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機械加工工藝過程卡片產 品 代 號零 (部) 件 名 稱零 (部) 件 代 號連桿材料45鋼毛 坯 種 類鍛件毛 坯 尺 寸每一毛坯可制零件數 1序號名稱工序內容設備夾輔具名稱刀具名稱規(guī)格量具名稱及規(guī)格01備料鍛件02熱處理調質RC2203銑粗銑連桿大小頭上端面立式銑床專用夾具端面銑刀游標卡尺04銑粗銑連桿大小頭上端面立式銑床專用夾具端面銑刀游標卡尺05銑精銑連桿大頭70H7孔兩端面臥式銑床專用夾具三面刃銑刀游標卡尺06線割用線割將連桿體與連桿蓋分開線切割機專用夾具鉬絲07銑銑連桿體與連桿蓋的結合面臥式銑床專用夾具三面刃銑刀游標卡尺08銑銑連桿蓋寬60兩側面臥式銑床專用夾具三面刃銑刀游標卡尺09銑銑連桿體寬64兩側面臥式銑床專用夾具立銑刀游標卡尺10銑粗銑、精銑2-15螺栓孔兩端面臥式銑床專用夾具三面刃銑刀游標卡尺11鉆鉆、擴、鉸2-15H8螺栓孔并倒角C1、C1.5立式鉆床專用夾具麻花鉆、擴孔鉆、鉸刀千分尺12锪锪連桿蓋15深8孔立式鉆床專用夾具麻花鉆游標卡尺13锪锪、鉸連桿體8H11深6孔立式鉆床專用夾具麻花鉆、鉸刀游標卡尺14鉆鉆2-7孔搖臂鉆床專用夾具麻花鉆游標卡尺15鉆鉆2-5孔(頭部10,角度90)搖臂鉆床專用夾具麻花鉆游標卡尺16鉗工用專用螺釘,將連桿體和連桿蓋裝成連桿組件,其扭力矩為100120N.m17鏜粗鏜、半精鏜70H7孔、46H7孔坐標鏜床專用夾具鏜刀游標卡尺18鏜精鏜大小頭孔至尺寸并倒角坐標鏜床專用夾具鏜刀千分尺19稱重稱量不平衡質量彈簧稱20鉗工按規(guī)定值去重量21壓襯套小頭壓入襯套并擠壓襯套孔22鏜半精鏜、精鏜小頭襯套孔坐標鏜床專用夾具鏜刀千分尺23質檢檢驗至圖紙要求24探傷無損探傷及檢驗硬度25入庫入庫編制學號審查共 1 張第 1 張四 川 理 工 學 院畢業(yè)設計(論文)任務書設計(論文)題目:平切口連桿的工藝及夾具設計系: 機電系 專業(yè): 機械設計與制造 班級:機設094 學號: 學生: 指導教師:陳敏接受任務時間 2013年3月5日 教研室主任 (簽名)系主任 (簽名)1 畢業(yè)設計(論文)的主要內容及基本要求 (1) 基本設計參數: 連桿參考圖一張,生產方式:批量生產 (2)主要內容及基本要求 繪制柴油機連桿的裝配圖和零件圖。 確定加工方法、制定加工工藝、編制加工工序卡。 進行連桿部件精銑兩端面的夾具設計。 編寫設計計算說明書。 2指定查閱的主要參考文獻及說明機械制造工藝手冊 機械制造技術基礎 夾具設計 3進度安排設計(論文)各階段名稱起 止 日 期1查閱資料,了解連桿的功能以及加工制造的基本知識3月5日3月20日2完成連桿的裝配圖和零件圖的繪制。3月21日4月10日3確定加工方法、制定加工工藝、完成夾具設計4月11日5月23日4完成設計計算說明書的編寫5月24日6月1日5設計圖紙與說明書的校對6月2日6月5日注:前兩周借書、查閱資料,學習相關軟件。從第三周開始,每周三上午912:00,在機械實驗樓工程圖學教研室進行畢業(yè)設計指導,請準時到場,不到者需請假。其他時間的指導請電話聯系。電話:13890014307。機械設計制造及其自動化專業(yè)本科畢業(yè)設計(論文)開題報告書 黑龍江八一農墾大學本科畢業(yè)設計(論文)開題報告姓 名: 李林學 院: 工程學院專 業(yè): 機械設計制造及其自動化學 號: 課 題 名 稱:設計座體零件機械加工工藝規(guī)程及工藝裝備 (年產量30 000件)指 導 教 師: 陳恒高 教授研究起止日期:2013 年 3月2013年5月開題報告填寫要求1開題報告(含“文獻綜述”)作為畢業(yè)設計(論文)答辯委員會對學生答辯資格審查的依據材料之一。此報告應在指導教師指導下,由學生在畢業(yè)設計(論文)工作前期內完成,經指導教師簽署意見及所在專業(yè)審查后生效;2開題報告內容必須用黑墨水筆工整書寫或按教務處統一設計的電子文檔標準格式(可從教務處網頁上下載)打印,禁止打印在其它紙上后剪貼,完成后應及時交給指導教師簽署意見;3“文獻綜述”應按論文的格式成文,并直接書寫(或打?。┰诒鹃_題報告第一欄目內,學生寫文獻綜述的參考文獻應不少于15篇(不包括辭典、手冊);4有關年月日等日期的填寫,應當按照國標GB/T 740894數據元和交換格式、信息交換、日期和時間表示法規(guī)定的要求,一律用阿拉伯數字書寫。如“2013年2月26日”或“2013-02-26”。一、機座的結構設計典型結構1、方形截面機座:結構簡單,制造方便,箱體內有較大的空間來安放其它部件;但剛度稍差,宜用于載荷較小的場合。所以機座應選擇合適的壁厚、筋板和形狀,以保證在重力、慣性力和外力的作用下,有足夠的剛度。2、圓形截面機座:結構簡單、緊湊,易于制造和造型設計,有較好的承載能力。3. 鑄鐵板裝配式機座:鑄鐵板裝配結構,適用于局部形狀復雜的場合。它具有生產周期短、成本低以及簡化木模形狀和鑄造工藝等優(yōu)點。但剛度較整體箱體機座的差,且加工和裝配工作量較大。截面形狀的選擇為保證機座的剛度和強度,減輕重量和節(jié)約材料,減輕重量和節(jié)約材料,必須根據設備的受力情況,選擇經濟合理的截面形狀。機座雖受力較復雜,但不外是拉、壓、彎、扭的作用。當受簡單拉、壓作用時,變形只和截面積有關,而與截面形狀無關,設計時主要是選擇合理的尺寸。如果受彎、扭作用時,變形與截面形狀有關。在其它條件相同情況下,抗扭慣性矩Ic越大,扭轉變形越小,抗扭剛度越大。隔板與加強筋封閉空心截面的剛度較好,但為了鑄造清砂及其內部零部件的裝配和調整,必須在機座壁上開“窗口”,其結果使機座整體剛度大大降低。若單靠增加壁厚提高剛度,勢必使機座笨重、浪費材料,故常用增加隔板和加強筋來提高剛度。加強筋常見的有直形筋、斜向筋、十字筋和米字筋四種。直形筋的鑄造工藝簡單,但剛度最??;米字筋的剛度最大,但鑄造工藝最復雜。加強筋和隔板的厚度,一般取壁厚的0.8倍。連接剛度為提高結合表面的連接剛度,可采取如下措施:1. 根據受力大小和方向,合理選擇緊固螺釘的直徑、數量及其位置。必要時,可使螺釘產生預緊力,來提高連接剛度。2. 提高結合表面的光潔度和形狀精度,使結合表面上的接觸點增多,從而提高結合面的產生預緊力,來提高連接剛度。3. 增加局部剛度來提高連接剛度,在安裝螺釘處加厚凸緣;或用壁龕式螺釘孔;或用加強筋等辦法增加局部剛度,從而提高連接剛度。結構的工藝性機座屬于箱體類零件,體積大,結構復雜,成本較高。設計時,應使其具有良好的結構工藝性,以便于制造和降低成本。二、座體常用的材料:機座材料應根據其結構、工藝、成本、生產批量和生產周期等要求正確選擇,常用的有:鑄鐵鑄鐵容易鑄成形狀復雜的零件;價格較便宜;鑄鐵的內摩擦大,有良好的抗振性。其缺點是生產周期長,單件生產成本較高;鑄件易產生廢品,質量不易控制;鑄件的加工余量大,機械加工費用大。常用的灰口鑄鐵有兩種:HT200適用于外形較簡單,單位壓力較大(p5公斤/厘米2)的導軌,或彎曲應力較大的(300公斤/厘米2)床身等;HT150的流動性較好,但機械性能稍差,適用于形狀復雜而載荷不大的機座。若灰口鑄鐵不能滿足耐磨性要求,應采用耐磨鑄鐵。鋼用鋼材焊接成機架。鋼的彈性模量比鑄鐵大,焊接機架的壁厚較薄,其重量比同樣剛度的機座約輕20%50%;在單件小批量生產情況下,生產周期較短,所需設備簡單;焊接機架的缺點是鋼的抗振性能較差,在結構上需采取防振措施;鉗工工作量較大;成批生產時成本較高。三、機械加工工藝規(guī)程的作用機械加工工藝規(guī)程是指規(guī)定產品或零部件制造工藝過程和操作方法等的工藝文件。制訂工藝規(guī)程的原則是保證圖樣上規(guī)定的各項技術要求,有較高的生產效率,技術先進,經濟效益高,勞動條件良好。制訂工藝規(guī)程的程序:1、 計算生產綱領,確定生產類型2、 分析產品裝配圖,對零件圖樣進行工藝審查3、 確定毛坯種類、形狀、尺寸及精度4、 制訂工藝路線5、 進行工序設計(確定各工序加工余量、切削用量、工序尺寸及公差、選擇工藝裝備,計算時間定額等。)四、研究方法及技術路線1. 深入生產實踐調查研究 在深入生產實踐調查研究中,應當掌握下面一些資料:工程圖紙,工藝文件,生產綱領,制造與使用夾具情況等。2. 確定工件的定位方法和刀具的導向方式 工件在夾具中的定位符合定位原理。合理地設置定位件和導向件。設計定位件和導向件時,應盡量采用通用標準。3. 確定工件的夾緊方式和設計夾緊機構夾緊力的作用點和方向應符合夾緊原則。進行夾緊力的分析和計算,以確定加緊元件和傳動裝置的主要尺寸。4. 確定夾具其他部分的結構形式如分度裝置,對刀元件和夾具體等5. 繪制夾具總裝配圖在繪制總裝配圖時,盡量采用1:1比例,主視圖應選取面對操作者的工作位置。繪圖時,先用紅線或雙點劃線畫出工件的輪廓和主要表面,如定位表面,夾緊表面和被加工表面等。其中,被加工表面用網紋線或粗實線畫出加工余量。工件在夾具上可看成是一個假想的透明體,按定位元件,導向元件,夾緊機構,傳動裝置等順序, 畫出具體結構。6. 標注各部分主要尺寸,公差配合,和技術要求7. 標注零件編號及編制零件明細表在標注零件編號時。標準件可直接標出國家標準代號。明細表要注明夾具名稱,編號,序號,零件名稱及材料,數量等。8. 繪制家具零件圖拆繪夾具零件圖的順序和繪制夾具總裝配圖的順序相同。五、課題背景及發(fā)展趨勢當今世界正經歷著一場新的技術革命,新概念、新理論、新方法、新工藝不斷出現,作為向各行各業(yè)提供裝備的機械工業(yè)也得到了迅猛的發(fā)展。