25mm。 安裝軸段長度 大齒輪32mm,小齒輪40mm。e 齒輪定位:大齒輪:一端采用軸肩定位,軸段直徑32mm,軸段長度8mm。 另一端采用套筒定位,套筒內(nèi)徑20mm,外徑28mm,長度10mm。 徑向定位采用平鍵,基本尺寸33mm10mm8mm。小齒輪:一端采用軸肩定位,軸段直徑25mm,軸段長度42mm。 另一端采用套筒定位,套筒內(nèi)徑20mm,外徑32mm,長度4mm。 徑向定位采用平鍵,基本尺寸26mm8mm7mm。3.2.5 平鍵的強度校核中間軸:單個平鍵,基本尺寸26mm8mm7mm鍵連接的許用擠壓應(yīng)力,故滿足要求。3.2.6 軸的強度校核(1)高速軸高速軸的受力分析如圖3-1所示。高速軸傳遞的轉(zhuǎn)矩 齒輪的圓周力 齒輪的徑向力 齒輪的軸向力 計算作用在軸上的支反力:如圖3-1(a),垂直面內(nèi)的支反力:如圖3-1(c),水平面內(nèi)的支反力 :計算齒輪中心C處的彎矩 :畫出高速軸在垂直面和水平面內(nèi)的彎矩圖,如圖3-1(b)、(d)所示。計算C處的合成彎矩: 畫出合成彎矩圖如圖3-1(e)所示。畫出扭矩圖如圖3-1(f)所示。Fv1Fv2T0Ft1abcdefFh1Fh2Fr1Fa1ABC22269Nmm5538Nmm4487.5Nmm22947Nmm22716Nmm7500Nmm圖3-2 高速軸受力分析圖校核軸的強度:由彎矩圖和扭矩圖可以看出,承受最大彎矩和扭矩的截面C處是危險截面,對其進行校核。按轉(zhuǎn)矩為脈動變化取修正系數(shù),由于截面C處為實心軸,故。則 故軸的強度滿足要求。(2)中間軸中間軸的受力分析如圖3-2所示。中間軸傳遞的轉(zhuǎn)矩:齒輪的圓周力:齒輪的徑向力:齒輪的軸向力:計算作用在軸上的支反力:如圖3-2(a),垂直面內(nèi)的支反力:如圖3-2(c),水平面內(nèi)的支反力:計算齒輪中心的彎矩:畫出中間軸垂直面和水平面內(nèi)的彎矩圖,如圖3-2(b)、(d)所示。計算C處和D處的合成彎矩:畫出合成彎矩圖,如圖3-2(e)所示。畫出扭矩圖,如圖3-2(f)所示。Fv1Fv2Ft2Ft3aFh1Fh2Fr2Fa2Fa3Fr3bcdefACDB15318.6Nmm27791.6Nmm-3294.6Nmm844.8Nmm-495.7Nmm-4895.6Nmm15341.9Nmm16081.9Nmm27796.9Nmm27986.9Nmm26625Nmm圖3-3 中間軸受力分析圖校核軸的強度:由彎矩圖和扭矩圖可以看出,承受最大彎矩和扭矩的截面D處,即齒輪3的中心處是危險截面,對其進行校核。按轉(zhuǎn)矩為脈動變化取修正系數(shù),由于截面C處為實心軸,故。則 故軸的強度滿足要求。3.2.7 軸承的壽命校核設(shè)計標(biāo)準 (1)高速軸軸承軸承代號:6002查閱機械設(shè)計手冊,得:Cr=5580N, Co=2850N。根據(jù)工況,載荷平穩(wěn),取。由機械設(shè)計表17.5知,。FraFrbFa1FsaFsb圖3-4 高速軸軸承受負荷示意圖計算軸承徑向載荷: 計算附加軸向力: 計算軸承所受軸向載荷:因為 所以左端軸承a被壓緊,右端軸承b被放松。由此可得: 計算當(dāng)量動載荷: 由機械設(shè)計表17.7查得e=0.28。由于,查機械設(shè)計表17.7得X=0.56,Y=1.55。當(dāng)量動載荷 計算軸承壽命: 故滿足要求。(2)中間軸軸承軸承代號:6004查閱機械設(shè)計手冊,得:Cr=9380N, Co=5020N。根據(jù)工況,載荷平穩(wěn),取。由機械設(shè)計表17.5知,。FraFrbFa2FsaFsbFa3圖3-5 中間軸軸承受負荷示意圖計算軸承徑向載荷: 計算附加軸向力: 計算軸承所受軸向載荷:因為 所以右端軸承b被壓緊,左端軸承a被放松。由此可得: 計算當(dāng)量動載荷: 查機械設(shè)計表17.7并用線性插值法得e=0.27。由于查機械設(shè)計表17.7并用線性插值法求得X=0.56,Y=1.64。當(dāng)量動載荷 計算軸承壽命: 故滿足要求。3.2.8 減速器箱體的設(shè)計減速器箱體是減速器中結(jié)構(gòu)和形狀最復(fù)雜的部件,大都采用鑄造生產(chǎn)。在箱體的設(shè)計過程中,不僅要保證一定的支承剛度,要便于軸系的安裝外,還要盡量使工藝性好,制造簡單,外形美觀。在本課題設(shè)計的驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)中,減速器具有一定的特殊性。與普通的電機和減速器連接不同,除了電機的輸出軸要與減速器的高速軸用花鍵連接外,電機的外殼要與減速器的箱體用螺釘連接起來,這使得減速器箱體的設(shè)計比較復(fù)雜,也成為了設(shè)計中的一個關(guān)鍵。為了解決這一關(guān)鍵問題,采用了側(cè)面箱蓋的方式,在減速器箱體的另一側(cè)給安裝電機的法蘭留出空間??傮w的結(jié)構(gòu)確定后,開始細化設(shè)計。首先根據(jù)兩極傳動的中心距和傳動齒輪的大小確定箱體內(nèi)部空間尺寸及軸承孔的位置和大小。然后根據(jù)剛度的要求,使得壁厚不小于8mm,并且設(shè)計外形結(jié)構(gòu)。在軸承座處要加大壁厚,且將外壁設(shè)計成凸臺,可以減小加工面。安裝電機的法蘭上的螺釘孔的布置設(shè)計是一個關(guān)鍵問題,它們不僅不能與中間軸的軸承孔干涉,而且還要給螺釘?shù)陌惭b提供空間。為此,法蘭設(shè)計成正方行結(jié)構(gòu),四個螺釘安裝在四個角上。為了保證軸承和軸的安裝精度,在箱體和箱蓋上設(shè)計了定位銷,在加工軸承孔時用定位銷將箱體和箱蓋連成一體加工。同時,由于采用了側(cè)面箱蓋的形式,為了防止?jié)櫥托孤?,箱體和箱蓋連接處采用液態(tài)密封膠密封。3.3 半軸的設(shè)計3.3.1 半軸的形式半軸的形式有全浮式、半浮式和3/4浮式三種。此處采用全浮式半軸結(jié)構(gòu),驅(qū)動車輪通過兩個軸承支承在驅(qū)動橋殼上,半軸插在橋殼里面,內(nèi)端用花鍵與減速器低速軸連接,外端通過法蘭盤用螺釘與輪轂相連,轉(zhuǎn)矩由半軸傳遞到驅(qū)動車輪上。這種支承方式,路面對車輛的各種反力及由這些反力引起的彎矩都由橋殼承受,半軸只承受轉(zhuǎn)矩,不承受彎矩和軸向力。3.3.2 半軸軸徑的確定由于采用全浮式半軸結(jié)構(gòu),半軸只承受轉(zhuǎn)矩,故按照扭轉(zhuǎn)強度來設(shè)計。