HGC1050汽車(chē)十字軸式萬(wàn)向傳動(dòng)軸結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)【含CAD圖紙、說(shuō)明書(shū)】
HGC1050汽車(chē)十字軸式萬(wàn)向傳動(dòng)軸結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)【含CAD圖紙、說(shuō)明書(shū)】,含CAD圖紙、說(shuō)明書(shū),hgc1050,汽車(chē),十字,萬(wàn)向,傳動(dòng)軸,結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì),cad,圖紙,說(shuō)明書(shū),仿單
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題目名稱
HGC1050萬(wàn)向傳動(dòng)軸結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)
一、設(shè)計(jì)(論文)目的、意義
隨著汽車(chē)工業(yè)的迅猛發(fā)展,車(chē)型的多樣化、個(gè)性化已經(jīng)成為發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。而傳動(dòng)軸及萬(wàn)向節(jié)的設(shè)計(jì)裝配不良將產(chǎn)生振動(dòng)和噪聲,因此該總成設(shè)計(jì)是汽車(chē)設(shè)計(jì)中重要的環(huán)節(jié)之一。本題是依據(jù)現(xiàn)有生產(chǎn)企業(yè)在生產(chǎn)車(chē)型的萬(wàn)向傳動(dòng)裝置作為設(shè)計(jì)原型,在給定變速器輸出轉(zhuǎn)矩、轉(zhuǎn)速及發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)和主減速器安裝位置等條件下,學(xué)生獨(dú)立設(shè)計(jì)出符合要求的萬(wàn)向傳動(dòng)裝置,著重設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算萬(wàn)向節(jié)的結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)及對(duì)其進(jìn)行了校核計(jì)算。在對(duì)各種結(jié)構(gòu)件進(jìn)行了分析計(jì)算后,繪制出該總成裝配圖及主要零件的零件圖。
二、設(shè)計(jì)(論文)內(nèi)容、技術(shù)要求(研究方法)
依據(jù)現(xiàn)有生產(chǎn)企業(yè)在生產(chǎn)車(chē)型的萬(wàn)向傳動(dòng)裝置作為設(shè)計(jì)原型,在給定變速器輸出轉(zhuǎn)矩、轉(zhuǎn)速及發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)和主減速器安裝位置等條件下,獨(dú)立設(shè)計(jì)出符合要求的萬(wàn)向傳動(dòng)裝置,著重設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算萬(wàn)向節(jié)的結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)及對(duì)其進(jìn)行了校核計(jì)算。對(duì)汽車(chē)萬(wàn)向傳動(dòng)軸的運(yùn)動(dòng)特性,技術(shù)難題,制造工藝,使用壽命影響因素,失效形式,進(jìn)行深入系統(tǒng)的分析。在設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中避免振動(dòng),傳動(dòng)動(dòng)軸斷裂,十字軸折斷,及滾針軸承過(guò)早損壞等問(wèn)題。運(yùn)用傳統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)方法完成對(duì)傳動(dòng)軸的計(jì)算校核,傳動(dòng)軸滑動(dòng)花鍵的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算。萬(wàn)向節(jié)叉及十字軸的計(jì)算校核。利用相關(guān)書(shū)籍資料完成對(duì)十字軸滾針軸承的設(shè)計(jì)及校核,傳動(dòng)軸滑動(dòng)花鍵和萬(wàn)向節(jié)的潤(rùn)滑方案的選擇與設(shè)計(jì)。
三、設(shè)計(jì)(論文)完成后應(yīng)提交的成果
(一)計(jì)算說(shuō)明部分
1、十字軸萬(wàn)向節(jié)的計(jì)算及校核;
2、傳動(dòng)軸的計(jì)算及校核;
3、重要零部件的校核;
4、設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算說(shuō)明書(shū)
(二)圖紙部分
1、整體裝配圖A0一張;
2、傳動(dòng)軸主要零件圖合計(jì)A0一張;
四、設(shè)計(jì)(論文)進(jìn)度安排
1、第1周 調(diào)研、開(kāi)題報(bào)告、文獻(xiàn)綜述 2、第2~3周 傳動(dòng)軸的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算 3、第4~7周 萬(wàn)向節(jié)的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算 4、第8~9周 完成裝配圖 5、第10~11周 完成零件圖 6、第12周 完成設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū),并且進(jìn)行有限元分析 7、第13周 審查修改圖紙、計(jì)算及設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū) 8、第14周 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)預(yù)答辯準(zhǔn)備及答辯
9、第15~16周 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)修改
10、第17周 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)答辯
五、主要參考資料
[01] 盧曦,周萍,孫躍東.汽車(chē)等速萬(wàn)向節(jié)的現(xiàn)狀與發(fā)展[J].機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)與制造,2007,6 .
[02] 吳修義.汽車(chē)萬(wàn)向節(jié)傳動(dòng)軸的選擇和應(yīng)用.[J].重型汽車(chē),2006.6.
[03] 李科,何志兵,沈海.等速萬(wàn)向節(jié)總成的設(shè)計(jì)方法[J].軸承,2006.9.
[04] 任少云,朱正禮,張建武.雙十字軸萬(wàn)向節(jié)傳動(dòng)力學(xué)建模與仿真[J].上海交通大學(xué)報(bào),2008.11.
[05] 何西冷.萬(wàn)向節(jié)機(jī)構(gòu)的運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)分析[J].起重運(yùn)輸機(jī)械,2009.6.
[06] 李仕清,張波.萬(wàn)向節(jié)磚正確潤(rùn)滑[J].AUTO MAINTENANCE,2007.12.
[07] 康健.萬(wàn)向節(jié)運(yùn)動(dòng)傳遞非等速特性研究[J].清華大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(自然科學(xué)版). 2008年,第39卷.
[08] 劉惟信.汽車(chē)設(shè)計(jì)[M]北京:清華大學(xué)出版社.2007.
[09] 華同曙.虎克萬(wàn)向節(jié)節(jié)叉軸承滾針的凸度設(shè)計(jì)[J].華南理工大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(自然科學(xué)版).2006.7.
[10] 肖生發(fā).伍德榮.一種新型等速萬(wàn)向節(jié)的設(shè)計(jì)[J].機(jī)械工程師.2008.7.