機床夾具已成為機械加工時的重要裝備,同時是機械加工不可缺少的部件,在機床技術向高速、高效、精密、復合、智能、環(huán)保方向發(fā)展的帶動下,夾具技術也正朝著高精、高效、模塊、組合、通用 、經濟方向發(fā)展。機床夾具的主要功能是使工件定位夾緊,使工件相對于刀具及機床占有正確的加工位置,保證其被加工表面達到工序所規(guī)定的技術要求,工件定位后,經夾緊裝置施力于工件,將其固定夾牢,使其在加工過程中不致因切削力、重力、離心力等外力作用而發(fā)生位置改變。為了適應不同行業(yè)的需求和經濟性,夾具有不同的型號,以及不同檔次的精度標準供選擇。安裝方法有找正法和用專用夾具,找正法用于單件、小批生產中,而專用夾具用于生產批量較大或特殊需要時。五、課題的研究進度第一階段(2010年3月10-2009年3年31)材料的搜集整理查閱相關資料;本階段需要完成與課題相關的調研工作,并對相關的文章進行搜集、整理,選出與設計有關的資料備用,并且找出自己設計的產品與國內外的不同之處,說明其優(yōu)點所在,擬定設計草圖,選出最佳方案。第二階段(2010年4.1-2009年5月10)方案設計,總體布置設計,計算中,最為顯著的特點是機電一體化程度越來越高,機電一體化是目前新型卷染機發(fā)展的必然趨勢和目標。本階段主要清楚的表達出卷染機的結構,及相關方案設計,總體布置設計.如果有不合適的地方應進行修改,計算,使之滿足生產要求。第三階段 (2010年5月11-2009年6月10) 繪制裝配圖 零件圖 撰寫設計說明書本階段主要完成與方案相符合的文章的撰寫,包括摘要、前言、設計步驟、內容、參考文獻等。圖紙的繪制、裝配圖、零件圖六、預期結論通過本次開題,我對工藝有了更加深刻的認識和了解,也使所學的專業(yè)知識得到實踐,對知識有了更加深刻的印象。對座體的設計和未來發(fā)展也有了初步的認識。這次設計先對零件進行工藝分析,選擇毛坯的制造方法。對夾具設計和刀具設計有了實踐和了解。通過對夾具、刀具和工藝的設計,盡可能的提高座體零件的年產量。七、參考文獻1, 鄒青 主編 機械制造技術基礎課程設計指導教程 北京: 機械工業(yè)出版社 2004,8 2, 趙志修 主編 機械制造工藝學 北京: 機械工業(yè)出版社 1984,23, 孫麗媛 主編 機械制造工藝及專用夾具設計指導 北京:冶金工業(yè)出版社 2002,12 4, 李洪 主編 機械加工工藝手冊 北京: 北京出版社 1990,125, 鄧文英 主編 金屬工藝學 北京: 高等教育出版社 20006, 黃茂林 主編 機械原理 重慶: 重慶大學出版社 2002,77, 丘宣懷 主編 機械設計 北京: 高等教育出版社 19978, 儲凱 許斌 等主編 機械工程材料 重慶: 重慶大學出版社 1997,129, 廖念釗 主編 互換性與技術測量 北京: 中國計量出版社 2000,110,樂兌謙 主編 金屬切削刀具 北京: 機械工業(yè)出版社 1992,1211,李慶壽 主編 機床夾具設計 北京: 機械工業(yè)出版社 1983,412,陶濟賢 主編 機床夾具設計 北京: 機械工業(yè)出版社 1986,413, 機床夾具結構圖冊 貴州:貴州人民出版社 1983,714,龔定安 主編 機床夾具設計原理 陜西:陜西科技出版社,1981,715,李益民 主編 機械制造工藝學習題集 黑龍江: 哈兒濱工業(yè)大學出版社 1984, 716, 周永強等 主編 高等學校畢業(yè)設計指導 北京: 中國建材工業(yè)出版社 2002,12指導教師意見:1對“文獻綜述”的評語:2對本課題的深度、廣度及工作量的意見和對設計(論文)結果的預測: 指導教師: 年 月 日所在專業(yè)審查意見: 負責人: 年 月 日- 8 -摘 要本次畢業(yè)設計的的題目是連桿的工藝工裝及夾具設計。連桿是柴油機的主要傳動件之一,連桿是汽車發(fā)動機中的主要傳動部件之一,它在柴油機中,把作用于活塞頂面的膨脹的壓力傳遞給曲軸,又受曲軸的驅動而帶動活塞壓縮氣缸中的氣體。本文主要論述了連桿的加工工藝及其夾具設計。連桿的尺寸精度、形狀精度以及位置精度的要求都很高,而連桿的剛性比較差,容易產生變形,因此在安排工藝過程時,就需要把各主要表面的粗精加工工序分開。逐步減少加工余量、切削力及內應力的作用,并修正加工后的變形,就能最后達到零件的技術要求。關鍵詞: 連桿;變形;加工工藝;夾具設計AbstractThe connecting rod is one of the main driving medium of diesel engine, this text expounds mainly the machining technology and the design of clamping device of the connecting rod. The precision of size, the precision of profile and the precision of position , of the connecting rod is demanded highly , and the rigidity of the connecting rod is not enough, easy to deform, so arranging the craft course, need to separate the each main and superficial thick finish machining process. Reduce the function of processing the surplus , cutting force and internal stress progressively , revise the deformation after processing, can reach the specification requirement for the part finally . Keyword: Connecting rod;Deformination;Processing technology;Design of clamping device目錄 摘要Abstract緒論11 連桿加工工藝21.1 連桿的結構特點21.2 連桿的主要技術要求21.2.1 大、小頭孔的尺寸精度、形狀精度31.2.2 大、小頭孔軸心線在兩個互相垂直方向的平行度31.2.3 大、小頭孔中心距31.2.4 連桿大頭孔兩端面對大頭孔中心線的垂直度31.2.5 大、小頭孔兩端面的技術要求41.2.6 2-15螺栓孔的技術要求41.2.7 有關2-15孔兩端面的技術要求41.3連桿的材料和毛坯41.4連桿的機械加工工藝過程61.5 連桿的機械加工工藝過程分析81.5.1 工藝過程的安排81.5.2 定位基準的選擇81.5.3 確定合理的夾緊方法 91.5.4 連桿兩端面的加工 91.5.5 連桿大、小頭孔的加工91.5.6 連桿2-15螺栓孔的加工 101.6 確定各工序的加工余量、計算工序尺寸及公差101.7 工時定額的計算 121.7.1粗銑連桿大小頭上端面121.7.2粗銑連桿大小頭下端面121.7.3精銑連桿大頭70H7孔兩端面131.7.4銑結合面131.7.5銑連桿蓋寬60兩側面141.7.6銑連桿體寬64兩側面141.7.7粗銑、精銑2-15螺紋孔兩端面151.7.8鉆、擴、鉸2-15H8螺栓孔并倒角C1、C1.5161.7.9锪連桿蓋15深8孔171.7.10锪、鉸連桿體8H11深6孔181.7.11鉆2-7孔201.7.12鉆2-5孔(頭部10,角度90)201.7.13粗鏜、半精鏜70H7孔、46H7孔211.7.14精鏜70H7孔、46H7孔并倒角C1221.7.15半精鏜、精鏜40H7銅套孔231.8 連桿的檢驗241.8.1 觀察外表缺陷及目測表面粗糙度241.8.2 連桿大頭孔圓柱度的檢驗241.8.3 連桿體、連桿上蓋對大頭孔中心線的對稱度的檢驗241.8.4 連桿大小頭孔平行度的檢驗241.8.5 連桿螺栓孔與其兩端面垂直度的檢驗252 夾具設計262.1問題的提出262.2 定位基準的選擇262.3 切削力和夾緊力計算262.4 定位誤差分析282.5 定位鍵和對刀裝置的設計282.6 夾具工作原理31結論33致謝34參考文獻35VII1.外文翻譯機械加工零件的工藝及夾具設計摘 要:本文對機械加工零件的結構和工藝進行了分析,確定了機械加工工藝路線,夾具在機械加工中所占的地位和重要性,以及夾具設計。隨著科學的日益發(fā)展進步和國家產業(yè)政策的調整,工程機械行業(yè)已成為沒有政策壁壘的完全競爭行業(yè)關鍵詞:技術背景/發(fā)展趨勢/工序/定位方案1 機械加工歷史背景及其意義機械制造業(yè)是一個古老而永遠充滿生命力的行業(yè)。隨著現代工業(yè)的發(fā)展,對機械產品的要求越來越高,機械制造工藝也在日新月異地發(fā)展。自新中國成立以來,我國的制造技術與制造業(yè)得到了長足發(fā)展,一個具有相當規(guī)模和一定技術基礎的機械工業(yè)體系基本形成。改革開放二十多年來,我國制造業(yè)充分利用國內國外兩方面的技術資源,有計劃地推進企業(yè)的技術改造,引導企業(yè)走依靠科技進步的道路,使制造技術、產品質量和水平及經濟效益發(fā)生了顯著變化,為推動國民經濟的發(fā)展做出了很大的貢獻。