全浮式半軸其計算載荷可按最大附著力矩計算: (3-7)式中:為負荷轉(zhuǎn)移系數(shù),查表得;為驅(qū)動橋的最大軸載質(zhì)量,;為車輪滾動半徑,;為附著系數(shù),取。代入計算得:全浮式半軸的扭轉(zhuǎn)應(yīng)力按下式計算;式中:許用剪應(yīng)力計算得:由于加工花鍵,軸徑適當(dāng)增加,取。3.3.3 花鍵的設(shè)計和校核花鍵采用矩形花鍵,齒數(shù)Z=6,其基本尺寸為26mm23mm6mm,長度L=30mm。此處花鍵連接為靜連接,主要失效形式為齒面壓潰。強度校核:式中,T為工作轉(zhuǎn)矩,Nmm; 為各齒間載荷分配不均勻系數(shù),?。?Z為花鍵齒數(shù); h=(D-d)/2,D和d分別為花鍵軸的外徑和內(nèi)徑,mm; 為齒的工作長度,mm; 為花鍵平均直徑,mm; 為許用擠壓應(yīng)力,MPa。3.3.4 半軸連接螺釘強度校核由于半軸只承受轉(zhuǎn)矩作用,因此半軸與輪轂的連接螺釘只受剪切力作用,可能損壞的形式有螺釘被剪斷、螺釘或孔壁被壓潰。螺釘性能等級4.8則:屈服強度 s=320MPa許用切應(yīng)力 =s/2.5=320/2.5=128MPa許用擠呀壓應(yīng)力p= s/1.25=320/1.25=256MPa(1)螺釘抗剪強度校核單個螺釘所受的剪力:式中,T為螺釘所受扭矩,Nm; n為螺釘數(shù)目; r為螺釘中心與半軸軸線的垂直距離,m。則螺釘?shù)目辜魪姸?,故滿足要求。式中,F(xiàn)s為單個螺釘所受剪力,N;d為螺釘抗剪面直徑,mm; m為螺釘抗剪面數(shù)目。(2)螺釘與孔壁的擠壓強度校核擠壓強度 ,故滿足要求。式中,F(xiàn)s為單個螺釘所受剪力,N;d為螺釘抗剪面直徑,mm; h為螺釘與孔壁擠壓面最小高度,mm。結(jié)論:綜合以上兩項強度校核可知,半軸與輪轂連接的螺釘強度滿足要求。3.4 輪轂的設(shè)計3.4.1 輪轂的外形設(shè)計輪轂是連接半軸和車輪的部件,是傳遞轉(zhuǎn)矩部件的一個組成部分。輪轂的材料選擇HT250,其內(nèi)部主要有兩個與軸承外圈配合的孔,用來支承橋殼。外部主要是與輪輞的一個孔軸配合,為了起到定位作用,使車輪在運行過程中不產(chǎn)生偏移,此孔軸配合采用過盈配合。3.4.2 輪轂與輪輞的連接螺栓強度校核按螺栓受剪切力進行校核。螺栓性能等級4.8則:屈服強度 s=320MPa許用切應(yīng)力 =s/2.5=320/2.5=128MPa許用擠壓應(yīng)力p= s/1.25=320/1.25=256MPa(1)螺栓抗剪強度校核單個螺栓所受的剪力 式中,T為螺栓所受扭矩,Nm; n為螺栓數(shù)目; r為螺栓中心與半軸軸線的垂直距離,m。則螺栓的抗剪強度 ,故滿足要求。式中,F(xiàn)s為單個螺栓所受剪力,N;d為螺栓抗剪面直徑,mm; m為螺栓抗剪面數(shù)目。(2)螺栓與孔壁的擠壓強度校核擠壓強度 ,故滿足要求。式中,F(xiàn)s為單個螺栓所受剪力,N;d為螺栓抗剪面直徑,mm; h為螺栓與孔壁擠壓面最小高度,mm。結(jié)論:綜合以上兩項強度校核可知,輪轂與輪輞連接的螺栓強度滿足要求。3.5 驅(qū)動橋殼的設(shè)計3.5.1 驅(qū)動橋殼的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計驅(qū)動橋殼一般有可分式、整體式和組合式三種結(jié)構(gòu)形式。此處采用組合式結(jié)構(gòu),使得拆裝和維修更加方便。橋殼的一端通過一對軸承支承在輪轂上,另一端用螺釘與減速器箱體連接。由于驅(qū)動橋殼還需要與車架連接,根據(jù)后懸架的結(jié)構(gòu)和尺寸,在橋殼的外端設(shè)計凹槽和它連接。在裝有軸承的一端車有螺紋,用于圓螺母固定軸承內(nèi)圈。3.5.2 驅(qū)動橋殼的強度計算(1)橋殼的靜彎曲應(yīng)力計算橋殼可看成一根空心橫梁,兩端經(jīng)輪轂軸承支承于車輪上,在橋殼與車架的鉸接處承受車身載荷。其受力簡圖如圖3-5所示。F1F2N1N2BS圖3-6 驅(qū)動橋殼受力簡圖由圖中可以看出,橋殼與車架鉸接處為危險截面,對其進行強度校核。該處所受彎矩:式中,F(xiàn)1為地面作用于車輪上的反力,N; G為電動車滿載時的重量,N; gw為車輪、輪轂、制動器的重量,N;B為前輪中心距,m;S為橋殼和車架鉸接中心的距離,m。則:彎曲應(yīng)力 故強度滿足要求。(2)電動車以最大牽引力行駛時的橋殼強度計算取汽車加速時的質(zhì)量轉(zhuǎn)移系數(shù)m2=1.2,則橋殼與車架鉸接處所受的垂向彎矩為:在行駛時,驅(qū)動車輪所受的最大切向反力:式中,T2為驅(qū)動輪得到的轉(zhuǎn)矩,Nm; r為前輪的滾動半徑,m。則橋殼與車架鉸接處所受的水平彎矩為:橋殼還承受驅(qū)動橋傳遞轉(zhuǎn)矩而產(chǎn)生的反作用力矩:則橋殼與車架鉸接處所受的合成彎矩為:則彎曲應(yīng)力: 故強度滿足要求。(3)電動車緊急制動時橋殼強度計算取汽車緊急制動時的質(zhì)量轉(zhuǎn)移系數(shù)m=1.2,則橋殼與車架鉸接處所受的垂向彎矩為:橋殼與車架鉸接處所受的水平彎矩為:緊急制動時鉸接點外側(cè)還承受制動力所引起的轉(zhuǎn)矩則橋殼與車架鉸接處所受的合成彎矩為:則彎曲應(yīng)力: 故強度滿足要求。(4)電動車受最大側(cè)向力時的橋殼強度計算假設(shè)電動車向左緊急轉(zhuǎn)彎,則左輪承受的最大垂向力為車重.即則鉸接處所受彎矩為:彎曲應(yīng)力: 故強度滿足要求。3.5.3 橋殼與減速器連接螺釘強度校核螺釘M8,性能等級8.8級。取安全系數(shù)S=1.2,則按緊急制動時的彎矩對螺釘進行強度校核。則單個螺釘承受的最大工作載荷為:式中,n為螺釘個數(shù); r為螺釘中心直半軸軸線的垂直距離,m。彎曲應(yīng)力為:故螺釘強度滿足要求。3.6 輪轂軸承的壽命計算設(shè)計標(biāo)準。左端軸承基本代號32009,右端軸承基本代號32010。當(dāng)電動車直線行使時,沒有外界軸向載荷,其受力示意圖如圖3-6所示。Fr1Fr2Fs1Fs2NABC圖3-7 輪轂軸承受負荷示意圖車身重G按1140kg計算,則N=G/2=1140/4=285kg。查機械設(shè)計手冊得,X=0.40,Y=1.5,Cr1=67800N,Cr2=73200N。由于,且,Y1=Y2所以由于該處軸承有較大沖擊,取沖擊載荷系數(shù)fp=1.2。計算當(dāng)量動載荷計算軸承壽命:故這對軸承設(shè)計符合要求。致 謝經(jīng)過四個月的辛勤勞動,我終于順利地完成了畢業(yè)設(shè)計。