大傾角帶式輸送機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)
大傾角帶式輸送機(jī)設(shè)計(jì),大傾角帶式輸送機(jī)設(shè)計(jì),傾角,輸送,設(shè)計(jì)
摘要隨著科技的發(fā)展，大傾角輸送機(jī)已在運(yùn)輸行業(yè)廣泛使用起來。本篇論文簡單介紹了帶式輸送機(jī)現(xiàn)狀及國內(nèi)外的技術(shù)差距，詳細(xì)的說明了輸送機(jī)的分類及特點(diǎn)，闡述了輸送機(jī)的工作原理并設(shè)計(jì)出了一套可行性較高的總體方案，通過已給定的參數(shù)進(jìn)行一系列的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算對輸送機(jī)各個部件做出設(shè)計(jì)選型，完成整個機(jī)體的設(shè)計(jì)。大傾角帶式輸送機(jī)的基本部件均可與普通輸送機(jī)通用，因此維修方便，而與通用帶式輸送機(jī)相比，大傾角帶式輸送機(jī)可以以090任意角度進(jìn)行輸送，這大大地減少了機(jī)器的占地面積也節(jié)約了工程投資的費(fèi)用，為我國輸送行業(yè)的發(fā)展做出了巨大地貢獻(xiàn)。關(guān)鍵詞 帶式輸送機(jī)；大傾角；滾筒AbstractWith the development of science and technology, large angle conveyors have been widely used in the transportation industry. This paper briefly introduces the status quo of belt conveyors and the technological gaps at home and abroad. It explains in detail the classification and characteristics of conveyors, elaborates the working principle of conveyors and designs a set of feasible overall plans. A series of design calculations are performed on the given parameters to design and select the various components of the conveyor to complete the design of the entire body. The basic components of the large-angle belt conveyor can be used in common with common conveyors, so it is easy to maintain. Compared with the universal belt conveyor, the large-angle belt conveyor can be transported at any angle from 0 to 90. Greatly reduced the area of the machine also saved the cost of the project investment, and made great contributions to the development of the transportation industry in China.Keywords belt conveyor large angle rollerII目 錄摘要IAbstractII1 緒論11.1 帶式運(yùn)輸機(jī)的現(xiàn)況11.1 帶式輸送機(jī)的分類及特點(diǎn)11.2 帶式輸送機(jī)的工作原理31.3 所選課題的內(nèi)容及意義32 