盡管我國制造業(yè)的綜合技術水平有了大幅度提高,但與工業(yè)發(fā)達國家相比,仍存在階段性差距。進入二十一世紀,我國發(fā)展經濟的主導產業(yè)仍然是制造業(yè),特別是在我國加入世貿組織后,世界的制造中心就從發(fā)達國家遷移到了亞洲,我國有廉價的勞動力和廣大的消費市場,因此,我國工業(yè)要想發(fā)展,就需要有相應的技術和設備來支持。機械工業(yè)是國民經濟的裝備工業(yè);是科學技術物化的基礎;是高新技術產業(yè)化的載體;是國防建設的基礎;是實現經濟快速增長的重要支柱;也是為提高人民生活質量、提供消費類機電產品的供應工業(yè)。它對國民經濟運行的質量和效益、產業(yè)結構的調整和優(yōu)化具有極其重要的作用。2 機械行業(yè)的現狀及發(fā)展趨勢隨著社會的發(fā)展,各種機械逐漸運用到各個行業(yè)中,不管是在農用、軍用、工用等方面,離開了機械的操作就談不上效率,因此,從某中角度上來說,一個國家的經濟實力、社會地位,和機械行業(yè)的發(fā)展是密不可分的。各工業(yè)化國家經濟發(fā)展的歷程表明,沒有強大的裝備制造業(yè),就不可能實現國民經濟的工業(yè)化、現代化和信息化3。目前裝備制造業(yè)發(fā)展滯后是制約我國經濟發(fā)展和產業(yè)升級的重要因素,加大結構調整力度,推進機械工業(yè)持續(xù)、健康、穩(wěn)定發(fā)展,對于轉變經濟增長方式,提高國民經濟整體素質,增強我國經濟的國際競爭力,保障國防安全等都具有重要而深遠的意義。3 機械加工工藝規(guī)程制訂3.1 機械加工工藝過程的定義機械加工工藝過程是指用機械加工方法改變毛坯的形狀,尺寸,相對位置和性質等,使其成為成品或半成品的全過程。機械加工工藝過程直接決定零件及產品的質量和性能,對產品的成本、生產周期都有較大的影響,是整個工藝過程的重要組成部分。3.2 機械加工工藝過程的組成組成機械加工工藝過程的基本單元是工序。工序又是由安裝、工位、工步及走刀組成的。 工序是指一個或一組工人,在一個工作地對同一個或同時對幾個工件所連續(xù)完成的那一部分工藝過程。工序是制定勞動定額、配備工人及機床設備、安排作業(yè)計劃和進行質量檢驗的基本單元。 安裝是工件經一次裝夾后所完成的那一部分工序。 當應用轉位(或移位)加工的機床(或夾具)進行加工時,在一次裝夾中,工件(或刀具)相對于機床要經過幾個位置依次進行加工,在每一個工作位置上所完成的那一部分工序,稱為工位。采用多工位加工可以減少裝夾的次數,減少裝夾誤差,提高生產率。 工步是加工表面在切削刀具和切削用量(僅指主軸轉速和進給量)都不變的情況下所完成的那一部分工藝過程。 在一個工步中,如果要切掉的金屬層很厚,可分幾次切削,每切削一次就稱為一次走刀。3.3 機械加工工藝規(guī)程的定義規(guī)定產品或零部件制造過程和操作方法等的工藝文件,稱為工藝規(guī)程,它是企業(yè)生產中的指導性技術文件。3.4 機械加工工藝規(guī)程的作用及內容機械加工工藝規(guī)程是生產準備工作的主要依據。根據它來組織原材料和毛坯的供應,進行機床調整,專用工藝裝備的設計與制造,編制生產作業(yè)計劃,調配勞動力,以及進行生產成本核算等。機械加工工藝規(guī)程也是組織生產、進行計劃調度的依據。有了它就可以制定生產產品的進度計劃和相應的調度計劃,并能做到各工序科學地銜接,使生產均衡、順利,實現優(yōu)質、高產和低消耗。機械加工工藝過程卡片和機械加工工序卡片,是兩個主要的工藝文件。機械加工工藝過程卡片,是說明零件加工工藝過程的工藝文件。在單件、小批量生產中,以機械加工工藝過程卡片指導生產,過程卡的各個項目編制較為詳細。機械加工工序卡片是為每個工序詳細制定的,用于直接指導工人進行生產,多用于大批量生產的零件和成批生產中的重要零件。3.5 制訂機械加工工藝規(guī)程的原則及步驟在一定的生產條件下,以最少的勞動消耗和最低的費用,按計劃加工出符合圖紙要求的零件,是制訂機械加工工藝規(guī)程的基本原則。制訂機械加工工藝規(guī)程的步驟如下:根據零件的生產綱領決定生產類型;分析零件加工的工藝性;選擇毛坯的種類和制造方法;擬訂工藝過程;工序設計;編制工藝文件。4 夾具設計4.1 夾具設計的意義在機械行業(yè)中,如何去保證工件的高精度、加工的成本等實質性問題,一直是從事于機械行業(yè)人員研究的問題,其中在設計夾具的時候就要考慮以上問題,高效的夾具是工件高精度的保證,如何讓夾具更高效、更經濟,這是行業(yè)人急需要解決的。隨著社會的發(fā)展,科技的不斷提高,各種高科技技術逐漸滲透到各個行業(yè),如何利用這些高科技為人類服務,如何充分利用這些高科技在機械行業(yè)中,這還需要機械行業(yè)人員不斷的努力,開拓創(chuàng)新。隨著科學技術的發(fā)展,和社會市場需要,夾具的設計在逐步的超向柔性制造系統方向發(fā)展。迄今為止,夾具仍是機電產品制造中必不可缺的四大工具之一,刀具本身已高度標準化,用戶只需要按品種、規(guī)格選用采購。而模具和夾具則和產品息息相關,產品一有變化就需重新制作,通常是屬于專用性質的工具,模具已發(fā)展成為獨立的行業(yè);夾具在國內外也正在逐漸形成一個依附于機床業(yè)或獨立的小行業(yè)。 組合夾具不僅具有標準化、模塊化、組合化等當代先進設計思想,又符合節(jié)約資源的原則,更適合綠色制造的環(huán)境保護原理。所以是今后夾具技術的一個重要發(fā)展方向單位 。機床夾具通常是指裝夾工件用的裝置:至于裝夾各種刀具用的裝置,則一般稱為“輔助工具”。輔助工具有時也廣義地包括在機床夾具的范圍內。按照機床夾具的應用范圍,一般可分為通用夾具,專用夾具和可調整式夾具等。通用夾具是在普通機床上一般都附有通用夾具,如車床上的卡盤,銑床上的回轉工作臺,分度頭,頂尖座等。它們都一標準化了,具有一定的通用性,可以用來安裝一定形狀尺寸范圍內的各種工件而不需要進行特殊的調整。但是,在實際生產中,通用夾具常常不能夠滿足各種零件加工的需要;或者因為生產率低而必須把通用夾具進行適當的改進;或者由于工件的形狀,加工的要求等的不同須專門設計制造一種專用夾具,以解決生產實際的需要。用夾具是為了適應某一工件的某一工序加工的要求而專門設計制造的,其功用主要有下列幾個方面:1.保證工件被加工表面主要包括加工工件所需要的機動時間和裝卸工件等所需要的輔助時間兩部分。2.采用專用夾具后,安裝工件和轉換工位的工作都可以大為簡化,不再需要畫線和找正,縮短了工序的輔助時間并且節(jié)省了畫線這個工序,從而提高了勞動生產率.在生產中由于采用了多工件平行加工的夾具,使同時加工的幾個工件的機動時間將與加工一個工件的機動時間相同。采用回轉式多工位連續(xù)加工夾具,可以在進行切削加工某個工件的同時,進行其它工件的裝卸工作,從而使輔助時間與機動時間相重合??傊?隨著專用夾具的采用和進一步改善,可以有效地縮短工序時間,滿足生產不斷發(fā)展的需要。3.采用專用夾具還能擴大機床的工藝范圍。例如在普通車床上附加鏜模夾具后,便可以代替鏜床工作;裝上專用夾具后可以車削成型表面等,以充分發(fā)揮通用機床的作用。4.減輕勞動強度,保障安全生產。根據生產需要,采用一些氣動,液壓或其它機械化,自動化程度較高的專用夾具,對于減輕工人的勞動強度,保障生產安全和產品的穩(wěn)質高產都有很大作用。加工大型工件時,例如加工車床床身上,下兩面上的螺孔,需要把床身工件翻轉幾次進行加工,勞動強度大而且不安全。采用電動回轉式鉆床家具后,就能夠達到提高生產效率,減輕勞動強度,保障生產安全的目的。4.2 夾具的發(fā)展趨勢工業(yè)設計是人類社會發(fā)展和科學技術進步的產物,從英國莫里斯的“工藝美術運動”,到德國的包豪斯設計革命以及美國的廣泛傳播與推廣,工業(yè)設計經過了醞釀,探索,形成,發(fā)展百余年的歷史滄桑。時至今日,工業(yè)設計已成為一門獨立的專業(yè)學科,并且有一套完整的研究體系。1980年國際工業(yè)設計協會理事會(ICSID)給工業(yè)作了明確定義:“就批量生產的工業(yè)產品而言,憑借訓練,技術知識,經驗及視覺感受,而預示材料、結構、構造、形態(tài)、色彩、表面加工,裝飾以新的品質和規(guī)格,叫做工業(yè)設計。根據當時的具體情況,工業(yè)設計師應在上述工業(yè)產品全部側面或其中幾個方面進行工作,而且需要工業(yè)設計師對包裝、宣傳、展示,市場開發(fā)等問題的解決付出自己的技術知識和經驗以及視覺評價能力時,這也屬于工業(yè)設計的范疇”。材料、結構、工藝是產品設計的物質技術基礎,一方面,技術制約著設計;另一方面,技術也推動著設計。從設計美學的觀點看,技術不僅僅是物質基礎還具有其本身的“功能”作用,只要善于應用材料的特性,予以相應的結構形式和適當的加工工藝,就能夠創(chuàng)造出實用,美觀,經濟的產品,即在產品中發(fā)揮技術潛在的“功能”。 任何設計都是時代的產物,它的不同的面貌,不同的特征反映著不同歷史時期的科學技術水平。技術是產品形態(tài)發(fā)展的先導,新材料,新工藝的出現,必然給產品帶來新的結構,新的形態(tài)和新的造型風格。材料,加工工藝,結構,產品形象有機地聯系在一起的,某個環(huán)節(jié)的變革,便會引起整個機體的變化?,F在,機械加工工藝及夾具隨著制造技術的發(fā)展也突飛猛進。