在畢業(yè)設(shè)計的過程當(dāng)中,老師們和周圍的同學(xué)給了我極大的幫助,在此對他們表示感謝!在整個畢業(yè)設(shè)計過程當(dāng)中,指導(dǎo)老師給了我多方面的幫助。他不僅給我提出了很多寶貴的意見和建議,還給我提供了很多相關(guān)的技術(shù)支持,幫助我解決了一個又一個的難題。王老師對待我的每一張圖紙都仔細審閱,在指出每一個微小錯誤的同時也結(jié)合自己豐富的機械設(shè)計經(jīng)驗,給我講解一些常用的設(shè)計方法和注意事項,使我受益非淺。參考文獻:1 陸植.電動車設(shè)計.北京:機械工業(yè)出版社,19912 陳慕忱.裝卸搬運車輛.北京:人民交通出版社,19863 吳克堅,于曉紅,錢瑞明.機械設(shè)計.北京:高等教育出版社,20034 成大先等.機械設(shè)計手冊(第四版),第一卷. 北京:化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社,1993.15 機械工程手冊 第13卷 物料搬運設(shè)備卷/機械工程手冊,電機工程手冊編輯委員會(編) 北京:機械工業(yè)出版社,19976 朱禮順,梅家強,陳福來.電動車驅(qū)動橋制動系統(tǒng)漏油故障分析與工藝改進.工程機械,2006(7),60617 劉惟信.驅(qū)動橋. 北京:人民交通出版社,19878 陶新良.電動車和電動牽引車的構(gòu)造與維修. 北京:中國物資出版社,20069 趙九江,趙祖耀.材料力學(xué). 哈爾濱:哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué)出版社,198710楊曉軍.交流驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)引領(lǐng)電動車技術(shù)革命.電動車技術(shù),2006(1)11張啟君,宋玉萍,馬瑞永,常仁齊,張宏,仇國劍.國內(nèi)外電動車行業(yè)現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略探討.建筑機械化,2003(9)12張忠澤.電動車傳動系統(tǒng)設(shè)計.機電工程,1998(5)13陸剛.電動車的技術(shù)發(fā)展趨勢.物流技術(shù)與應(yīng)用,2007(7)14蔣宏元.電動車的優(yōu)勢.現(xiàn)代制造,2007(25)15錢可強.機械制圖 .北京:高等教育出版社,200716王之棟,王大康.機械設(shè)計綜合課程設(shè)計.北京:機械工業(yè)出版社,200317外文資料譯文Driving Axlel automobile driving axleThe driving axle is one of cross bars supporting a vehicle, on which the driving wheels turn .The driving axle includes a housing ,an axle drive ,a differential , tow axle shafts (half axles ),and final drives (if any ) .The axle .or main, drive is a drive-line unit that increases the torque delivered by the transmission and transmits it to the driving wheels, via the differential. In automobiles, the axle drive shaft, usually called the propeller shaft.The axle drive may be a Single or a double-stage type, the former comprising a pair of gears and the latter .tow pairs of gear. Drive pinion I may be made integral with its shaft, or it may be detachable from the shaft. Driving gears and are usually made in the form of detachable gear rings that are bolted or riveted to the differential case .Alex drive bevel pinions and gears are made with helical teeth in order to reduce noise in operation.The tow-stage axle drive consists of a pair of bevel gears and a pair of spur gears. Drive bevel pinion drives bevel gear that is fixed to the flange of the intermediate shaft made integral with 2nd stage driving spur gear .Gears meshes with driven spur gear which is fastened to the case rotates in taper roller bearings installed in the differential carrier that makes part of the driving axle housing.The differential is a drive-line unit that divides the torque applied to it between the tow axle shafts and allows one driving wheel to turn at a different speed from the other.The differential consists of case, cross or spider pinion .and side gears, also known as axle gears .the differential pinions are freely mounted on the cylindrical arms of the spider, which is held in the differential case, and