[11] 李麗,顧力強(qiáng).碳纖維復(fù)合材料傳動(dòng)軸臨界轉(zhuǎn)速分析[J].汽車(chē)工程.2007.6.
[12] 徐灝.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)[M] 北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社會(huì),2009.9
[13] 陳家瑞.汽車(chē)構(gòu)造 [M] 北京機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2009.2.
[14] 曹智軍.十字萬(wàn)向節(jié)油脂泄漏高速試驗(yàn)臺(tái)設(shè)計(jì)[J].儀器儀表學(xué)報(bào).2007.8.
[15]王望予.汽車(chē)設(shè)計(jì)[M].北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2006.
六、備注
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設(shè)計(jì)(論文)題目: HGC1050萬(wàn)向傳動(dòng)軸結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)
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HGC1050萬(wàn)向傳動(dòng)軸結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)
一、課題研究現(xiàn)狀、選題目的和意義
1、研究現(xiàn)狀
隨著汽車(chē)工業(yè)的迅猛發(fā)展,車(chē)型的多樣化、個(gè)性化已經(jīng)成為發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。萬(wàn)向傳動(dòng)軸是車(chē)輛底盤(pán)傳動(dòng)的主要總成之一,在工作中承受著巨大的扭矩和動(dòng)負(fù)荷。經(jīng)常騎使用后,級(jí)數(shù)狀況會(huì)發(fā)生變化,從而將直接影響發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)動(dòng)力的傳遞,降低傳動(dòng)效率,增加燃料消耗,加速輪胎磨損,同時(shí)還會(huì)影響變速器和驅(qū)動(dòng)橋的正常工作。而傳動(dòng)軸及萬(wàn)向節(jié)的設(shè)計(jì)裝配不良將產(chǎn)生振動(dòng)和噪聲,因此該總成設(shè)計(jì)是汽車(chē)設(shè)計(jì)中重要的環(huán)節(jié)之一。
萬(wàn)向傳動(dòng)軸是汽車(chē)的關(guān)鍵部件之一,也是汽車(chē)國(guó)產(chǎn)化技術(shù)難度較大的部件之一,沒(méi)有高技術(shù)的設(shè)備是很難達(dá)到要求的。它是汽車(chē)前后動(dòng)力的傳動(dòng)裝置,是汽車(chē)正常行駛不可或缺的一部分。目前,國(guó)內(nèi)只有少數(shù)合資企業(yè)能夠具備這樣的生產(chǎn)能力,多數(shù)國(guó)內(nèi)企業(yè)是在根據(jù)國(guó)外的樣件進(jìn)行開(kāi)發(fā)生產(chǎn),基本上沒(méi)有自主的設(shè)計(jì)開(kāi)發(fā)能力。綜上所述,設(shè)計(jì)出工作可靠、造價(jià)低廉的傳動(dòng)軸,能降低整車(chē)生產(chǎn)成本,推動(dòng)汽車(chē)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展。
汽車(chē)傳動(dòng)軸能在不同軸心的兩軸間甚至在工作過(guò)程中相對(duì)位置不斷變化的兩軸間傳遞動(dòng)力,連接或裝配各項(xiàng)配件而可移動(dòng)或轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的圓形物體配件,一般均使用輕而抗扭性佳的合金鋼管制成。汽車(chē)傳動(dòng)軸的作用就是使在不同軸心的兩軸間甚至在工作過(guò)程中相對(duì)位置不斷變化的兩軸間傳遞動(dòng)力。
萬(wàn)向傳動(dòng)裝置在汽車(chē)上有很多應(yīng)用,結(jié)構(gòu)也稍有不同,但其功用都是一樣的,即在軸線相交且相互位置經(jīng)常發(fā)生變化的兩轉(zhuǎn)軸之間傳遞動(dòng)力。與其它的齒輪傳動(dòng)、帶傳動(dòng)、鏈傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)相比,萬(wàn)向節(jié)傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)有著獨(dú)特的、其它機(jī)構(gòu)不能代替的優(yōu)點(diǎn),當(dāng)需要將一根軸上的扭矩或傳動(dòng)以較大的軸間夾角傳到相距較遠(yuǎn)、且角度可能變化的另一根軸時(shí),往往只能選擇萬(wàn)向節(jié)傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)。其作用在航空航天、機(jī)床、機(jī)械、尤其是汽車(chē)領(lǐng)域非常重要。隨著汽車(chē)工業(yè)100多年的發(fā)展歷史,萬(wàn)向傳動(dòng)軸的設(shè)計(jì)形式也得到了很快的發(fā)展。目前,十字軸式萬(wàn)向節(jié)傳動(dòng)軸在商用車(chē)中用得最廣泛。
另外一個(gè)重要的組成部分是滑動(dòng)花鍵副,由內(nèi)、外花鍵組成,用于傳遞長(zhǎng)度的變化。傳動(dòng)軸的萬(wàn)向節(jié)擺角和滑動(dòng)花鍵副的最大伸縮量,是根據(jù)整車(chē)布置時(shí)進(jìn)行的傳動(dòng)軸跳動(dòng)校核而確定的。一般的情況下還可能有傳動(dòng)軸管,空心的軸管具有較小的質(zhì)量但能傳遞較大的扭矩,并且比相同外徑的實(shí)心軸具有更高的臨界轉(zhuǎn)速的特點(diǎn)。
發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)前置后輪或全輪驅(qū)動(dòng)汽車(chē)多采用十字軸剛性萬(wàn)向節(jié)傳動(dòng)軸。其優(yōu)點(diǎn)是可保證在軸間交角變化時(shí)可靠地傳遞動(dòng)力,有較高的傳動(dòng)效率;缺點(diǎn)是在傳動(dòng)過(guò)程中,主、從動(dòng)軸的轉(zhuǎn)速不相等。這種不等速性降使傳動(dòng)軸及相連的傳動(dòng)部件產(chǎn)生扭轉(zhuǎn)振動(dòng)機(jī)附加交變載荷,產(chǎn)生噪聲,影響部件使用壽命,時(shí)常發(fā)生故障。