機械加工工藝以各個工廠的具體情況不同,其加工的規(guī)程也有很大的不同。突破已往的死模式。使其隨著情況的不同具有更加合理的工藝過程。也使產品的質量大大提高。制定加工工藝雖可按情況合理制定,但也要滿足其基本要求:在保證產品質量的前提下,盡可能提高勞動生產率和降低加工成本。并在充分利用本工廠現有生產條件的基礎上,盡可能采用國內、外先進工藝技術和經驗。還應保證操作者良好的勞動條件。但我國現階段還是主要依賴工藝人員的經驗來編制工藝,多半不規(guī)定工步和切削用量,工時定額也憑經驗來確定,十分粗略,缺乏科學依據,難以進行合理的經濟核算國際生產研究協會的統計表明,目前中、小批多品種生產的工件品種已占工件種類總數的85左右?,F代生產要求企業(yè)所制造的產品品種經常更新換代,以適應市場的需求與競爭。然而,一般企業(yè)都仍習慣于大量采用傳統的專用夾具,一般在具有中等生產能力的工廠里,約擁有數千甚至近萬套專用夾具;另一方面,在多品種生產的企業(yè)中,每隔34年就要更新5080左右專用夾具,而夾具的實際磨損量僅為1020左右。特別是近年來,數控機床、加工中心、成組技術、柔性制造系統(FMS)等新加工技術的應用,對機床夾具提出了如下新的要求:1)能迅速而方便地裝備新產品的投產,以縮短生產準備周期,降低生產成本;2)能裝夾一組具有相似性特征的工件;3)能適用于精密加工的高精度機床夾具;4)能適用于各種現代化制造技術的新型機床夾具;5)采用以液壓站等為動力源的高效夾緊裝置,以進一步減輕勞動強度和提高勞動生產率;6)提高機床夾具的標準化程度?,F代機床夾具的發(fā)展趨勢主要表現為標準化、高效化、精密化和柔性化等四個方面。利用更好的夾具,可以提高勞動生產率,提高加工精度,減少廢品,可以擴大機床的工藝范圍,改善操作的勞動條件。因此,夾具是機械制造中的一項重要的工藝裝備。一個好的夾具是加工出合格產品的首要條件,為了讓夾具有更好的發(fā)展,夾具行業(yè)應加強產、學、研協作的力度,加快用高新技術改造和提升夾具技術水平的步伐,創(chuàng)建夾具專業(yè)技術網站,充分利用現代信息和網絡技術,與時俱進地創(chuàng)新和發(fā)展夾具技術。主動與國外夾具廠商聯系,爭取合資與合作,引進技術,這是改造和發(fā)展我國夾具行業(yè)較為行之有效的途徑。參考文獻1:裘愉,組合機床,北京:機械工業(yè)出版社,1995.2:金振華.組合機床及其調整與使用.北京:機械工業(yè)出版社,1990.3:沈延山.生產實習與組合機床設計.大連:大連理工大學出版社,1989.4:上海市大專院校機械制造工藝學協作組編著.機械制造工藝學.福建科學技術出版社,1996.5:王華坤,范元勛.機械設計基礎.北京:兵器工業(yè)出版社,2000.6:馮辛安.機械制造裝備設計.北京:機械工業(yè)出版社,1998.7:陳日曜.機械原理.北京:機械工業(yè)出版社,1992.8:方子良.機械制造技術基礎.上海:上海交通大學出版社,2004.9:劉秋生,李忠文.液壓傳動與控制.北京:宇航出版社,1994.10:陳于萍,周兆元.互換性與測量技術基礎.北京:機械工業(yè)出版社,2005.11:東北重型機械學院等.機床夾具設計手冊.上海:上海科技技術出版社,1979.12:機械設計手冊聯合編寫組.機械設計手冊.北京:機械工業(yè)出版社,1987.13:王先逵.機械制造工藝學(上下冊).北京:清華大學出版社,1989.14:崇凱.機械制造技術基礎課程設計指南. 15:黃如林,汪群.金屬加工工藝及工裝設計. 16:魯屏宇.工程圖學.17:馮辛安.機械制造裝備設計.18:Gell Maurice Materials Science and Engineering,1995,A204:24625119:X. Chen, J.W. Hutchinson, M.Y. He, A.G. Evans, Acta Mater. 51 (2003) 2017.Mechanical Parts Processing Technology and Fixture Design Pick to : the machining parts of the structure and process analysis, identified the machine- finishing craft route, fixture in the mechanical processing of the status and importance, as well as the fixture design. With the increasingly development of scientific progress and the adjustment of national industry policy, project machinery industry already became no policy barriers of perfectly competitive industry Key words: technical background / development / process / positioning scheme 1 Mechanical Processing Historical Background and Its Significance Machinery manufacturing industry is an old and eternal industry full of vitality. With the development of modern industry, the mechanical product of the increasingly high demand, machinery manufacturing technology are developing rapidly. Since the founding of new China, our countrys manufacturing technology and manufacturing industry to obtain the considerable development, a considerable size and technical basis of mechanical industry system is formed basically. Years of reform and opening up, Chinas manufacturing industry to make full use of domestic and foreign two aspects of technological resources, there are plans to promote the technical transformation of enterprises, guide enterprises to take the road to rely on progress of science and technology, manufacturing technology, product quality and level and the economic benefit produced marked change, in order to promote the development of the national economy has made great contribution. Although our country manufacturing industry comprehensive technical level has been greatly improved, but compared with developed country, still have level sex difference. Enter the twenty-first Century, the economic development of our country s leading industry still is the manufacturing industry, especially after our country joins WTO, the worlds manufacturing center is developed from migration to Asia, China has cheap labor and the general consumer market, accordingly, industry of our country wants to develop, need to have appropriate technology and equipment support. Machinery industry is the equipment industry of national economy; it is content of science and technology of foundation; is new and high technology industrialization; is the basis of national defense