remain in constant mesh with the differential side gears.When the automobile is moving down a straight and even road, both driving wheels meet with one and the same rolling resistance. In this case, axle driven gear, or differential ring gear, causes the differential case to rotate .when the differential case rotates pinions and their spider arms move around in a circle with tow differential side gears are meshed with the pinions, the side gears must rotate, causing the axle shafts and their associated driving wheels to turn. With equal resistance applied to each wheel, the differential pinions do not rotate. They apply equal torque to the side gears and therefore both driving wheels rotate at one and the same speed is unequal ,the differential pinions rotate on their spider arms as well as drive round with the differential case .supposing that one of the axle shaft is prevented from rotating ,the differential pinions would have to walk around the stationary side gear ,causing the other side gear to rotate at twice its normal speed .You can now see how the differential can allow one driving wheel to turn faster than the other .Whenever the automobile goes around a turn ,the outer driving wheel travels a greater distance than the inner drive wheel .the inner wheel speeds up proportionately ,thanks to the differential pinions that rotate on their spider arms and ,rolling around the slower side gear send more rotary motion to the outside wheel. The differential side gears are splined on to the inner ends of the axle shafts .The other ends of the shafts are attached to the driving wheel hubs by means of flanges .Trucks use full floating axle shafts .Such axle shafts are acted upon by torque only .All the other loads acting on the driving wheels are taken by the driving axle housing, because the wheel hubs are supported by bearings mounted on the housing.l Driving axle of general-purpose wheeled tractorGeneral-purpose wheeled tractors are a four-wheel drive type, they have tow driving axles-front and rear .Both axles are similar in construction, expect for the housing. Each driving axle consist if a housing, an axle drive ,a differential ,and final drives .The front and rear-axles drives are interchangeable and comprise a pair of spiral bevel gears . The axle drive pinion is made integral with a shaft that is supported by tow taper roller bearings installed in axle drive pinion carrier .The latter is accommodated in differential carrier and is fixed to it by bolts. The flange of the axle drive pinion carrier is provided with threaded holes to fit puller screws that are used to remove the axle drive pinion carrier from the differential carrier .The position of the drive pinion relative to the centerline of the axle is adjust by means of a pack of shims placed under the flange of the drive pinion carrier Shims palace under the cone of the front bearing