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KC015-1
2009 屆畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)書
二級(jí)學(xué)院（直屬學(xué)部）： 機(jī)電工程學(xué)院 專業(yè)：機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化 班級(jí)： 05機(jī)三
學(xué)生姓名
胥 林
指導(dǎo)教師
張海宇
職稱
副教授
課題名稱
帶有卸荷裝置的加工中心主傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)
課 題 工 作 內(nèi) 容
本課題來源于江蘇恒力機(jī)電有限公司，完成三軸聯(lián)動(dòng)的帶有卸荷裝置的加工中心的主傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)，確定加工中心主傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)方案和調(diào)速范圍，并確定主軸的卸荷裝置和結(jié)構(gòu)形式，確定電機(jī)類型、功率，確定傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)鏈、并進(jìn)行必要的理論計(jì)算。
該項(xiàng)目包括：
1、帶有卸荷裝置的加工中心主傳動(dòng)聯(lián)系尺寸總圖
2、加工中心主軸箱尺寸總圖
3、部分零件圖
4、畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說明書一份（中文摘要不少于300字，英文摘要不少于1200個(gè)印刷符號(hào)）。
5、翻譯與本專業(yè)相關(guān)的15000個(gè)印刷符號(hào)的科技英語文章
指標(biāo)（目標(biāo)）要求
一、技術(shù)指標(biāo)
1、主軸轉(zhuǎn)速：20~6000rpm, 主軸最大輸出扭矩：255Nm
2、主軸端面至工作臺(tái)面最小距離：150mm
3、主軸錐孔號(hào)：ISO40
二、質(zhì)量指標(biāo)
1、主軸軸承要承受軸向力不大于20 kN
2、選擇的主軸軸承要能承受軸向、徑向雙向作用力
3、主軸軸承的旋轉(zhuǎn)精度、性能、使用壽命要高
4、主軸的卸荷效果要好，主軸有足夠的剛度與抗振性能，回轉(zhuǎn)精度高；
進(jìn)
程
安
排
進(jìn)程安排：
3周到4周 明確設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)，收集資料、調(diào)查研究。
5周到7周 完成畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)開題報(bào)告，方案論證、確定課題總體方案。
8周到10周 完成總體設(shè)計(jì)草圖。
11周到15周 完成主傳動(dòng)聯(lián)系尺寸裝配總圖、主軸箱尺寸總圖、部分零件圖。
16周到18周 編寫畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說明書以及答辯準(zhǔn)備。
主
要
參
考
文
獻(xiàn)
[1] 戴曙, 《金屬切削機(jī)床設(shè)計(jì)》[M] 機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社 1981
[2] 機(jī)械加工工藝手冊(cè)編寫組，《機(jī)械加工工藝手冊(cè)》[M] 機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社 1998
[3]文懷興，,《數(shù)控銑床設(shè)計(jì)》[M]，化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社 2006
[4] 任嘉卉， 《公差與配合手冊(cè)》[M]， 機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社 1990
[5] 文懷興，夏田， 《數(shù)控機(jī)床系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)》[M]， 機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社 2006
[6] 周建方, 《材料力學(xué)》[M] 機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社 2002
[7] 范真,《加工中心》[M] 化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社2004
[8] 南京市機(jī)械研究所,《金屬切削機(jī)床夾具圖》[M] 機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社1990
[9] 李學(xué)梅, 《數(shù)控機(jī)床》[M] 電子工業(yè)出版社 2005
[10] 夏田， 《數(shù)控加工中心設(shè)計(jì)》[M]， 化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社 2006
地
點(diǎn)
州學(xué)院
起止
日期
2008-12-30～2009-6-21
系主任： 指導(dǎo)教師：
年 月 日 年 月 日