為了實(shí)現(xiàn)兩角間的等速傳動(dòng),可采用雙萬(wàn)向節(jié)傳動(dòng),第一萬(wàn)向節(jié)的不等速效應(yīng)就有可能被第二萬(wàn)向節(jié)的不等速效應(yīng)相抵消,從而實(shí)現(xiàn)兩軸間均勻運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。要達(dá)到這個(gè)目的,還必須滿足兩個(gè)條件,一是萬(wàn)向節(jié)兩軸間的夾角與第二萬(wàn)向節(jié)兩軸間的夾角相等;二是第一萬(wàn)向節(jié)從動(dòng)叉的平面與第二萬(wàn)向節(jié)主動(dòng)叉的平面處于同一平面內(nèi)。由于變速器和主減速器是隨發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)和后橋相對(duì)位置而固定的,發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)定位偏差、前后橋的彈性懸架機(jī)構(gòu)的振動(dòng),造成其相對(duì)位置不斷變化。為保證軸間夾角變化在正常范圍內(nèi),改善傳動(dòng)系的等速性能,贏注重對(duì)影響傳動(dòng)軸定位各部件的校正。
另外,萬(wàn)向傳動(dòng)裝置有極其廣泛的應(yīng)用,發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)前置后輪或全輪驅(qū)動(dòng)汽車(chē)行駛時(shí),由于懸架在行駛過(guò)程中由于路況的不平整造成的顛簸發(fā)生不斷變形,變速器或分動(dòng)器的輸出軸與驅(qū)動(dòng)橋輸入軸軸線之間的相對(duì)位置經(jīng)常變化,因而普遍采用可伸縮的十字軸萬(wàn)向傳動(dòng)軸;某些汽車(chē)根據(jù)總布置要求需將離合器與變速器、變速器與分動(dòng)器之間拉開(kāi)一端距離,考慮到它們之間很難保證軸與軸同心及車(chē)架的變形,所以常采用十字軸萬(wàn)向傳動(dòng)軸或撓性萬(wàn)向傳動(dòng)軸;對(duì)于轉(zhuǎn)向驅(qū)動(dòng)橋,左、右驅(qū)動(dòng)輪需要隨汽車(chē)行駛軌跡變化而改變方向,這時(shí)多采用等速萬(wàn)向傳動(dòng)軸。
2、目的、依據(jù)和意義
本課題的選擇充分考慮了所研究課題對(duì)汽車(chē)車(chē)輛工程專(zhuān)業(yè)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)和工作的指導(dǎo)作用。對(duì)本課題的研究能夠使學(xué)生了解商用車(chē)萬(wàn)向軸設(shè)計(jì)方法,通過(guò)本課題的研究,學(xué)生可以完成理論課程的實(shí)踐總結(jié),獲得一定的工程設(shè)計(jì)工作方法。綜合運(yùn)用這幾年所學(xué)的知識(shí)去分析、解決各種相關(guān)問(wèn)題,在作畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的過(guò)程中,對(duì)所學(xué)知識(shí)進(jìn)行整理、運(yùn)用,提高自己的動(dòng)手能力和培養(yǎng)自己的解決問(wèn)題的能力。通過(guò)對(duì)萬(wàn)向傳動(dòng)軸的研究,培養(yǎng)了我的綜合分析、解決問(wèn)題的能力和獨(dú)立工作的能力。
二、設(shè)計(jì)(論文)的基本內(nèi)容、擬解決的主要問(wèn)題
1、研究的基本內(nèi)容
(1)萬(wàn)向傳動(dòng)軸的結(jié)構(gòu)方案的分析;
(2)萬(wàn)向傳動(dòng)軸的計(jì)算載荷;
(3)萬(wàn)向傳動(dòng)軸的運(yùn)動(dòng)和受力分析;
(4)萬(wàn)向傳動(dòng)軸的選擇;
(5)Pro/E建模,Ansys分析。
2、擬解決的主要問(wèn)題
(1)傳動(dòng)軸的計(jì)算與強(qiáng)度校核;
(2)傳動(dòng)軸扭矩強(qiáng)度校核;
(3)傳動(dòng)軸滑動(dòng)花鍵的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算;
(4)十字軸的計(jì)算與校核;
(5)軸承的計(jì)算與強(qiáng)度校核。
三、技術(shù)路線(研究方法)
調(diào)查并查閱相關(guān)資料
方案分析
萬(wàn)向節(jié)結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)
傳動(dòng)軸結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)
傳動(dòng)軸花鍵結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì) 計(jì)
十字軸參數(shù)計(jì)算
軸承參數(shù)計(jì)算
傳動(dòng)軸參數(shù)計(jì)算
傳動(dòng)軸花鍵參數(shù)計(jì)算
強(qiáng)度校核
不合格
合格
Pro/E建模,Ansys分析
完成畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)和說(shuō)明書(shū)
四、進(jìn)度安排
1、第1~2周(2月28日~3月11日) 調(diào)研、開(kāi)題報(bào)告、文獻(xiàn)綜述 2、第3周(3月14日~3月18日) 傳動(dòng)軸的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算 3、第4~7周(3月21日~4月15日) 萬(wàn)向節(jié)的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算 4、第8~9周(4月18日~4月29日) 完成裝配圖 5、第10~11周 (5月2日~5月13日) 完成零件圖 6、第12周(5月16日~5月20日) 完成設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū),并且進(jìn)行有限元分析 7、第13周 (5月23日~5月27日) 審查修改圖紙、計(jì)算及設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū) 8、第14周(5月30日~6月3日) 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)預(yù)答辯準(zhǔn)備及答辯
9、第15~16周 (6月6日~6月17日) 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)修改
10、第17周(6月20日~6月24日) 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)答辯
五、參考文獻(xiàn)
[01] 盧曦,周萍,孫躍東.汽車(chē)等速萬(wàn)向節(jié)的現(xiàn)狀與發(fā)展[J].機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)與制造,2007,6 .
[02] 吳修義.汽車(chē)萬(wàn)向節(jié)傳動(dòng)軸的選擇和應(yīng)用.[J].重型汽車(chē),2006.6.
[03] 李科,何志兵,沈海.等速萬(wàn)向節(jié)總成的設(shè)計(jì)方法[J].軸承,2006.9.
[04] 任少云,朱正禮,張建武.雙十字軸萬(wàn)向節(jié)傳動(dòng)力學(xué)建模與仿真[J].上海交通大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào),2008.11.