are used to adjust the preload on the drive pinion bearings. Splined to adjust the preload on the drive pinion shaft is universal-joint flange .The axle drive gear is bolted to the differential case flange.THE DIFFERENTIAL consists of case, four pinions, and tow side gears .The differential case comprise tow halves that are bolted together and supported by taper roller bearings installed in the differential carrier .Screwed in the bearings housing from the outside are nuts used to adjust the backlash between the ring gear and drive pinion teeth and the side bearing preload.Welded to the top of the driving axle housing at both its ends are spring pads .The housing of both its ends are spring axels are provided with filler ,overflow ,and drain holes closed by plugs .Both housing also have vents ,The rotating components of the driving axles are lubricated with transmission oil .As distinct from the automobiles considered in this text, all tractors include final drives in their power trains .The final drives of general-purpose wheel tractors are referred to as wheel-hub reduction gears.While transmitting power to the driving wheels, wheel-hub reduction can increase their torque .These are planetary reduction gear sets consist of sun gear ,or wheel ,three planet ,or pinion ,gears ,planet or pinion ,carrier .stationary internal ,or ring ,gear ,and housing.The sun gear is splined to the outer end of the axle shaft is splined to the differential side gear .The cylindrical planet gears are in constant mesh with both the sun gear and the ring gear and are free to rotate on roller bearings mounted on shafts that are attached to the planet carrier .The planet carrier is fasted to the reduction gear housing by means of studs and nuts .The flange of housing ,driving wheel brake drum 13,and wheel hub are clamped together by bolts .The planet carrier and reduction gear housing form the driven part of the planetary gear set and rotate with the driving wheel of the tractor .The driving gear hub is supported by taper roller bearings mounted on axle shaft housing ,or axle sleeve .The axle sleeve is connected to the stationary ring gear by means of adapter hub that has internal splines and external teeth . The splines are meshed with matching splines on the axle sleeve, and the teeth are meshed with internal teeth ring gear.Wheels and its maintainModern wheeled tractors and automobiles use pneumatic-tired disc wheels. As a result of the driving wheel tires gripping the road, the rotary motion of the wheels is transformed into the translational motion of the tractor or automobile.According to their purpose, wheels are classified as driving .driven steerable, and combination types.Trucks and general-purpose wheeled tractors have all their wheels of one and the same size .Row-crop tractors have their rear wheels larger than the front wheels .The rear wheels carry the