building; is to achieve rapid economic growth of the important pillar; is to improve peoples living quality, provide consumer electrical products supply industry. It runs to national economy, the quality and efficiency of industrial structure adjustment and optimization is a very important role. 2 The Status of Machinery Industry and Development Trend With the development of society, all kinds of machinery and gradually applied to the various industry, whether in the agricultural, military, industrial, mechanical operation, leaving no efficiency, therefore, in some sense, the strength of a countrys economy, social status, and the development of machinery industry is close separable. The industrialized countries economic development course indicated that, without a strong equipment manufacturing industry, is impossible to achieve national economy industrialization, modernization and information 3 . At present, the equipment manufacturing industry development lag is restricting Chinas economic development and industrial upgrading of the important factors, increase structural adjustment strength, promote mechanical industry lasts, healthy, steady development, to change the mode of economic growth, improve quality of national economy whole, enhance the international competitiveness of the economy, security and national defense security has important and far-reaching meaning of. 3 Of Machining Process Planning 3.1 Machining Process Definition The machining process is the use of mechanical processing method of change in rough shape, size, the relative position and the nature, make its become finished or semi-finished products of the whole process. Machining process directly determines the parts and the quality and performance of products, product cost, production period has great influence, is an important part of the whole process. 3.2 Mechanical Processes The composition of mechanical machining process of the basic unit is a process. Process and is formed by mounting, station, working steps and take the knife. The process is a group of workers, in a work of the same or simultaneously on several workpieces are completed for that part of the process. Process is the formulation of labor quota, with workers and machine tool equipment, arranging operation plan and quality testing of the basic unit. The installation is a workpiece by a fixture after the completion of the procedures. The application of switch ( or displacement) when processing machine tool ( or fixture ) processing, in a fixture, the workpiece ( or cutter ) relative to the machine tool passes through several locations in order processing, in each position is done on that part of the process, called station. The multi-station processing can reduce the times of clamping, reduce the mounting error, improve productivity. The step is processing the surface in the cutting tool and the cutting parameters ( only refers to the spindle speed and feed rate ) are the same circumstances completed part of the process. 3.3 Machining Process Definition Products or components manufacturing process and operation methods of the process, called process, it is the enterprise in the production of technical guidance document. 3.4 Machining Process Planning Function and Content Machining process is ready for production work mainly on the basis of. According to its raw material and semifinished product supply, machine tool adjustment, special process equipment design and manufacturing, production scheduling, allocation of labor force, and the production cost accounting. The machining process planning and organization of production, planning and scheduling based on. It can make production schedule and the corresponding scheduling, and can be connected to the scientific process, production is balanced, smooth, to realize high quality, high yield and low consumption. Machining process card and machining process card, are the two main process documents. Machining process card, is illustrated parts machining process technology files. In a single, small