[05] 何西冷.萬(wàn)向節(jié)機(jī)構(gòu)的運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)分析[J].起重運(yùn)輸機(jī)械,2009.6.
[06] 李仕清,張波.萬(wàn)向節(jié)磚正確潤(rùn)滑[J].AUTO MAINTENANCE,2007.12.
[07] 康健.萬(wàn)向節(jié)運(yùn)動(dòng)傳遞非等速特性研究[J].清華大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(自然科學(xué)版). 2008年,第39卷.
[08] 劉惟信.汽車(chē)設(shè)計(jì)[M]北京:清華大學(xué)出版社.2007.
[09] 華同曙.虎克萬(wàn)向節(jié)節(jié)叉軸承滾針的凸度設(shè)計(jì)[J].華南理工大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(自然科學(xué)版).2006.7.
[10] 肖生發(fā).伍德榮.一種新型等速萬(wàn)向節(jié)的設(shè)計(jì)[J].機(jī)械工程師.2008.7.
[11] 李麗,顧力強(qiáng).碳纖維復(fù)合材料傳動(dòng)軸臨界轉(zhuǎn)速分析[J].汽車(chē)工程.2007.6.
[12] 徐灝.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)[M] 北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社會(huì),2009.9
[13] 陳家瑞.汽車(chē)構(gòu)造 [M] 北京機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2009.2.
[14] 曹智軍.十字萬(wàn)向節(jié)油脂泄漏高速試驗(yàn)臺(tái)設(shè)計(jì)[J].儀器儀表學(xué)報(bào).2007.8.
[15]王望予.汽車(chē)設(shè)計(jì)[M].北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2006.
[16]劉惟信.機(jī)械最優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)(第三版)[M].北京:清華大學(xué)出版社,2008.
[17]王國(guó)權(quán),龔國(guó)慶.汽車(chē)設(shè)計(jì)課程設(shè)計(jì)指導(dǎo)書(shū)[M].北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2009.11
[18]?馮晉祥,陳德陽(yáng),王林超.汽車(chē)構(gòu)造(下冊(cè))[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2007.9
[19]Julian Happian-Smith. An Introduction to Modern Vehicle Design. Reed Educational and Professional Publishing Ltd 2007
[20]S.D.Haddad and N.Watson.DESIGN AND APPLICATIONS IN DIESEL ENGINEERING.Ellis Horwood Limited,2006
六、備注
指導(dǎo)教師意見(jiàn):
簽字: 年 月 日
黑龍江工程學(xué)院本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) 1 摘 要 萬(wàn)向傳動(dòng)裝置是汽車(chē)傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)中的重要組成部分,萬(wàn)向傳動(dòng)裝置位于變速箱和驅(qū) 動(dòng)橋之間,一般由萬(wàn)向節(jié)、傳動(dòng)軸和中間支承組成。萬(wàn)向節(jié)能實(shí)現(xiàn)變角度動(dòng)力傳遞; 傳動(dòng)軸把變速器的轉(zhuǎn)矩傳遞到驅(qū)動(dòng)橋上;中間支承能補(bǔ)償傳動(dòng)軸軸向和角度方向的安 裝誤差和車(chē)輛行駛過(guò)程中由于發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)竄動(dòng)或車(chē)架等變形所引起的位移。萬(wàn)向傳動(dòng)裝置 的功用是在汽車(chē)行駛過(guò)程中,在軸間夾角及相互位置經(jīng)常發(fā)生變化的兩個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)軸之間傳 遞動(dòng)力。 本文主要是對(duì)汽車(chē)的十字軸式萬(wàn)向傳動(dòng)裝置進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)。根據(jù)車(chē)輛使用條件和車(chē)輛 參數(shù),按照傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)步驟和要求,主要進(jìn)行了以下工作:選擇相關(guān)設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù)主 要為:十字軸、萬(wàn)向節(jié)、傳動(dòng)軸、中間支承的參數(shù)確定,并進(jìn)行了總成設(shè)計(jì)主要為: 十字軸的設(shè)計(jì),萬(wàn)向節(jié)的設(shè)計(jì)、傳動(dòng)軸的設(shè)計(jì)以及中間支承的設(shè)計(jì)等。并通過(guò) Pro/E 建模和有限元 ANSYS 軟件對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)萬(wàn)向傳動(dòng)裝置進(jìn)行結(jié)構(gòu)分析,根據(jù)分析結(jié)果對(duì)萬(wàn)向傳 動(dòng)裝置進(jìn)行改進(jìn)設(shè)計(jì)得出合理的設(shè)計(jì)方案。 關(guān)鍵詞:萬(wàn)向傳動(dòng)裝置;十字軸;萬(wàn)向節(jié);傳動(dòng)軸;有限元分析 黑龍江工程學(xué)院本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) 2 ABSTRACT The automobile universal transmission device is in the automobile transmission system important constituent,is located between the gear box and the driving axle . Generally by the universal joint, the drive shaft and the middle supporting is composed. The universal joint energy conservation realization changes the angle power transmission;Transmit the torque of the gear box to the transaxle with drive shaft;The middle supporting can compensate the drive shaft axial and the angle direction in the wiring error and the vehicles travel process because the engine flees moves the displacement which or distortions and so on frame causes. The rotary transmission device function is in the automobile travel process, the included angle and the mutual position changes between the revolution axis in the axis between to transmit the power frequently. This article mainly is carries on the design to the automobile cross shaft type rotary transmission device. According to vehicles exploitation conditions and vehicles parameter, according to transmission system design procedure and request, Mainly has carried on following work: Mainly has carried on following work choice correlation design variable mainly is: Cross axle, universal joint, drive shaft, middle supporting parameter determination, and has carried on the unit design mainly is: Cross axle design, universal joint design, drive shaft design as well as middle supporting design and so on. And to designs the rotary transmission device through the finite element Pro/E and ANSYS software to carry on the structure analysis, Carries on the improvement design according to the analysis result to the rotary transmission device to obtain the reasonable design proposal. Keywords: Universal Transmission Device; Cross Axle; Universal Joint; Transmission shaft; Finite Element Analysis 黑龍江工程學(xué)院本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) 3 目 錄 摘要 