說明：畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)書由指導(dǎo)教師根據(jù)課題的具體情況填寫，經(jīng)系部審核簽字后生效。此任務(wù)書在畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)工作開始前一周內(nèi)填寫并發(fā)給學(xué)生。
機(jī)電工程學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯
數(shù)控技術(shù)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)
摘要：簡要介紹了當(dāng)今世界數(shù)控技術(shù)及裝備發(fā)展的趨勢(shì)及我國數(shù)控裝備技術(shù)發(fā)展和產(chǎn)業(yè)化的現(xiàn)狀，在此基礎(chǔ)上討論了在我國加入WTO和對(duì)外開放進(jìn)一步深化的新環(huán)境下，發(fā)展我國數(shù)控技術(shù)及裝備、提高我國制造業(yè)信息化水平和國際競(jìng)爭能力的重要性，并從戰(zhàn)略和策略兩個(gè)層面提出了發(fā)展我國數(shù)控技術(shù)及裝備的幾點(diǎn)看法。
????裝備工業(yè)的技術(shù)水平和現(xiàn)代化程度決定著整個(gè)國民經(jīng)濟(jì)的水平和現(xiàn)代化程度，數(shù)控技術(shù)及裝備是發(fā)展新興高新技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)和尖端工業(yè)（如信息技術(shù)及其產(chǎn)業(yè)、生物技術(shù)及其產(chǎn)業(yè)、航空、航天等國防工業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)）的使能技術(shù)和最基本的裝備。馬克思曾經(jīng)說過“各種經(jīng)濟(jì)時(shí)代的區(qū)別，不在于生產(chǎn)什么，而在于怎樣生產(chǎn)，用什么勞動(dòng)資料生產(chǎn)”。制造技術(shù)和裝備就是人類生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)的最基本的生產(chǎn)資料，而數(shù)控技術(shù)又是當(dāng)今先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)和裝備最核心的技術(shù)。當(dāng)今世界各國制造業(yè)廣泛采用數(shù)控技術(shù)，以提高制造能力和水平，提高對(duì)動(dòng)態(tài)多變市場(chǎng)的適應(yīng)能力和競(jìng)爭能力。此外世界上各工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國家還將數(shù)控技術(shù)及數(shù)控裝備列為國家的戰(zhàn)略物資，不僅采取重大措施來發(fā)展自己的數(shù)控技術(shù)及其產(chǎn)業(yè)，而且在“高精尖”數(shù)控關(guān)鍵技術(shù)和裝備方面對(duì)我國實(shí)行封鎖和限制政策?？傊?，大力發(fā)展以數(shù)控技術(shù)為核心的先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)已成為世界各發(fā)達(dá)國家加速經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展、提高綜合國力和國家地位的重要途徑。
????數(shù)控技術(shù)是用數(shù)字信息對(duì)機(jī)械運(yùn)動(dòng)和工作過程進(jìn)行控制的技術(shù)，數(shù)控裝備是以數(shù)控技術(shù)為代表的新技術(shù)對(duì)傳統(tǒng)制造產(chǎn)業(yè)和新興制造業(yè)的滲透形成的機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品，即所謂的數(shù)字化裝備，其技術(shù)范圍覆蓋很多領(lǐng)域：(1)機(jī)械制造技術(shù)；(2)信息處理、加工、傳輸技術(shù)；(3)自動(dòng)控制技術(shù)；(4)伺服驅(qū)動(dòng)技術(shù)；(5)傳感器技術(shù)；(6)軟件技術(shù)等。
1?數(shù)控技術(shù)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)
????數(shù)控技術(shù)的應(yīng)用不但給傳統(tǒng)制造業(yè)帶來了革命性的變化，使制造業(yè)成為工業(yè)化的象征，而且隨著數(shù)控技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展和應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域的擴(kuò)大，他對(duì)國計(jì)民生的一些重要行業(yè)（IT、汽車、輕工、醫(yī)療等）的發(fā)展起著越來越重要的作用，因?yàn)檫@些行業(yè)所需裝備的數(shù)字化已是現(xiàn)代發(fā)展的大趨勢(shì)。從目前世界上數(shù)控技術(shù)及其裝備發(fā)展的趨勢(shì)來看，其主要研究熱點(diǎn)有以下幾個(gè)方面［1～4］。
1.1高速、高精加工技術(shù)及裝備的新趨勢(shì)