總體設(shè)計(jì)方案52.1 總體設(shè)計(jì)52.2 輸送機(jī)主要部件用途及選擇52.3 布置形式的選擇82.4 托輥間距離的選擇83 輸送機(jī)參數(shù)的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算93.1 輸送機(jī)輸送量的計(jì)算93.2 輸送機(jī)的運(yùn)行功率及張緊計(jì)算103.2.1 傳動滾筒上所需的圓周力103.2.2 張緊力的計(jì)算114 輸送機(jī)部件的選型134.1 輸送帶134.1.1 輸送帶的選用134.1.2 輸送帶的結(jié)構(gòu)與選用134.2 電動機(jī)的選用174.3 減速器的選用174.4 托輥184.4.1 托輥的分類與選用184.4.2 輥?zhàn)虞d荷計(jì)算184.4.3 輥?zhàn)虞S的基本選擇204.5 張緊裝置214.5.1 張緊裝置在輸送機(jī)中重要地位214.5.2 張緊裝置的分類214.6 制動裝置214.6.1 制動器的分類224.6.2 制動力的計(jì)算225 附屬裝置245.1 給料裝置245.1.1 對給料裝置的基本要求245.1.2 裝料點(diǎn)的緩沖245.2 清掃裝置245.2.1 清掃器的類型255.2.2 清掃器的安裝位置255.3 機(jī)架256 總裝圖27結(jié)論28致謝29參考文獻(xiàn)30IV1 緒論1.1 帶式運(yùn)輸機(jī)的現(xiàn)況現(xiàn)如今，科學(xué)技術(shù)的飛速發(fā)展和良好的國際形勢為帶式輸送機(jī)的發(fā)展帶來了前所未有的機(jī)遇?？偟膩碚f，國內(nèi)外帶式輸送機(jī)的發(fā)展趨勢越來越好，輸送機(jī)功能越來越多。接下來將對國內(nèi)外帶式輸送機(jī)的現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行分析。國外帶式輸送機(jī)現(xiàn)狀：從工業(yè)技術(shù)上而言，國外帶式輸送機(jī)發(fā)展明顯快于國內(nèi)，特別是一些發(fā)達(dá)國家，帶式輸送機(jī)技術(shù)更是有了迅猛的發(fā)展。帶式輸送機(jī)的功能也比我們豐富很多，其應(yīng)用范圍比之前任何時候都更加廣泛。此外，同樣發(fā)展很快的還有帶式輸送機(jī)自身的技術(shù)和設(shè)備，以長距離、大運(yùn)量作為主要的發(fā)展方向，因而大大地改善了輸送機(jī)運(yùn)輸距離短、輸送量小的弊端。國內(nèi)帶式輸送機(jī)現(xiàn)狀：隨著改革開放開展的不斷深入，我國生產(chǎn)水平越來越高，工業(yè)發(fā)展對煤礦事業(yè)的需求也在進(jìn)一步增大，這都將給我國帶式輸送機(jī)帶來極大的機(jī)遇。新中國以來，我國科技發(fā)展越來越快，這大大地提高了帶式輸送機(jī)技術(shù)，加快了帶式輸送機(jī)的發(fā)展。總之，經(jīng)過我國帶式輸送機(jī)快速發(fā)展，帶式輸送機(jī)的類型越來越豐富。帶式輸送機(jī)隨著科技發(fā)展的頂力支持，不僅在輸送距離取得了極大的提高，帶式輸送機(jī)功率較之從前也有了大幅度的提升。由此可見，改革以來我國確實(shí)在帶式輸送機(jī)技術(shù)方面取得了巨大的發(fā)展。然而，站在國際的角度來講，依照我國目前的運(yùn)輸技術(shù)確實(shí)與國外的存在相當(dāng)?shù)牟罹?，國外帶式輸送機(jī)技術(shù)仍然處在領(lǐng)先的水平。因此，雖然我們已經(jīng)在帶式輸送機(jī)的發(fā)展技術(shù)方面取得了極大的突破，但我們就此因?yàn)槌煽兌粩嘧韵玻覀兏吹降氖亲陨淼牟蛔阋约芭c先進(jìn)水平的差距，并且要不斷研究并學(xué)習(xí)他國的先進(jìn)技術(shù)，努力提升自身的技術(shù)，縮小雙方差距，爭取做出進(jìn)一步的突破性發(fā)展。