I AbstractII 第 1 章 緒 論 1 1.1 概 述 1 1.2 汽車(chē)傳動(dòng)軸的國(guó)內(nèi)外研究現(xiàn)狀 2 1.3 研究汽車(chē)萬(wàn)向傳動(dòng)軸的目的和意義 3 1.3.1 研究汽車(chē)萬(wàn)向傳動(dòng)軸的目的 3 1.3.2 研究汽車(chē)傳動(dòng)軸的意義 3 1.4 萬(wàn)向傳動(dòng)軸的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)及基本要求 4 1.5 本課題研究的主要內(nèi)容 5 第 2 章 汽車(chē)傳動(dòng)軸的結(jié)構(gòu)方案分析與選擇 7 2.1 汽車(chē)傳動(dòng)軸的結(jié)構(gòu)方案概述 7 2.1.1 萬(wàn)向節(jié)與傳動(dòng)軸的結(jié)構(gòu)型式 7 2.1.2 傳動(dòng)軸管、伸縮花鍵及中間支承結(jié)構(gòu)型式 7 2.1.3 萬(wàn)向節(jié)類(lèi)型 10 2.2 傳動(dòng)軸設(shè)計(jì)方案 12 2.3 本章小結(jié) 13 第 3 章 萬(wàn)向傳動(dòng)軸的設(shè)計(jì) 14 3.1HGC1050 汽車(chē)的主要技術(shù)參數(shù) 14 3.2 傳動(dòng)軸總成設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算及校核 15 3.2.1 傳動(dòng)軸計(jì)算載荷的確定 15 3.2.2 傳動(dòng)軸軸管的選擇及校核 16 3.2.3 中間支承的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì) 21 3.3 十字軸總成的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算及校核 24 3.3.1 萬(wàn)向節(jié)的受力分析 24 3.3.2 十字軸萬(wàn)向 節(jié)的設(shè)計(jì)及校核 26 3.3.3 十字軸滾針軸承的校核 27 黑龍江工程學(xué)院本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) 4 3.3.4 萬(wàn)向節(jié)叉的設(shè)計(jì)及校核 28 第 4 章 傳動(dòng)軸總成建模與裝配 30 4.1 Pro/ENGINEER 軟件簡(jiǎn)介 30 4.2 利用 ProENGINEER 軟件進(jìn)行三維實(shí)體建模 31 4.2.1 十字軸的創(chuàng)建 31 4.2.2 凸緣叉的創(chuàng)建 31 4.2.3 軸承差的創(chuàng)建 32 4.2.4 傳動(dòng)軸管的創(chuàng)建 32 4.2.5 帶花鍵的傳動(dòng)軸管的創(chuàng)建 33 第 5 章 萬(wàn)向傳動(dòng)裝置的有限元靜力學(xué)分析 34 5.1 ANSYS 軟件簡(jiǎn)介 34 5.2Pro/E 與 ANSYS 接口的創(chuàng)建 34 5.3 利用 ANSYS 對(duì)望向傳動(dòng)裝置進(jìn)行有限元受力分析 36 5.3.1 十字軸有限元受力分析 36 5.3.2 凸緣叉有限元受力分析 40 5.3.3 傳動(dòng)軸有限元受力分析 41 5.4 本章小結(jié) 42 結(jié) 論 43 參考文獻(xiàn) 44 致 謝 45 附錄 A 外文文獻(xiàn) 46 附錄 B 外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯 49
附錄A 外文文獻(xiàn)
A shaft assembly, profile
The shaft axis in two different, even in its working process and relative position between the two shafts changing. According to the important components - shaft, can have the different universal classification. If the direction in reverse universal elastic, whether can be divided into the rigid universal shaft transmission and flexible joints. The former is the hinged on parts of the power transmission link, the latter by elastic parts, and has passed dynamic buffer reduced. Rigid gimbal and can be divided into different speed universal shaft type (such as cross gimbal) and patterned (such as double type gimbal, three pin shaft type gimbal) and patterned (such as ball cage gimbal, fork type gimbal). Patterned constant, and refers to the driven shaft rotation in driving shaft with the rotation Angle, whether of equal velocity, of course, driving shaft and driven shafts is equal to the speed of the average.
Lord, the driven shaft axis in two angular change when the Angle between the universal and equal still called patterned or DengJiao velocity universal. They mainly used to drive axles, breaking the wheel transmission device etc, and is mainly used in the power of the car. When the car for a rear wheel drive, often using the universal shaft, on the part of high-grade car, have adopted the isokinetic ball head, When the car for front wheel drive, often USES patterned constant - universal shaft, but also a kind of different appellation.
In front of a rear wheel drive motor (or all round the bus driver), due to the automobile suspension in athletic process, main reducer drive shaft transmission (or input shaft and FenDongXiang) output shaft is relative motion between often, in addition to avoid certain institutions or device (not) line, there must be a device to realize the dynamic transfer, then the normal appeared gimbal transmission. Universal must have the following characteristics: the transmission and ensure that the relative position of the two shafts in expected range changes, can reliably transfer power, B, ensure that connects the two shafts could even operation. Due to the universal and additional load Angle, the vibration and noise should be allowed in, C, high transmission efficiency, long service life, simple structure, easy fabrication, easy maintenance. For automobile, due to a cross gimbal output shaft relative to the input shaft (have) is not constant rotation Angle, therefore, must adopt double gimbal (or more), and the universal shaft driving connected with the two cardan arrangement in the same plane and make two equal to the Angle. It is very important. In the design to minimize the Angle.
Shaft assembly imbalance is the transmission of the bending vibration. The cause of the vibration noise is obvious. In addition, the universal joint cardan shaft kiln, axial clearance, the sliding spline shaft assembly precision, peeling ends when high-speed rotary shaft transmission and the elastic deformation of a hot spot balance affecting factors can change the imbalance of shaft assembly. Reducing the imbalance, shaft for cars, especially the high-speed car like (car) is extremely important, otherwise it will cause a lot of relevant fault or damage.