效率、質(zhì)量是先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)的主體。高速、高精加工技術(shù)可極大地提高效率，提高產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量和檔次，縮短生產(chǎn)周期和提高市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭能力。為此日本先端技術(shù)研究會(huì)將其列為5大現(xiàn)代制造技術(shù)之一，國際生產(chǎn)工程學(xué)會(huì)（CIRP）將其確定為21世紀(jì)的中心研究方向之一。
????在轎車工業(yè)領(lǐng)域，年產(chǎn)30萬輛的生產(chǎn)節(jié)拍是40秒/輛，而且多品種加工是轎車裝備必須解決的重點(diǎn)問題之一；在航空和宇航工業(yè)領(lǐng)域，其加工的零部件多為薄壁和薄筋，剛度很差，材料為鋁或鋁合金，只有在高切削速度和切削力很小的情況下，才能對(duì)這些筋、壁進(jìn)行加工。近來采用大型整體鋁合金坯料“掏空”的方法來制造機(jī)翼、機(jī)身等大型零件來替代多個(gè)零件通過眾多的鉚釘、螺釘和其他聯(lián)結(jié)方式拼裝，使構(gòu)件的強(qiáng)度、剛度和可靠性得到提高。這些都對(duì)加工裝備提出了高速、高精和高柔性的要求。
????從EMO2001展會(huì)情況來看，高速加工中心進(jìn)給速度可達(dá)80m/min，甚至更高，空運(yùn)行速度可達(dá)100m/min左右。目前世界上許多汽車廠，包括我國的上海通用汽車公司，已經(jīng)采用以高速加工中心組成的生產(chǎn)線部分替代組合機(jī)床。美國CINCINNATI公司的HyperMach機(jī)床進(jìn)給速度最大達(dá)60m/min，快速為100m/min，加速度達(dá)2g，主軸轉(zhuǎn)速已達(dá)60?000r/min。加工一薄壁飛機(jī)零件，只用30min，而同樣的零件在一般高速銑床加工需3h，在普通銑床加工需8h；德國DMG公司的雙主軸車床的主軸速度及加速度分別達(dá)12*!000r/mm和1g。
????在加工精度方面，近10年來，普通級(jí)數(shù)控機(jī)床的加工精度已由10μm提高到5μm，精密級(jí)加工中心則從3～5μm，提高到1～1.5μm，并且超精密加工精度已開始進(jìn)入納米級(jí)(0.01μm)。
????在可靠性方面，國外數(shù)控裝置的MTBF值已達(dá)6?000h以上，伺服系統(tǒng)的MTBF值達(dá)到30000h以上，表現(xiàn)出非常高的可靠性。
為了實(shí)現(xiàn)高速、高精加工，與之配套的功能部件如電主軸、直線電機(jī)得到了快速的發(fā)展，應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大。
1.2?5軸聯(lián)動(dòng)加工和復(fù)合加工機(jī)床快速發(fā)展
????采用5軸聯(lián)動(dòng)對(duì)三維曲面零件的加工，可用刀具最佳幾何形狀進(jìn)行切削，不僅光潔度高，而且效率也大幅度提高。一般認(rèn)為，1臺(tái)5軸聯(lián)動(dòng)機(jī)床的效率可以等于2臺(tái)3軸聯(lián)動(dòng)機(jī)床，特別是使用立方氮化硼等超硬材料銑刀進(jìn)行高速銑削淬硬鋼零件時(shí)，5軸聯(lián)動(dòng)加工可比3軸聯(lián)動(dòng)加工發(fā)揮更高的效益。但過去因5軸聯(lián)動(dòng)數(shù)控系統(tǒng)、主機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜等原因，其價(jià)格要比3軸聯(lián)動(dòng)數(shù)控機(jī)床高出數(shù)倍，加之編程技術(shù)難度較大，制約了5軸聯(lián)動(dòng)機(jī)床的發(fā)展。
????當(dāng)前由于電主軸的出現(xiàn)，使得實(shí)現(xiàn)5軸聯(lián)動(dòng)加工的復(fù)合主軸頭結(jié)構(gòu)大為簡化，其制造難度和成本大幅度降低，數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的價(jià)格差距縮小。因此促進(jìn)了復(fù)合主軸頭類型5軸聯(lián)動(dòng)機(jī)床和復(fù)合加工機(jī)床（含5面加工機(jī)床）的發(fā)展。
????在EMO2001展會(huì)上，新日本工機(jī)的5面加工機(jī)床采用復(fù)合主軸頭，可實(shí)現(xiàn)4個(gè)垂直平面的加工和任意角度的加工，使得5面加工和5軸加工可在同一臺(tái)機(jī)床上實(shí)現(xiàn)，還可實(shí)現(xiàn)傾斜面和倒錐孔的加工。德國DMG公司展出DMUVoution系列加工中心，可在一次裝夾下5面加工和5軸聯(lián)動(dòng)加工，可由CNC系統(tǒng)控制或CAD/CAM直接或間接控制。
1.3?智能化、開放式、網(wǎng)絡(luò)化成為當(dāng)代數(shù)控系統(tǒng)發(fā)展的主要趨勢(shì)
????21世紀(jì)的數(shù)控裝備將是具有一定智能化的系統(tǒng)，智能化的內(nèi)容包括在數(shù)控系統(tǒng)中的各個(gè)方面：為追求加工效率和加工質(zhì)量方面的智能化，如加工過程的自適應(yīng)控制，工藝參數(shù)自動(dòng)生成；為提高驅(qū)動(dòng)性能及使用連接方便的智能化，如前饋控制、電機(jī)參數(shù)的自適應(yīng)運(yùn)算、自動(dòng)識(shí)別負(fù)載自動(dòng)選定模型、自整定等；簡化編程、簡化操作方面的智能化，如智能化的自動(dòng)編程、智能化的人機(jī)界面等；還有智能診斷、智能監(jiān)控方面的內(nèi)容、方便系統(tǒng)的診斷及維修等。