batch production, to machining process card guiding production, process card various projects in the preparation of more detailed. Machining process card for each process detailed formulation, used to direct workers, used for mass production parts and mass production of the important parts in the. 3.5 Making The Machining Process Planning Principles and Steps Under certain production conditions, with minimal consumption of labor and the lowest cost, according to plans processing parts that meet requirements of the drawings, is to develop the basic principle of machining process. Formulation of machining process steps are as follows: The under parts of the production program decision production type; The analysis of parts processing technology; The choice of blank type and manufacturing method; The technological process; The process design; The process documentation. 4 Fixture Design 4.1 Fixture Design Sense In the machinery industry, how to guarantee the high precision of workpiece, the costs of processing and other substantive issues, has been engaged in the mechanical industry research questions, which in the design of fixture when we should consider the problems above, efficient fixture is the workpiece precision guarantee, how to make the fixture more efficient, more economical, the industry is the urgent need to resolve. With the development of society, the continuous improvement of technology, various high- tech technology gradually infiltrated into all sectors, how to use these high-tech to serve mankind, how to make full use of the technology in mechanical industry, it also requires machinery industry staff continued efforts, innovation. With the development of science and technology, and social needs of the market, the fixture design in progressive super to the flexible manufacturing system development. To date, the fixture is mechanical and electrical products manufacturing in the four indispensable tools, tool itself is already highly standardized, the user only needs to press varieties, specifications selection and procurement. While the mold and fixture and related products products, there is a need to make changes, usually belong to the special properties of the tool, mould has become an independent industry; fixture at home and abroad is also gradually form a dependent or independent small industry of machine tool industry. Combined clamp not only has the standardization, modularization, modular and other contemporary advanced design ideas, and in line with resource conservation principle, more suitable for green manufacturing environment protection principle. So the next fixture technology is an important direction of development unit. Machine tool fixture is usually refers to the use of clamping workpiece clamping device: for the device with various tools, also known as tool. The auxiliary tool is sometimes generalized to include in the range of machine tool fixture. According to the application range of machine tool fixture, generally can be divided into general jig, fixture and adjustable fixture. Universal jig is on general machine tools are generally accompanied by a common fixture, such as a lathe chuck, milling machine rotary table, dividing head, top seat. They have a standardized, with certain universality, can be used to install certain shape and size within the range of the workpiece without the need for special adjustment. However, in actual production, a universal fixture often can not meet the needs of various parts processing; or because of low productivity and must have the universal fixture for proper improvement; or because the shape of the workpiece, the processing requirements to be different specialized design and manufacture of a special jig, in order to solve the actual production needs. Jig is adapted to a workpiece in a processing requirements and the design and manufacturing expertise, its function mainly has the following several aspects: 1 ensure that the surface of the workpiece being processed mainly includes processing