The universal shaft rigidity of vehicle drivetrain is in the most widely used, and the long history. Usually say the shaft is generally refers to the universal shaft rigidity type. The axial rigidity of universal is mainly used in the transmission Angle of CAM flange, generally, the shaft needle bearing assembly, cardan joint or sliding fork, fork or spline fork, needle bearing axial fixation. Ashdod, with the gearbox commonly margin fork shaft drive or other such links. Tu margin with a fork is the flange, generally USES the fork form part of the carbon steel or medium-carbon steel forging, also have adopted the ductile iron castings and sand carbon steel or medium-carbon steel high precision castings. Tu margin with a flat binary general, also have brought a flanged end flange of trapezoid tooth. The shaft needle bearing assembly includes four needle bearing, a cross axis, a grease. Roller bearings are generally consists of several needle roller bearings, a bowl, a blade rubber seal (more than with partial skeleton). In some needle bearing, and a belt round bearings, nylon, gasket also adopts copper or other materials, mainly for the decrease of universal shaft axial clearance, improve the quality of dynamic balance. A binary form cardan parts, generally USES medium-carbon steel or carbon steel forging parts, also have adopted the precision casting medium-carbon steel. Needle bearing axial fixation thing is generally holes (or axis) with elastic ring (internal and external), or bearing the cassette, bolt locking plate, etc.Another shaft is an important part of the spline is sliding, internal and external spline (rectangular), and the involute used to convey length change.The universal shaft and sliding swinging Angle of slip is biggest spline is decorated, according to the vehicle shaft and beat the check.Transmission of low carbon steel tube generally made of steel wire coiling of big norms, the tube, also have adopted the cold drawn seamless tube. The tube diameter and wall thickness (or diameter) is based on the maximum transmission torque, highest speed conditions of work. Hollow shaft tube has smaller quality and can deliver large torque, and the same diameter than the solid shaft possesses higher critical speed characteristics.
Normally, two gimbal centre distance is not more than 1.5 m. When the distance is close, generally by two universal and a sliding spline shaft, no vice. When the distance and make more than 1.5 m shaft length, often divided into two or three roots, using three or four joints, and finally a belt, the rest of the spline vice sliding bearing structure among belt.Typical middle by a supporting general cylindrical ball bearing, a housing, two seal, a rubber pad, a grease mouth. By supporting bracket among middle shaft connecting to the frame beams, transmission line and the middle axis required support among perpendicular to the plane. General layout in supporting shaft transmission system among the first-order critical speed nodes.In use process, generally need timely maintenance. In the joints, sliding bearing etc, among the spline is fat mouth place, want to periodically according to related regulations prescribed grease filling. Also have adopted in maintenance free universal shaft bearings and support in the reserve, need not regular grease filling grease.
Second, the universal description
Universal joint is a key component of the car transmission. In front of the rear wheel drive motor vehicle, universal shaft installed in transmission and the output shaft drive between input shaft gear reducer, And lead the front wheel drive motor vehicle omitted, universal shaft driving is responsible for installation in the front axle and be responsible for steering wheels and half shaft.
Automobile is a movement of objects. The bus driver, engine, clutch and transmission as a whole, and installed in the frame by elastic suspension frame and drive connections between a distance, the need for connection. The car runs in rough pavement produces change, load or two assembly location, will make the output shaft transmission with the reducer drive shaft Angle between input and the distance change, therefore, to use a "in changing" devices to solve this question, it is the universal.
In between, off-road vehicle transmission and the front drive thansfer can turn with half shaft drive between the universal, need to do ". The structure and function of a bit like human limbs, it is allowed to connect the Angle between the parts. But it and body joints and different forms of activities, it only allows the Angle of the change in a certain range.Universal shaft type is the universal, rigid patterned (double axle and three pin shaft type), patterned (ball fork and ball cage), cross gimbal sex. After the car at the most widely used a cross gimbal.Single gimbal cannot make the output shaft and the instantaneous velocity of axle shaft vibration, easy to cause the equal parts, aggravate the damage, produce a lot of noise. Therefore, after the car driver using universal form of transmission shaft double gimbal, is a universal at each end, its function is equal to the transmission Angle, both the output shaft and the instantaneous velocity of axle shaft always equal.
In order to satisfy the power transmission, steering and auto operation generated by beating down before the Angle, drive the car drive shaft and the wheel, and also used between universal connected. Due to the limit, the axial dimensions of landform and bigger, request to do, so common universal widely adopted various patterned. In general, the former drive car every half shaft with two patterned, near the speed of universal joint is a half drive axle shaft inside, near the universal shaft lateral velocity is half. In various patterned, common ball cage is universal, it with six steel ball force, driving shaft and driven shafts intersect in any of the circumstances, the ball is located on the intersection of two in two axis, namely the equally intersect, thus ensure the driven shaft, equal angles speed transmission.