major proportion of the load due to the weight of the tractor .The front wheels are loaded lighter and this makes them easier to turn and provide good directional steering stability, which is essential for row-crop work.A TRUCK WHEEL consists of disc and flat base rim that is made integral with it, while the other flange is formed by detachable side ring that is held to the rim by split lock ring on the rim .which doubles as a side ring and a lock ring.The wheel disc is provided with holes for mounting the wheel on the wheel mounting bolts ,or wheel studs ,on the wheel hub ,where it is fixed by nuts .Both the holes and the nuts are tapered to ensure exact location of the wheel on its hub .The rear driving axles of trucks carry tow wheels at each end .The inner wheels are held to the hubs by cap nuts that are threaded both on the inside and on the outside .and the outer wheels are mounted on the cap nuts and fixed in place by taper nuts screwed on the nuts .The wheel nuts on the right side of truck have right-hand threads, whereas the nuts on the left side of the truck are threaded left-hand .The reason is to tighten the nuts, not loosen them, and thus prevent them from working loose on acceleration and braking.An automobile pneumatic tire consists of casing, inner tube, and flap .The tire casing comprises tread, side walls, and beads .Tires for good roads use small tread patterns, while those for bad roads or cross country service large tread patterns.The inner tube is made in the form of a hollow elastic rubber doughnut that is inflated with air after it is installed inside the tire and the tire is put on the wheel rim .The inner tube is inflated through tire valve that consists of housing 11,valve inside ,and cap .The valve housing is made of brass in the dorm of a flanged tube that is mounted in the inner tube by means of a washer and a nut and sticks out through a hole in the wheel .Some tire valve housing are of comprise construction :the upper part is made of brass and the lower part ,of rubber that is vulcanized on to the inner tube .The valve inside is a check valve that opens to let air in the inner tube when an air closed ,spring pressure and air pressure inside the tube hold the valve .When the valve is closed ,spring pressure and air pressure inside the tube hold the valve in its seat .It includes core with a rubber ring ,a plunger pin ,and a spring .The valve inside is Screwed in the tire valve housing and is closed by the cap Screwed on the housing.To the construction of the driving and steerable wheels, each wheel comprises hub , disc with rim ,and tire with inner tube .The rim is welded to the disc and the disc is bolted to the hub .The driving wheel tires are of low-pressure type and have heavy tread bars for better traction. The driving wheel hub is keyed to axle shaft and is fixed in place by means of bolted-on insert with worm