workpieces need maneuvering time of loading and unloading workpieces need the auxiliary time of two part. 2 using a dedicated fixture, workpiece installation and conversion work work can be greatly simplified, no longer need to draw the line and to find it, to shorten the working procedure non-cutting time and save line drawing this process, thereby improving the labor productivity. In production due to the adoption of multiple parallel processing workpiece fixture, enabling the simultaneous processing several parts of the motor will time and processing time of the same motor. The rotary multi-station continuous processing fixture, can be used for machining a workpiece at the same time, other workpiece loading and unloading, thereby enabling the auxiliary time and motor time coincides. In short, with the special fixture using and further improvement, can effectively shorten the process time, production to meet the evolving needs of. 3 using a dedicated fixture can expand the scope of machine tool technology. For example in lathe boring jig attached, can replace boring work; special fixture can be installed after turning the molding surface, so as to give full play to the role of general machine tools. 4, reduce the labor intensity, and ensuring safety production. According to the demand of production, using pneumatic, hydraulic or other mechanical changes, a higher degree of automation of the special fixture, to reduce the labor intensity of workers, protection of production safety and the stability of product quality and high yield of a great role. Processing large workpieces, such as the lathe bed, the lower surfaces of the screw holes on the bed, need to flip several times for processing workpieces, high labor intensity and safety. The use of electric rotary drill furniture, can improve production efficiency, reduce labor intensity, ensure safety in production. 4.2 Fixture of The Development Trend Industrial design is the development of human society and the progress of science and technology of the product, from Maurices the arts and Crafts Movement, to the German Bauhaus design revolution and the United States of America wide dissemination and promotion, industrial design after brewing, exploration, formation, development history of more than 100 years of vicissitudes. Today, industrial design has become an independent subject, and a complete set of research system. In 1980 the International Council of societies of industrial design ( ICSID ) to the industry as a clearly defined: production of industrial products, by training, technical knowledge, experience and visual experience, and indicates the material, structure, morphology, structure, color, surface processing, decoration to the new quality and specification, called industrial design. According to the specific circumstances of the time, industrial designer in the industry products are all side or a few aspects of the work, but also the need for industrial designers of packaging, publicity, display, market development and other issues to resolve pay their own technical knowledge and experience and ability of the visual evaluation, which also belongs to the scope of industrial design. Material, structure, technology is the product design material and technical basis, on one hand, technology restrict the design; on the other hand, technology is also promoting design. From the point of view of design aesthetics, technology is not only the material basis but also has its own function action, as long as good application properties of the materials, to the corresponding structure and suitable processing technology, can create a practical, aesthetic, economic products, namely in the product technology potential function. Any design are the product of the times, its different features, different features reflect the different historical periods of level of science and technology. Technology is the product of the morphological development of the pilot, new material, new technology products, is bound to bring new