附錄B 外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯
傳動(dòng)軸簡(jiǎn)介
傳動(dòng)軸,在不同軸心的兩軸間甚至在工作過(guò)程中相對(duì)位置不斷變化的兩軸間傳遞動(dòng)力。傳動(dòng)軸按其重要部件——萬(wàn)向節(jié)的不同,可有不同的分類(lèi)。如果按萬(wàn)向節(jié)在扭轉(zhuǎn)的方向是否有明顯的彈性可分為剛性萬(wàn)向節(jié)傳動(dòng)軸和撓性萬(wàn)向節(jié)傳動(dòng)軸。前者是靠零件的鉸鏈?zhǔn)铰?lián)接傳遞動(dòng)力的,后者則靠彈性零件傳遞動(dòng)力,并具有緩沖減振作用。剛性萬(wàn)向節(jié)又可分為不等速萬(wàn)向節(jié)(如十字軸式萬(wàn)向節(jié))、準(zhǔn)等速萬(wàn)向節(jié)(如雙聯(lián)式萬(wàn)向節(jié)、三銷(xiāo)軸式萬(wàn)向節(jié))和等速萬(wàn)向節(jié)(如球籠式萬(wàn)向節(jié)、球叉式萬(wàn)向節(jié))。等速與不等速,是指從動(dòng)軸在隨著主動(dòng)軸轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)時(shí),兩者的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)角速率是否相等而言的,當(dāng)然,主動(dòng)軸和從動(dòng)軸的平均轉(zhuǎn)速是相等的。
主、從動(dòng)軸的角速度在兩軸之間的夾角變動(dòng)時(shí)仍然相等的萬(wàn)向節(jié),稱為等速萬(wàn)向節(jié)或等角速萬(wàn)向節(jié)。它們主要用于轉(zhuǎn)向驅(qū)動(dòng)橋、斷開(kāi)式驅(qū)動(dòng)橋等的車(chē)輪傳動(dòng)裝置中,主要用于轎車(chē)中的動(dòng)力傳遞。當(dāng)轎車(chē)為后輪驅(qū)動(dòng)時(shí),常采用十字軸式萬(wàn)向節(jié)傳動(dòng)軸,對(duì)部分高檔轎車(chē),也有采用等速球頭的;當(dāng)轎車(chē)為前輪驅(qū)動(dòng)時(shí),則常采用等速萬(wàn)向節(jié)——等速萬(wàn)向節(jié)也是一種傳動(dòng)軸,只是稱謂不同而已。
在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)前置后輪驅(qū)動(dòng)(或全輪驅(qū)動(dòng))的汽車(chē)上,由于汽車(chē)在運(yùn)動(dòng)過(guò)程中懸架變形,驅(qū)動(dòng)軸主減速器輸入軸與變速器(或分動(dòng)箱)輸出軸間經(jīng)常有相對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng),此外,為有效避開(kāi)某些機(jī)構(gòu)或裝置(無(wú)法實(shí)現(xiàn)直線傳遞),必須有一種裝置來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)動(dòng)力的正常傳遞,于是就出現(xiàn)了萬(wàn)向節(jié)傳動(dòng)。萬(wàn)向節(jié)傳動(dòng)必須具備以下特點(diǎn):a 、保證所連接兩軸的相對(duì)位置在預(yù)計(jì)范圍內(nèi)變動(dòng)時(shí),能可靠地傳遞動(dòng)力;b 、保證所連接兩軸能均勻運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。由于萬(wàn)向節(jié)夾角而產(chǎn)生的附加載荷、振動(dòng)和噪聲應(yīng)在允許范圍內(nèi);c 、傳動(dòng)效率要高,使用壽命長(zhǎng),結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單,制造方便,維修容易。對(duì)汽車(chē)而言,由于一個(gè)十字軸萬(wàn)向節(jié)的輸出軸相對(duì)于輸入軸(有一定的夾角)是不等速旋轉(zhuǎn)的,為此必須采用雙萬(wàn)向節(jié)(或多萬(wàn)向節(jié))傳動(dòng),并把同傳動(dòng)軸相連的兩個(gè)萬(wàn)向節(jié)叉布置在同一平面,且使兩萬(wàn)向節(jié)的夾角相等。這一點(diǎn)是十分重要的。在設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)應(yīng)盡量減小萬(wàn)向節(jié)的夾角。
傳動(dòng)軸總成不平衡是傳動(dòng)系彎曲振動(dòng)的主要原因。其引起的振動(dòng)噪聲是明顯的。此外,萬(wàn)向節(jié)十字軸的軸向竄動(dòng)、傳動(dòng)軸滑動(dòng)花鍵中的間隙、傳動(dòng)軸總成兩端連接處的定心精度、高速回轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)傳動(dòng)軸的彈性變形及傳動(dòng)軸上點(diǎn)焊平衡片時(shí)的熱影響因素等都能改變傳動(dòng)軸總成的不平衡度。降低傳動(dòng)軸的不平衡度,對(duì)于汽車(chē),尤其是高速汽車(chē)如(轎車(chē))是極其重要的,否則會(huì)引起很多相關(guān)故障或異常損壞。
十字軸式剛性萬(wàn)向節(jié)傳動(dòng)軸在汽車(chē)傳動(dòng)系中用得最廣泛,歷史也最悠久。平時(shí)所說(shuō)的傳動(dòng)軸一般指的就是十字軸式剛性萬(wàn)向節(jié)傳動(dòng)軸。十字軸式剛性萬(wàn)向節(jié)主要用于傳遞角度的變化,一般由突緣叉、十字軸帶滾針軸承總成、萬(wàn)向節(jié)叉或滑動(dòng)叉、中間連接叉或花鍵軸叉、滾針軸承的軸向固定件等組成。突緣叉一般與變速箱、驅(qū)動(dòng)橋或別的傳動(dòng)軸等連接。突緣叉是一個(gè)帶法蘭的叉形零件,一般采用中碳鋼或中碳合金鋼的鍛造件,也有采用球墨鑄鐵的砂型鑄造件和中碳鋼或中碳優(yōu)質(zhì)合金鋼的精密鑄造件。突緣叉一般帶一個(gè)平法蘭,也有帶一個(gè)端面梯形齒法蘭的。十字軸帶滾針軸承總成一般包括四個(gè)滾針軸承、一個(gè)十字軸、一個(gè)滑脂嘴。滾針軸承一般由若干個(gè)滾針、一個(gè)軸承碗、一個(gè)多刃口橡膠油封(部分帶骨架)組成。在某些滾針軸承中,還有一個(gè)帶油槽的圓形墊片,有尼龍的,也有采用銅片或其他材料的,主要用于減小萬(wàn)向節(jié)軸向間隙,提高傳動(dòng)軸動(dòng)平衡品質(zhì)。萬(wàn)向節(jié)叉是一個(gè)叉形零件,一般采用中碳鋼或中碳合金鋼的鍛造件,也有采用中碳鋼的精密鑄造件。滾針軸承的軸向固定件一般是孔(或軸)用彈性擋圈(內(nèi)外卡式),或軸承壓板、鎖片、螺栓等。