whose threads mesh with the rack teeth cut in the half axle .By turning the worm one can change the position of the wheel on the axle shaft to obtain the desired track width .Before doing this ,it is necessary to jack up the rear part of the tractor to clear the wheels of the ground and loosen the bolts that hold the inserts to the wheels hubs .Should this adjustment prove insufficient ,the track width can further be increased by placing the wheels with the concaves of their discs facing inwards.On some row-crop tractors ,the rear wheel discs are bolts to lugs welded on the wheel rims .In this case ,the crack width can be changed by bolts the discs in alternative positions to the lugs .Also the concave wheel discs may be used either with the concave facing inwards or outwards.Trouble-free operation of automobiles and wheeled tractors largely depends on the condition of the tires. Therefore, during operation, one should adhere to following rules.Prevent fuel and, or oil from getting onto the tires. Cleans the tires regularly from dirt and remove all foreign articles, such as stones, form the treads. Do not apply brakes sharply, never start away form rest with a jerk, and avoid making sharp turns, for all this causes uneven wear of the tires. Do not allow excessive slipping of the driving wheels. When preparing your tractor or automobile for a long-term storage, jack up the wheels and put trestles under the axles or frame to relieve the tires.The service life of tires is expressed in terms of their mileage. For most bias (ordinary) truck tires, the guaranteed mileage amounts to 50000 km. Observing the above rules will help prolong the useful service life of tires.驅(qū)動橋汽車的驅(qū)動橋驅(qū)動橋是一個支撐車輛的十字交叉的軸,它可以驅(qū)動車輪運動。驅(qū)動橋包括:驅(qū)動橋殼、主減速器傳動軸、差速器、兩個半軸和末端傳動裝置。主減速器在傳動中的功用是增大變速器傳來的轉(zhuǎn)矩,憑借差速器把它傳遞給驅(qū)動車輪。在汽車中主減速器傳動軸把轉(zhuǎn)矩按正確的方向傳給驅(qū)動輪,通常被叫做推進器。主減速器有單級和雙級兩種形式,前者包含一對齒輪,后者包含兩對齒輪。主動小齒輪可以和軸做成一個整體,也可以做成分開的。從動齒輪常做成齒圈形式,差速器殼可以用螺栓或鉚釘連接在齒圈上,主減速器的小齒輪和大齒輪可以做成螺旋齒,這樣可以在嚙合時減少噪音。雙級主減速器包含一對錐齒輪和一對圓柱齒輪,主動齒輪帶動從動錐齒輪旋轉(zhuǎn)而從動錐齒輪和小圓柱齒輪通過中間軸連在一起從而使小圓柱齒輪轉(zhuǎn)動,它與差速器殼固定在一起的大圓柱齒輪嚙合,差速器殼的旋轉(zhuǎn)帶動差速器運動并和軸承裝設(shè)構(gòu)成橋殼的一部分。差速器在傳動系中將轉(zhuǎn)矩分開分別驅(qū)動兩側(cè)半軸,并且允許一側(cè)驅(qū)動輪和另一側(cè)驅(qū)動輪以不同的角速度運動。差速器包括差速器殼、行星齒輪軸(十字軸),行星齒輪,側(cè)面齒輪即半軸齒輪。行星齒輪可以安裝在卡在差速器殼上的圓柱形十字軸上,并且保持與半軸齒輪的不斷嚙合。當(dāng)汽車直線行駛和在水平路面上運動時,兩側(cè)驅(qū)動輪將會遇到相同的滾動阻力。在這種情況下,主減速器從動齒輪帶動差速器殼旋轉(zhuǎn)。當(dāng)差速器殼旋轉(zhuǎn)時差速器行星齒輪和十字軸也旋轉(zhuǎn)運動,因為半軸齒輪差速器行星齒輪嚙合,半軸齒輪必須旋轉(zhuǎn),導(dǎo)致半軸與兩側(cè)車輪也運動。當(dāng)每一個車輪承受的阻力相等時,差速器小齒輪不再旋轉(zhuǎn),它們給半軸齒輪提供相等的轉(zhuǎn)矩且兩側(cè)車輪以一個相同的角速度旋轉(zhuǎn)。當(dāng)然,當(dāng)阻力不相等時,差速器行星齒輪既繞著差速器殼公轉(zhuǎn)又繞十字軸自轉(zhuǎn),如果一側(cè)半軸不旋轉(zhuǎn)時,行星齒輪不會繞著固定不動的半軸齒輪運動,使另一側(cè)半軸齒輪以平常兩倍的速度旋轉(zhuǎn)。這樣你就明白差速器是怎么使一側(cè)齒輪轉(zhuǎn)速大于另一側(cè)的。無論什么時候汽車轉(zhuǎn)彎行駛時,外側(cè)車輪總比內(nèi)側(cè)的車輪移過的距離大。內(nèi)側(cè)車輪會慢下來,而外側(cè)車輪則成比例地加速,由于差速器在十字軸上自轉(zhuǎn),且在速度慢的一側(cè)的半軸齒輪上滾動,它將使外側(cè)車輪移動的快一些。