????為解決傳統(tǒng)的數(shù)控系統(tǒng)封閉性和數(shù)控應(yīng)用軟件的產(chǎn)業(yè)化生產(chǎn)存在的問題。目前許多國家對(duì)開放式數(shù)控系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行研究，如美國的NGC(The?Next?Generation?Work-Station/Machine?Control)、歐共體的OSACA(Open?System?Architecture?for?Control?within?Automation?Systems)、日本的OSEC(Open?System?Environment?for?Controller)，中國的ONC(Open?Numerical?Control?System)等。數(shù)控系統(tǒng)開放化已經(jīng)成為數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的未來之路。所謂開放式數(shù)控系統(tǒng)就是數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的開發(fā)可以在統(tǒng)一的運(yùn)行平臺(tái)上，面向機(jī)床廠家和最終用戶，通過改變、增加或剪裁結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)象（數(shù)控功能），形成系列化，并可方便地將用戶的特殊應(yīng)用和技術(shù)訣竅集成到控制系統(tǒng)中，快速實(shí)現(xiàn)不同品種、不同檔次的開放式數(shù)控系統(tǒng)，形成具有鮮明個(gè)性的名牌產(chǎn)品。目前開放式數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的體系結(jié)構(gòu)規(guī)范、通信規(guī)范、配置規(guī)范、運(yùn)行平臺(tái)、數(shù)控系統(tǒng)功能庫以及數(shù)控系統(tǒng)功能軟件開發(fā)工具等是當(dāng)前研究的核心。
????網(wǎng)絡(luò)化數(shù)控裝備是近兩年國際著名機(jī)床博覽會(huì)的一個(gè)新亮點(diǎn)。數(shù)控裝備的網(wǎng)絡(luò)化將極大地滿足生產(chǎn)線、制造系統(tǒng)、制造企業(yè)對(duì)信息集成的需求，也是實(shí)現(xiàn)新的制造模式如敏捷制造、虛擬企業(yè)、全球制造的基礎(chǔ)單元。國內(nèi)外一些著名數(shù)控機(jī)床和數(shù)控系統(tǒng)制造公司都在近兩年推出了相關(guān)的新概念和樣機(jī)，如在EMO2001展中，日本山崎馬扎克（Mazak)公司展出的“CyberProduction?Center”（智能生產(chǎn)控制中心，簡稱CPC)；日本大隈（Okuma）機(jī)床公司展出“IT?plaza”（信息技術(shù)廣場(chǎng)，簡稱IT廣場(chǎng))；德國西門子(Siemens)公司展出的Open?Manufacturing?Environment（開放制造環(huán)境，簡稱OME）等，反映了數(shù)控機(jī)床加工向網(wǎng)絡(luò)化方向發(fā)展的趨勢(shì)。
2?對(duì)我國數(shù)控技術(shù)及其產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展的基本估計(jì)
我國數(shù)控技術(shù)起步于1958年，近50年的發(fā)展歷程大致可分為3個(gè)階段：第一階段從1958年到1979年，即封閉式發(fā)展階段。在此階段，由于國外的技術(shù)封鎖和我國的基礎(chǔ)條件的限制，數(shù)控技術(shù)的發(fā)展較為緩慢。第二階段是在國家的“六五”、“七五”期間以及“八五”的前期，即引進(jìn)技術(shù)，消化吸收，初步建立起國產(chǎn)化體系階段。在此階段，由于改革開放和國家的重視，以及研究開發(fā)環(huán)境和國際環(huán)境的改善，我國數(shù)控技術(shù)的研究、開發(fā)以及在產(chǎn)品的國產(chǎn)化方面都取得了長足的進(jìn)步。第三階段是在國家的“八五”的后期和“九五”期間，即實(shí)施產(chǎn)業(yè)化的研究，進(jìn)入市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭階段。在此階段，我國國產(chǎn)數(shù)控裝備的產(chǎn)業(yè)化取得了實(shí)質(zhì)性進(jìn)步。在“九五”末期，國產(chǎn)數(shù)控機(jī)床的國內(nèi)市場(chǎng)占有率達(dá)50％，配國產(chǎn)數(shù)控系統(tǒng)（普及型）也達(dá)到了10％。
????縱觀我國數(shù)控技術(shù)近50年的發(fā)展歷程，特別是經(jīng)過4個(gè)5年計(jì)劃的攻關(guān)，總體來看取得了以下成績。
????a.奠定了數(shù)控技術(shù)發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)，基本掌握了現(xiàn)代數(shù)控技術(shù)。我國現(xiàn)在已基本掌握了從數(shù)控系統(tǒng)、伺服驅(qū)動(dòng)、數(shù)控主機(jī)、專機(jī)及其配套件的基礎(chǔ)技術(shù)，其中大部分技術(shù)已具備進(jìn)行商品化開發(fā)的基礎(chǔ)，部分技術(shù)已商品化、產(chǎn)業(yè)化。