1.1 帶式輸送機(jī)的分類及特點(diǎn)帶式輸送機(jī)是一種以摩擦力為動力并作連續(xù)運(yùn)動輸送物料的機(jī)器，主要由輸送裝置、傳動裝置和輔助裝置等組成。帶式輸送機(jī)的類型多種多樣，大體可分為兩種類型：一種是普通帶式輸送機(jī)，這種帶式輸送機(jī)在輸送過程中，上帶面呈現(xiàn)為槽型，下帶面呈現(xiàn)為平型，整個輸送帶以托輥來支撐；另一種是擁有特殊結(jié)構(gòu)形式的帶式輸送機(jī)，這種輸送機(jī)都是依據(jù)工地現(xiàn)場的實(shí)際情況從而進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)的，詳細(xì)介紹見圖1-1、1-2、1-3：圖1-1 輸送機(jī)的分類及特點(diǎn)圖1-2 輸送機(jī)的分類與特點(diǎn)圖1-3 輸送機(jī)的分類與特點(diǎn)1.2 帶式輸送機(jī)的工作原理帶式輸送機(jī)主要由一條閉合輸送帶及套在輸送帶當(dāng)中兩端的輥?zhàn)咏M成。其中，連接電動機(jī)的輥?zhàn)臃Q為主動輥，則另外一端的滾筒稱為被動輥。輸送帶的傳動是通過帶與主動輥之間產(chǎn)生的摩擦力，而主動輥則是由于電動機(jī)通過減速器驅(qū)動。一般來說，主動輥安裝在卸料端以此增加牽引力，更便于輸送帶的拖動。1.3 所選課題的內(nèi)容及意義本次課題的主要內(nèi)容是完成45大傾角帶式輸送機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)。根據(jù)具體要求，確定傳動方案，完成各部件的設(shè)計(jì)選用以及重要部件的校核。最后完成設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算說明書的書寫并畫出總體的裝配圖及部分部件的零件圖。隨著我國輸送機(jī)技術(shù)的進(jìn)一步提升，原本的普通輸送機(jī)已經(jīng)越來越不能滿足實(shí)際生產(chǎn)的需求，因此，必須要向長距離、大運(yùn)量的方向發(fā)展。雖然我國在大傾角帶式輸送機(jī)方面已有涉足，但在國內(nèi)18傾角以上的輸送機(jī)仍在改進(jìn)發(fā)展階段，而煤礦運(yùn)輸中使用的輸送機(jī)大都在1825左右，所以，認(rèn)真完成此次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)，不僅能將學(xué)到的理論知識運(yùn)用到實(shí)際設(shè)計(jì)當(dāng)中，更能為以后工作打下良好的設(shè)計(jì)基礎(chǔ)。302 總體設(shè)計(jì)方案2.1 總體設(shè)計(jì)大傾角帶式輸送機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)最大的特點(diǎn)便是輸送角度較之普通輸送機(jī)有了較大的提升，因?yàn)檩斔徒嵌却螅谏仙斔碗A段為防止物料下滑，因此選用了特殊輸送帶來代替了通用式輸送帶，輸送帶上裝有擋邊和橫隔板，可以在輸送過程中有效地阻止物料的下滑設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容：45傾角的帶式輸送機(jī)，其水平輸送距離7.3m、垂直提升高度3.3m、輸送量90t/h、帶速2m/s、物料堆積密度0.7t/m3。2.2 輸送機(jī)主要部件用途及選擇大傾角帶式輸送機(jī)作為現(xiàn)代運(yùn)輸行業(yè)必要的運(yùn)輸器械，被廣泛應(yīng)用于煤礦輸送和食品輸送，組成主要包括機(jī)頭部分（電機(jī)、滾筒等）、機(jī)身部分（托輥、支架等）、機(jī)尾部分、附屬裝置（張緊裝置、清掃裝置等），其主要作用及基本選擇如下：（1）輸送帶輸送帶是輸送機(jī)的重要組成之一，其承載作用。