傳動(dòng)軸的另外一個(gè)重要的組成部分是滑動(dòng)花鍵副,由內(nèi)、外花鍵(矩形、漸開(kāi)線)組成,用于傳遞長(zhǎng)度的變化。傳動(dòng)軸的萬(wàn)向節(jié)擺角和滑動(dòng)花鍵副的最大伸縮量,是根據(jù)整車(chē)布置時(shí)進(jìn)行的傳動(dòng)軸跳動(dòng)校核而確定的。傳動(dòng)軸管一般由低碳鋼板卷制的電焊鋼管制成,對(duì)大規(guī)格的軸管,也有采用冷拔無(wú)縫管的。軸管的外徑和壁厚(或內(nèi)徑)是根據(jù)傳動(dòng)軸所傳遞的最大工作扭矩、最高工作轉(zhuǎn)速等條件確定的??招牡妮S管具有較小的質(zhì)量并能傳遞較大的扭矩,并且比相同外徑的實(shí)心軸具有更高的臨界轉(zhuǎn)速的特點(diǎn)。
一般情況下,兩萬(wàn)向節(jié)中心距不大于1.5m。當(dāng)距離較近時(shí),一般由兩個(gè)萬(wàn)向節(jié)和一個(gè)滑動(dòng)花鍵副組成,中間無(wú)軸管。當(dāng)距離較遠(yuǎn)而使傳動(dòng)軸的長(zhǎng)度超過(guò)1.5m時(shí),常常分成兩根或三根,采用三個(gè)或四個(gè)萬(wàn)向節(jié),且最后一根帶滑動(dòng)花鍵副,其余的帶中間支承的結(jié)構(gòu)型式。
典型的中間支承一般由一個(gè)圓柱球軸承、一個(gè)軸承座、兩個(gè)油封、一個(gè)橡膠墊、一個(gè)滑脂嘴組成。中間傳動(dòng)軸由中間支承支架連接到車(chē)架橫梁上,要求中間傳動(dòng)軸軸心線與中間支承平面垂直。一般要求傳動(dòng)軸中間支承布置在傳動(dòng)軸系統(tǒng)的一階臨界轉(zhuǎn)速節(jié)點(diǎn)上。在使用過(guò)程中,一般需要按時(shí)保養(yǎng)。在萬(wàn)向節(jié)、滑動(dòng)花鍵副、中間支承等有滑脂嘴的地方,要按有關(guān)規(guī)定進(jìn)行定期加注規(guī)定的潤(rùn)滑脂。也有采用免維護(hù)的傳動(dòng)軸,在萬(wàn)向節(jié)和中間支承的軸承內(nèi)有預(yù)留的潤(rùn)滑脂,不需要定期加注潤(rùn)滑脂。
萬(wàn)向節(jié)是汽車(chē)傳動(dòng)軸上的關(guān)鍵部件。在前置發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)后輪驅(qū)動(dòng)的車(chē)輛上,萬(wàn)向節(jié)傳動(dòng)軸安裝在變速器輸出軸與驅(qū)動(dòng)橋主減速器輸入軸之間;而前置發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)前輪驅(qū)動(dòng)的車(chē)輛省略了傳動(dòng)軸,萬(wàn)向節(jié)安裝在既負(fù)責(zé)驅(qū)動(dòng)又負(fù)責(zé)轉(zhuǎn)向的前橋半軸與車(chē)輪之間。
汽車(chē)是一個(gè)運(yùn)動(dòng)的物體。在后驅(qū)動(dòng)汽車(chē)上,發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)、離合器與變速器作為一個(gè)整體安裝在車(chē)架上,而驅(qū)動(dòng)橋通過(guò)彈性懸掛與車(chē)架連接,兩者之間有一個(gè)距離,需要進(jìn)行連接。汽車(chē)運(yùn)行中路面不平產(chǎn)生跳動(dòng),負(fù)荷變化或者兩個(gè)總成安裝位置差異,都會(huì)使得變速器輸出軸與驅(qū)動(dòng)橋主減速器輸入軸之間的夾角和距離發(fā)生變化,因此要用一個(gè)“以變應(yīng)變”的裝置來(lái)解決這一個(gè)問(wèn)題,因此就有了萬(wàn)向節(jié)。另外在越野車(chē)變速器與分動(dòng)器之間,前驅(qū)動(dòng)的可轉(zhuǎn)向驅(qū)動(dòng)橋與半軸之間,都需要這個(gè)萬(wàn)向節(jié)做“關(guān)節(jié)”。萬(wàn)向節(jié)的結(jié)構(gòu)和作用有點(diǎn)象人體四肢上的關(guān)節(jié),它允許被連接的零件之間的夾角變化。但它與肢體關(guān)節(jié)的活動(dòng)形式又有所不同,它僅允許夾角在一定范圍內(nèi)變化。萬(wàn)向節(jié)有十字軸式剛性萬(wàn)向節(jié),準(zhǔn)等速萬(wàn)向節(jié)(雙聯(lián)軸式和三銷(xiāo)軸式),等速萬(wàn)向節(jié)(球叉式和球籠式),擾性萬(wàn)向節(jié)。目前后驅(qū)動(dòng)汽車(chē)上應(yīng)用最廣的一種是十字軸萬(wàn)向節(jié)。
單個(gè)的萬(wàn)向節(jié)不能使輸出軸與軸入軸的瞬時(shí)角速度相等,容易造成振動(dòng),加劇機(jī)件的損壞,產(chǎn)生很大的噪音。因此,后驅(qū)動(dòng)汽車(chē)的萬(wàn)向節(jié)傳動(dòng)形式都采用雙萬(wàn)向節(jié),就是傳動(dòng)軸兩端各有一個(gè)萬(wàn)向節(jié),其作用是使傳動(dòng)軸兩端的夾角相等,保證輸出軸與軸入軸的瞬時(shí)角速度始終相等。
為了滿足動(dòng)力傳遞、轉(zhuǎn)向和汽車(chē)運(yùn)行時(shí)所產(chǎn)生的上下跳動(dòng)所造成的角度變化,前驅(qū)動(dòng)汽車(chē)的驅(qū)動(dòng)橋,半軸與輪軸之間也常用萬(wàn)向節(jié)相連。由于受軸向尺寸的限制,要求偏角又比較大,普通萬(wàn)向節(jié)難以勝任,所以廣泛采用各式各樣的等速萬(wàn)向節(jié)。在一般前驅(qū)動(dòng)汽車(chē)上,每個(gè)半軸用兩個(gè)等速萬(wàn)向節(jié),靠近變速驅(qū)動(dòng)橋的萬(wàn)向節(jié)是半軸內(nèi)側(cè)萬(wàn)向節(jié),靠近車(chē)軸的是半軸外側(cè)萬(wàn)向節(jié)。在各種等速萬(wàn)向節(jié)中,常見(jiàn)是球籠式萬(wàn)向節(jié),它用六個(gè)鋼球傳力,主動(dòng)軸與從動(dòng)軸在任何交角的情況下,鋼球都位于兩園的交點(diǎn)上,即位于兩軸交角的平分面上,從而保證主、從動(dòng)軸等角速度傳動(dòng)。
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