????b.初步形成了數(shù)控產(chǎn)業(yè)基地。在攻關(guān)成果和部分技術(shù)商品化的基礎(chǔ)上，建立了諸如華中數(shù)控、航天數(shù)控等具有批量生產(chǎn)能力的數(shù)控系統(tǒng)生產(chǎn)廠。蘭州電機(jī)廠、華中數(shù)控等一批伺服系統(tǒng)和伺服電機(jī)生產(chǎn)廠以及北京第一機(jī)床廠、濟(jì)南第一機(jī)床廠等若干數(shù)控主機(jī)生產(chǎn)廠。這些生產(chǎn)廠基本形成了我國的數(shù)控產(chǎn)業(yè)基地。
????c.建立了一支數(shù)控研究、開發(fā)、管理人才的基本隊(duì)伍。
雖然在數(shù)控技術(shù)的研究開發(fā)以及產(chǎn)業(yè)化方面取得了長足的進(jìn)步，但我們也要清醒地認(rèn)識(shí)到，我國高端數(shù)控技術(shù)的研究開發(fā)，尤其是在產(chǎn)業(yè)化方面的技術(shù)水平現(xiàn)狀與我國的現(xiàn)實(shí)需求還有較大的差距。雖然從縱向看我國的發(fā)展速度很快，但橫向比（與國外對(duì)比）不僅技術(shù)水平有差距，在某些方面發(fā)展速度也有差距，即一些高精尖的數(shù)控裝備的技術(shù)水平差距有擴(kuò)大趨勢(shì)。從國際上來看，對(duì)我國數(shù)控技術(shù)水平和產(chǎn)業(yè)化水平估計(jì)大致如下。
????a.技術(shù)水平上，與國外先進(jìn)水平大約落后10～15年，在高精尖技術(shù)方面則更大。
????b.產(chǎn)業(yè)化水平上，市場(chǎng)占有率低，品種覆蓋率小，還沒有形成規(guī)模生產(chǎn)；功能部件專業(yè)化生產(chǎn)水平及成套能力較低；外觀質(zhì)量相對(duì)差；可靠性不高，商品化程度不足；國產(chǎn)數(shù)控系統(tǒng)尚未建立自己的品牌效應(yīng)，用戶信心不足。
????c.可持續(xù)發(fā)展的能力上，對(duì)競(jìng)爭前數(shù)控技術(shù)的研究開發(fā)、工程化能力較弱；數(shù)控技術(shù)應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域拓展力度不強(qiáng)；相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)范的研究、制定滯后。
????分析存在上述差距的主要原因有以下幾個(gè)方面。
????a.認(rèn)識(shí)方面。對(duì)國產(chǎn)數(shù)控產(chǎn)業(yè)進(jìn)程艱巨性、復(fù)雜性和長期性的特點(diǎn)認(rèn)識(shí)不足；對(duì)市場(chǎng)的不規(guī)范、國外的封鎖加扼殺、體制等困難估計(jì)不足；對(duì)我國數(shù)控技術(shù)應(yīng)用水平及能力分析不夠。
????b.體系方面。從技術(shù)的角度關(guān)注數(shù)控產(chǎn)業(yè)化問題的時(shí)候多，從系統(tǒng)的、產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈的角度綜合考慮數(shù)控產(chǎn)業(yè)化問題的時(shí)候少；沒有建立完整的高質(zhì)量的配套體系、完善的培訓(xùn)、服務(wù)網(wǎng)絡(luò)等支撐體系。
????c.機(jī)制方面。不良機(jī)制造成人才流失，又制約了技術(shù)及技術(shù)路線創(chuàng)新、產(chǎn)品創(chuàng)新，且制約了規(guī)劃的有效實(shí)施，往往規(guī)劃理想，實(shí)施困難。
????d.技術(shù)方面。企業(yè)在技術(shù)方面自主創(chuàng)新能力不強(qiáng)，核心技術(shù)的工程化能力不強(qiáng)。機(jī)床標(biāo)準(zhǔn)落后，水平較低，數(shù)控系統(tǒng)新標(biāo)準(zhǔn)研究不夠。
3?對(duì)我國數(shù)控技術(shù)和產(chǎn)業(yè)化發(fā)展的戰(zhàn)略思考
3.1?戰(zhàn)略考慮
????我國是制造大國，在世界產(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)移中要盡量接受前端而不是后端的轉(zhuǎn)移，即要掌握先進(jìn)制造核心技術(shù)，否則在新一輪國際產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整中，我國制造業(yè)將進(jìn)一步“空芯”。我們以資源、環(huán)境、市場(chǎng)為代價(jià)，交換得到的可能僅僅是世界新經(jīng)濟(jì)格局中的國際“加工中心”和“組裝中心”，而非掌握核心技術(shù)的制造中心的地位，這樣將會(huì)嚴(yán)重影響我國現(xiàn)代制造業(yè)的發(fā)展進(jìn)程。
????我們應(yīng)站在國家安全戰(zhàn)略的高度來重視數(shù)控技術(shù)和產(chǎn)業(yè)問題，首先從社會(huì)安全看，因?yàn)橹圃鞓I(yè)是我國就業(yè)人口最多的行業(yè)，制造業(yè)發(fā)展不僅可提高人民的生活水平，而且還可緩解我國就業(yè)的壓力，保障社會(huì)的穩(wěn)定；其次從國防安全看，西方發(fā)達(dá)國家把高精尖數(shù)控產(chǎn)品都列為國家的戰(zhàn)略物質(zhì)，對(duì)我國實(shí)現(xiàn)禁運(yùn)和限制，“東芝事件”和“考克斯報(bào)告”就是最好的例證。