structure, new forms and new style. Materials, processing technology, structure, product image organic ground is contacted together, a part of the change, it will cause the whole body changes. Now, the machining process and fixture with the development of manufacturing technology also make a spurt of progress. Machining process to the various factories in different circumstances, its processing procedures are very different. Break through the past death mode. Make it with different cases has more reasonable technological process. So that product quality greatly improved. Develop processing technology can be rational, but also to meet the basic requirements: guarantee product quality under the premise, as far as possible to improve labor productivity and reduce the processing cost. And to make full use of the existing factory production conditions, as far as possible, using domestic and foreign advanced technology and experience. Should also ensure that the good working conditions. But our country present stage still rely mainly on technology personnel experience to prepare process, often does not require step and cutting amount, man-hour quota is to be determined by experience, very rough, the lack of scientific basis, difficult to carry out reasonable economic accounting International Journal of production Research Association statistics show that, at present, small batch production of many varieties of workpiece varieties accounted for about 85% of the total number of the kind of workpiece. Modern manufacturing requirements of enterprises manufacturing products constantly upgrading, to meet the needs of the market and competition. However, the general enterprises are still accustomed to the traditional special fixture, generally in the medium having a production capacity of the plant, some have thousands or even nearly 10000 sets of special fixture; on the other hand, in the production of many varieties of the company, every 3 to 4 years to update 50 80% special jig, fixture actual wear only 10 20% or so. Especially in recent years, CNC machine tools, machining center, group technology, flexible manufacturing system ( FMS ), a new processing technology of machine tool fixture, proposed the following new requirements: 1) can rapidly and conveniently and equipment of new products put into production, so as to shorten the production cycle, reduce the production cost; 2) capable of clamping a group with similar characteristics of the workpiece; 3) can be applied to precision machining of high precision machine tool fixture; 4) can be applied to all the modern manufacturing technology of new machine tool fixture; 5) adopts the hydraulic station for power efficient clamping device, in order to further reduce the labor intensity and improve labor productivity; 6) improve the standardization degree of machine tool fixture. The development trend of modern machine tool fixture mainly for standardization, efficiency, precision and flexibility in four aspects. Use better fixture, can improve labor productivity, improve processing accuracy, reduce waste, machine tool technology can expand the scope, improve the operation of labor conditions. Therefore, the fixture machinery manufacturing is an important process equipment. A good fixture is the processing of qualified products of the first condition, in order to allow the clamp has the better development, fixture industry should strengthen the production, learning and research, collaborative efforts, accelerate the use of high technology to transform and upgrade the level of technology to create the pace of jig, fixture professional technology website, make full use of modern information and network technology, and when in keeping with the innovation and development of fixture technology. Active and foreign fixture manufacturer, for joint venture and cooperation, the introduction of technology, it is the reform and development of our country industry is more effective ways of fixture.
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