半軸內(nèi)端用花鍵與差速器半軸齒輪連接,外端用凸緣與驅(qū)動輪輪轂相連。載貨汽車采用全浮式半軸。這樣的半軸只承受轉(zhuǎn)矩作用。其余的負載由橋殼承擔(dān),因為輪轂由安裝在橋殼上的軸支撐的。輪式拖拉機的驅(qū)動橋一般的輪式拖拉機采用四輪驅(qū)動的形式,它有兩個驅(qū)動橋前驅(qū)動橋和后驅(qū)動橋。除了橋殼之外,兩個橋的構(gòu)造很相似。每個驅(qū)動橋都包括橋殼,主減速器,差速器和末端傳動裝置。前后驅(qū)動橋可以互換,且都包含一對螺旋錐齒輪。主減速器的主動錐齒輪與軸做成一體,并由兩對圓錐滾子軸承支撐,并用螺栓與差速器殼聯(lián)接。主動錐齒輪凸緣外有螺紋孔與配套的螺釘,用于防止主動錐齒輪在差速器殼作用下運動。關(guān)系到車軸中心線的主動錐齒輪的位置是由裝在主動錐齒輪后的調(diào)整墊片來調(diào)整的,裝在圓錐滾子軸承內(nèi)座圈的調(diào)整墊片用來調(diào)試安裝在主動錐齒輪上的軸承的預(yù)緊力。齒輪軸的軸徑末端的凸緣采用一般的花鍵聯(lián)接。從動錐齒輪用螺栓與差速器殼凸緣固定在一起。差速器包括差速器殼、四個小行星齒輪,兩側(cè)半軸齒輪。差速器殼由兩部分構(gòu)成,它們用螺栓連接在一起,并由圓錐滾子軸承裝置支撐。軸承套外面的螺母用來避免齒圈和主動錐齒輪發(fā)生運動干涉,使它們正確嚙合,并調(diào)整軸承的預(yù)緊力。焊在橋殼兩端頂部的是彈簧緩沖器,每個橋殼上都有注油孔,并用油塞塞住。每個橋殼都有一個通風(fēng)孔。橋殼內(nèi)的旋轉(zhuǎn)運動部件都涂有潤滑劑。在本書之中所有靠末端傳動提供動力的拖拉機與汽車考慮的地方有所不同。靠末端傳動的一般用途的輪式拖拉機有的裝有輪邊減速器。當(dāng)傳來的轉(zhuǎn)矩驅(qū)動車輪運動時,輪邊減速器也可以增大扭矩。這些像行星般運動的減速齒輪裝置包括太陽輪、行星齒輪、行星架、齒圈和減速器殼。太陽輪用花鍵聯(lián)結(jié)在半軸外側(cè)的末端并且用鎖緊螺母擰緊固定。半軸的另一端則用花鍵聯(lián)結(jié)著半軸齒輪。圓柱行星齒輪分別與太陽輪和齒圈嚙合,且繞裝在行星齒輪軸上的滾子軸承自轉(zhuǎn),行星齒輪軸安裝在行星架上,行星架用螺栓和螺母固定在減速器殼上。減速器殼上的凸緣,制動鼓,輪轂,用螺栓固定在一起,行星架,減速器殼上的行星裝置的運動部件與驅(qū)動輪一起旋轉(zhuǎn)運動。齒輪座由半軸套管上的滾子軸承支撐。半軸套管與固定的齒圈用接合套連接起來,接合套有內(nèi)花鍵槽和外齒。內(nèi)花鍵槽與半軸套上的花鍵嚙合,外齒與齒圈的內(nèi)齒嚙合。太陽輪驅(qū)動行星齒輪運動,并使固定的齒圈旋轉(zhuǎn)。因為行星齒輪軸與行星架固定在一起,所以行星齒輪可以帶動行星架旋轉(zhuǎn),并通過減速器殼驅(qū)動驅(qū)動輪運動。輪邊減速器的部件都通過減速器殼中央的一個孔來注入潤滑油。這個孔有量油尺并用油塞塞住。量油尺上刻有兩個痕跡,一個是減速器殼內(nèi)的最大油位,另一個是其最低油位。車輪及其保養(yǎng)現(xiàn)代的輪式拖拉機和汽車都采用充氣式輪胎,輪胎與路面接觸,汽車和拖拉機的車輪滾動來驅(qū)動汽車運動。按它們的用途分,車輪可分為乘用車用輪胎和牽引車用輪胎以及兩者相結(jié)合的類型。在貨車及一般的輪式拖拉機中,每輛車所用的輪胎型號是一樣的。農(nóng)用拖拉機后輪比前輪大,后輪承受拖拉機載重的70%,并且后輪能提供更好的牽引力。前輪承受的重量少,它比較容易轉(zhuǎn)向且提供良好的行駛方向,這是農(nóng)用車必不可少的。貨車的車輪包括輻板, 輪輞,輪輞是焊在輻板上的。當(dāng)輪輞與一個凸緣做成整體時,與另一凸緣則做成可分的側(cè)擋圈,它是由分裂的擋圈支撐,一些貨車車輪只有擋圈,它包含側(cè)擋圈和鎖環(huán)。輻板上裝有車輪框架的螺栓孔,在輪轂上有雙頭螺栓,它配有螺母。在輪轂上的孔及螺母安裝在精確的位置。貨車后車橋采用雙車輪,內(nèi)側(cè)車輪有輪轂支撐并由螺母固定,螺栓兩頭都有螺紋,且內(nèi)側(cè)車輪裝有螺母,螺母上的外螺紋用鎖緊螺母固定。貨車右側(cè)車輪輻板固定螺栓用右旋螺紋,左側(cè)車輪輻板固定螺栓用左旋螺紋。這可以使汽車在行駛中螺母變緊不拖松,并且可以防止它在汽車加速或制動時變松。汽車可沖氣式輪胎包括外胎、內(nèi)胎和墊帶。外胎有胎冠、棉布層和束帶層。輪胎在良好路面上使用的花紋細而淺,在壞路面上花紋則深而寬。橡膠輪胎內(nèi)部是中空的,它可以充氣,它裝在輪圈內(nèi)。輪胎充氣用氣門閥充氣的,它包括座筒、閥體和蓋。座筒是有黃銅做成的,它用螺栓和墊片擰緊裝在車輪輪輞上的孔內(nèi)。一些輪胎氣門閥的材料是合成的,上面用黃銅制成,下面用經(jīng)過硫化的橡膠制成的。氣門閥的內(nèi)部有一裂縫,是為了讓空氣能充入輪胎。當(dāng)氣門閥關(guān)閉時,彈簧壓力和輪胎內(nèi)的空氣壓力使管子恢復(fù)原位。它包括帶橡膠環(huán)的氣門芯、活塞和彈簧。對于農(nóng)用拖拉機的驅(qū)動和前進輪來說,每個輪子都由輪轂,帶輪圈的輪輞,帶內(nèi)胎的輪胎的構(gòu)成。輪圈焊接在輪輞上,輪輞與輪轂用螺栓固定在一起。驅(qū)動輪的輪胎是低壓的,胎面有深花紋,這可以獲得較好的牽引力。驅(qū)動輪的輪轂要于半軸相適應(yīng),且能代替螺栓,使螺紋與半軸的鍵齒嚙合。轉(zhuǎn)動螺紋可以改變輪子在半軸上的位置,獲得想得到的輪距。那樣做之前需要用千斤頂支起拖拉機的后部,并清潔與地面接觸的輪子,松開螺栓,使其插入輪轂,如果這樣的調(diào)整還不適合,輪距可以通過使輪輞凹面向內(nèi)來進一步加大。在一些收割機上,后輪輞與焊接在輪圈上的把手用螺栓固定在一起。在這種情況下,輪距可以通過改變在把手上輪輞螺栓的位置來改變。同樣,輪輞凹面可以朝向內(nèi)也可以朝向外。汽車和拖拉機在使用過程中遇到的問題多數(shù)是由輪胎的狀況引起的。所以,在使用過程中,應(yīng)遵循以下規(guī)定。避免燃料或油弄到輪胎上。經(jīng)常清洗污物和胎面上英文字母縫里的沙石。盡量不要緊急制動、不要長時間不清理和避免急轉(zhuǎn)彎。這些因素會使輪胎磨損不均勻。同時也不允許驅(qū)動輪過度滑動。當(dāng)準備長時間擱置汽車時,要用千斤頂頂起車輪,在車軸下放一個支架或者框架,使車輪受到的壓力得以緩解。輪胎的使用壽命是用行駛里數(shù)來表示的。對于大多數(shù)普通貨車的輪胎,它的壽命是50000Km。但是如果注意以上的規(guī)定,則可以延長輪胎的使用壽命。11
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