3.2?發(fā)展策略
????從我國基本國情的角度出發(fā)，以國家的戰(zhàn)略需求和國民經(jīng)濟(jì)的市場(chǎng)需求為導(dǎo)向，以提高我國制造裝備業(yè)綜合競(jìng)爭能力和產(chǎn)業(yè)化水平為目標(biāo)，用系統(tǒng)的方法，選擇能夠主導(dǎo)21世紀(jì)初期我國制造裝備業(yè)發(fā)展升級(jí)的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)以及支持產(chǎn)業(yè)化發(fā)展的支撐技術(shù)、配套技術(shù)作為研究開發(fā)的內(nèi)容，實(shí)現(xiàn)制造裝備業(yè)的跨躍式發(fā)展。
????強(qiáng)調(diào)市場(chǎng)需求為導(dǎo)向，即以數(shù)控終端產(chǎn)品為主，以整機(jī)（如量大面廣的數(shù)控車床、銑床、高速高精高性能數(shù)控機(jī)床、典型數(shù)字化機(jī)械、重點(diǎn)行業(yè)關(guān)鍵設(shè)備等）帶動(dòng)數(shù)控產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展。重點(diǎn)解決數(shù)控系統(tǒng)和相關(guān)功能部件（數(shù)字化伺服系統(tǒng)與電機(jī)、高速電主軸系統(tǒng)和新型裝備的附件等）的可靠性和生產(chǎn)規(guī)模問題。沒有規(guī)模就不會(huì)有高可靠性的產(chǎn)品；沒有規(guī)模就不會(huì)有價(jià)格低廉而富有競(jìng)爭力的產(chǎn)品；當(dāng)然，沒有規(guī)模中國的數(shù)控裝備最終難以有出頭之日。
????在高精尖裝備研發(fā)方面，要強(qiáng)調(diào)產(chǎn)、學(xué)、研以及最終用戶的緊密結(jié)合，以“做得出、用得上、賣得掉”為目標(biāo)，按國家意志實(shí)施攻關(guān)，以解決國家之急需。
????在競(jìng)爭前數(shù)控技術(shù)方面，強(qiáng)調(diào)創(chuàng)新，強(qiáng)調(diào)研究開發(fā)具有自主知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的技術(shù)和產(chǎn)品，為我國數(shù)控產(chǎn)業(yè)、裝備制造業(yè)乃至整個(gè)制造業(yè)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展奠定基礎(chǔ)。
參考文獻(xiàn)：
［1］?中國機(jī)床工具工業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)?行業(yè)發(fā)展部.CIMT2001巡禮［J］.世界制造技術(shù)與裝備市場(chǎng)，2001(3)：18-20.
［2］?梁訓(xùn)王宣?,周延佑.機(jī)床技術(shù)發(fā)展的新動(dòng)向［J］.世界制造技術(shù)與裝備市場(chǎng)，2001(3)：21-28.
［3］?中國機(jī)床工具工業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)?數(shù)控系統(tǒng)分會(huì).CIMT2001巡禮［J］.世界制造技術(shù)與裝備市場(chǎng)，2001(5)：13-17.
［4］?楊學(xué)桐，李冬茹，何文立，等?距世紀(jì)數(shù)控機(jī)床技術(shù)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略研究［M］.北京：國家機(jī)械工業(yè)局，2000.
The development trend of the numerical control technology
Summary : Have introduced numerical control technology and the development trend of the equipment and the current situations of the technical development of numerical control equipment and industrialization of our country of our times briefly , have discussed under the new environment further deepened in our country's accession to the WTO and opening to the outside world on this basis, develop technology of numerical control of our country and the importance of the information-based level of manufacturing industry of our country and international competitiveness equips , improves, and has put forward technology of numerical control of our country and some views equipped of developing from two aspects of strategy and tactics.
The engineering level of equipment industry and modernized intensity are determining the level of the whole national economy and modernized intensity , numerical control technology and equip , develop new developing new high-tech industry and most advanced industry To can make technology and basic equipment most (national defense industry industries , such as information technology and their industry , biotechnology , industry , aviation , spaceflight ,etc. ). Marx has ever said " the differences of different economic times, do not lie in what is produced , lie in how produce , with what means of labor produce ". Manufacturing technology and equipping the most basic means of production that are that the mankind produced the activity, and numerical control technology to equip most central technology. Nowadays the manufacturing industry all around the world adopts the technology of numerical control extensively, in order to improve manufacturing capacity and level, improve the adaptive capacity and competitive power to the changeable market of the trends . In addition every industrially developed country in the world also classifies the technology and numerical control equipment of numerical control as the strategic materials of the country, not merely take the great measure to develop one's own numerical control technology and industry, and implement blockading and restrictive policy to our country in " high-grade , precision and advanced " key technology and equipment of numerical control. In a word, develop taking technology of numerical control as the core advanced manufacturing technology become world all developed country , accelerate economic development already in a more cost-effective manner, important route to improve the comprehensive national strength and national position.
Numerical control technology to go on technology that control with digital information to mechanical movement and working course, numerical control equipment whether represented by technology of numerical control new technology make industry and new developing infiltration electromechanics integrated product that form of manufacturing industry to tradition, i.e. what is called digitization equip, its technological range covers a lot of fields: (1)Mechanical manufacturing technology; (2)Information processing , processing , transmission technology; (3)Automatic control technology; (4)Servo drive technology; (5)Transducer technology; (6)Software engineering ,etc..
1 Development trend of a numerical control technology
The application of the technology of numerical control has not only brought the revolutionary change to traditional manufacturing industry, make the manufacturing industry become the industrialized symbol , and with the constant development of the technology of numerical control and enlargement of application, the development of he some important trades (IT , car , light industry , medical treatment ,etc. ) to the national economy and the people's livelihood plays a more and more important role, because these trade necessary digitization that equipped has already been the main trend of modern development. According to the technology of numerical control and equipment development trend in the world at present, its main research focus has the following several respect [1~4].
1.1 A high-speed , high finish machining technology and new trend equipped
Efficiency , quality are subjects of the advanced manufacturing technology. At a high speed, high finish machining technology can raise the efficiency greatly, quality and grade to raise product, shorten production cycle and improve the competitive power of market. Japan carry technological research association classify their as one of the 5 loud modern manufacturing technologies first for this reason, learn (CIRP ) to confirm it as the centre in the 21st century to study one of the directions in international production engineering. In the field of car industry, produce 40 second when beat such as production of 300,000 / vehicle per year, and many variety process it is car that equip one of the key problems that must be solved; In the fields of aviation and aerospace industry, its processing's spare parts are mostly the thin wall and thin muscle, rigidity very bad, material aluminium or aluminium alloy, in high to cut pace and cut strength very under the little situation only, could process these muscles , walls . Adopt large-scale whole aluminium alloy blank method of " pay empty " make the wing recently, large-scale parts such as the fuselage ,etc. come to substitute a lot of parts to assemble through numerous rivet , screw and other connection ways, make the intensity , rigidity and dependability of the component improved. All these requirement for processing and equipping and proposing high-speed , high and precise and high flexibility.
According to EMO2001 exhibition situation, the high-speed machining center enters for the pace to can reach 80m/min , even high, air transport competent pace can reach 100m/min about. A lot of car factories in the world at present, including Shanghai General Motors Corporation of our country, adopt , substitute and make the lathe up with high-speed machining center production line part that make up already. HyperMach lathe of Company , CINCINNATI of U.S.A. , enter , give pace to be most loud to reach 60m/min, it is 100m/min to be fast, acceleration reach 2g, the rotational speed of the main shaft has already reached 60 000r/min. Processing a thin wall of plane parts, spend 30min only, and same part general at a high speed milling machine process and take 3h, process and need 8h with ordinary milling machine; The paces and acceleration of main shaft of dual main shaft lathes of Germany DMG Company reach 12* separately! 000r/mm and 1g. In machining accuracy, in the past 10 years, ordinary progression has accused of the machining accuracy of the lathe to already improve from 10μm to 5μm, accurate grades of machining center from 3- 5μm, raise to 1- 1.5μm, and ultraprecision machining accuracy begin , enter getting nanometer already.
In machining accuracy, the past 10 years, ordinary progression accuse of machining accuracy of lathe raise to 5μm , from 3- 5μm accurate grades of machining center from 10μm already, improve to 1- 1.5μm, and the ultraprecision machining accuracy has already begun to enter nanometer (0.01μm )ly. In dependability, MTBF value of the foreign numerical control device has already reached above 6 000h, MTBF value of the servo system reaches above 30000h, demonstrate very high dependability . For realize at a high speed , high finish machining, related to it function part if electric main shaft , straight line electrical machinery get fast development, the application is further expanded .
1.2 5 axles link and process and compound and process the lathe to develop fast
Adopt 5 axle link , to three-dimensional curved surface processing of part , can cut with the best geometirc form of the cutter, not only highly polished, but also efficiency is improved by a large margin . It is generally acknowledged , a 5 axle gear beds of efficiency can equal 2 3 axle gear beds , use cubic nitrogen boron wait ultra hard material milling cutter go on at a high speed milling , sharpening , quenching hard steel at the part, 5 axle link , process constant 3 axle link , process , give play to high benefit. But go over because 5 axles link the numerical control system , complicated reason of host computer structure, price its link numerical control to be lathe several times higher than 3 axle, in addition programming technological difficulty relatively heavy , have restricted 5 axle gear beds of development. At present because of electric appearance of main shaft, make , realize 5 axle compound main shaft hair structure processed to link greatly simplify, it make difficulty and cost reduce by a large margin , numerical control price disparity of systems shrink. So promote compound main shaft head type 5 axle gear bed and compound development to process lathe (process the lathe including 5 ).
At EMO2001 exhibition, new Japanese 5 of worker machine process lathe adopt compound main shaft hair, can realize 4 processing and arbitrary processing of angle of vertical plane, make 5 process and 5 axles are processed and can be realized at the same lathe, can also realize the inclined plane and pour the processing of the hole of awls . Company , DMG of Germany , exhibit DMUVoution series machining center , can put , insert , down 5 process and 5 axes link and process in one, can be controlled by CNC system or CAD/CAM controls directly or indirectly.
1.3 intellectualizations, open style, the network turns into for the contemporary numerical control system development mainly hastens
The 21st century numerical control equipments will be has certain intellectualized the system, the intellectualized content including in numerical control system each aspect: In order to pursue the processing efficiency and the processing quality aspect intellectualization, like processing process adaptive control, craft parameter automatic production; In order to enhance the actuation performance and the use connection convenient intellectualization, like the feed-forward control, the electrical machinery parameter auto-adapted operation, the automatic diagnosis load automatic designation model, is automatic entire grades; Simplification programming, simplification operation aspect intellectualization, like intellectualized automatic programming, intellectualized man-machine contact surface and so on; Also has the intelligence to diagnose, the intelligent monitoring aspect content, the convenience system diagnosis and the service and so on
In order to solve the traditional numerical control system seal and the numerical control application software industry production existence question. At present many countries conduct the research to the open style numerical control system, like US'S NGC (The Next Generation Work-Station/Machine Control), European Economic Community's OSACA (Open System Architecture for Control within Automation Systems), Japan's OSEC (Open System Environment for Controller), China's ONC (Open Numerical Control System) and so on. The numerical control system will open already becomes the numerical control system road of the future. The so-called open style numerical control system is the numerical control system development may in the unified movement platform, face the engine bed factory and the end-user, through the change, the increase or the tailor structure object (numerical control function), forms the seriation, and may conveniently integrates user's special application and the technical knack in the control system, the fast realization different variety, the different scale open style numerical control system, forms has the bright individuality famous brand goods. At present the open style numerical control system system structure standard, the correspondence standard, the disposition standard, the movement platform, the numerical control system function storehouse as well as the numerical control system function software development kit and so on is the current research core
The network numerical control equipment is a nearly two year international famous engine beds expositions new luminescent spot. The numerical control equipment network enormously will satisfy the production line, the manufacture system, the manufacture enterprise to the information integration demand, also will be realizes new manufacture pattern like agile manufacture, hypothesized enterprise, the global manufacture foundation unit. The domestic and foreign some famous numerical controls engine bed and the numerical control system manufacture company has all promoted the related new concept and the prototype in the nearly two years, if unfolds in EMO2001, Japanese Shan Qima Mazak the company displays "CyberProduction Center" (intelligence production control center, is called CPC); Japan is Okuma the engine bed company to display "IT plaza" (information technology square, is called the IT square); German Simens (Siemens) the company displays Open Manufacturing Environment (opening manufacture environment, is called OME) and so on, had reflected the numerical control engine bed processing the tendency which develops to the network direction
2 pairs of basic estimations of technology and industry development of numerical control of our country
The technology of numerical control of our country started in 1958, the development course in the past 50 years can roughly be divided into 3 stages: The first stage is from 1958 to 1979, i.e. closed developing stage. In this stages, technology of foreign countries blockade and basic restriction of terms of our country, the development of the technology of numerical control is comparatively slow. During " Sixth Five-Year Plan Period " , " the Seventh Five-Year Plan Period " of the country in second stage and earlier stage in " the Eighth Five-Year Plan Period ", introduce technology , digest and assimilate, the stage of establishing the system of production domesticization arisesing tentatively. At this stage , because of reform an