此次設(shè)計(jì)為45的較大傾角輸送，所以必須采用特殊的輸送帶來替代普通的輸送帶。普通輸送帶帶面平坦，雖略有粗糙感，但是物料上升過程中難免會產(chǎn)生下滑，而波狀擋邊輸送帶結(jié)構(gòu)與通用帶大有不同，由基帶、擋邊和橫隔板組成，橫隔板可以承載物料，擋邊可以防止物料泄露，便于大傾角輸送，故此選擇波狀擋邊輸送帶傳送。 圖2-1 普通輸送帶 圖2-2波狀擋邊輸送帶（2）驅(qū)動裝置驅(qū)動裝置是輸送機(jī)的動力部分，由電動機(jī)、減速器、聯(lián)軸器、傳動滾筒等組成，其基本傳動方案設(shè)計(jì)如下：方案一：二級圓柱齒輪減速器圖2-2 二級圓柱齒輪減速器傳動圖結(jié)構(gòu)簡單，應(yīng)用廣泛。方案二：二級圓錐-圓柱齒輪減速器圖2-3 二級圓錐-圓柱齒輪減速器傳動圖方案三：一級蝸桿減速器1-電動機(jī) 2-聯(lián)軸器 3-減速器 4-聯(lián)軸器 5-滾筒 6-輸送帶圖2-4 一級蝸桿減速器傳動圖蝸桿減速器結(jié)構(gòu)簡單，尺寸緊湊，但效率較低，適用于載荷較小、間歇工作的場合。（3）改向滾筒改向滾筒用作改變輸送帶的運(yùn)行方向，裝在輸送帶的下表面。（4）壓帶輪壓帶輪用于改變輸送帶的運(yùn)行方向，裝在輸送帶的上表面。（5）清掃裝置清掃裝置用在輸送帶的表面，清掃粘在帶表面的物料。選用頭部清掃器裝在靠近頭部滾筒處，用于打掃輸送帶工作面上的物料；選用空段清掃器考級尾部滾筒處，用于打掃背面上的物料。（6）托輥托輥用作支撐輸送帶和帶上的物料，讓其運(yùn)行穩(wěn)定。選用上托輥用作支撐輸送帶及其上的物料；選用下托輥用作支撐輸送帶；選用凸弧段托輥用作支撐凸弧段輸送帶及其上的物料；選用凹弧段托輥用作壓住輸送帶。（7）張緊裝置張緊裝置的作用是保證正常運(yùn)行的工作張力，可有兩種方式進(jìn)行張緊：方式一：螺旋式張緊裝置圖2-5 螺旋式張緊裝置實(shí)物圖方式二：重錘車式張緊裝置1-滾筒 2-張緊小車 3-重錘圖2-6 重錘車式張緊裝置結(jié)構(gòu)示意圖上述兩種張緊裝置，當(dāng)輸送機(jī)長度小于50m時，可使用螺旋式張緊裝置；當(dāng)輸送機(jī)長度大于50m時，可采用重錘車式張緊裝置。本次設(shè)計(jì)輸送機(jī)長不到10m，因此選用螺旋式張緊裝置進(jìn)行張緊。2.3 布置形式的選擇輸送機(jī)的布置形式根據(jù)輸送角度、受料段、卸料段、機(jī)尾長度等選擇，其布置形式多種多樣如：水平式、斜式、Z型、S型、L型等（如圖2-7）。圖2-7 輸送機(jī)布置形式為更好的獲得受料和卸料條件并進(jìn)行輸送，故選擇（b）圖布置形式。2.4 托輥間距離的選擇托輥之間的距離與輥?zhàn)拥某兄啬芰洼斔蛶麓沟某潭葍蓚€條件有關(guān)。一般來說，上托輥與下托輥的托輥間距離應(yīng)為1000mm，受料段間距為250mm，凸弧段托輥間距一般為承載段間距的1/2，若受力過大可自行調(diào)整。3 輸送機(jī)參數(shù)的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算3.1 輸送機(jī)輸送量的計(jì)算此次設(shè)計(jì)依據(jù)運(yùn)輸機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)選型手冊（上冊）1選用下列計(jì)算公式，則輸送量的計(jì)算如下：當(dāng)tqts時 （3-1）當(dāng)tqts時 （3-2）式中 輸送量，t/h； 物料堆積密度，t/m3； 橫隔板寬度，m； 有效帶寬，m，B2=B-2(B3+B1)； 基帶，m； 空邊寬，m； 波底寬，m； 帶速，m/s； 物料與基帶的理論接觸長度，m；T、TS(B)型橫隔板；C、TC、TCS(B)型橫隔板； 輸送傾角，45； 橫隔板間距，m；因其是較大角度輸送，故選擇TC型橫隔板，計(jì)算如下： （3-3）即tq=0.14（0.5574+1）tq=0.218mtq90t/h此數(shù)據(jù)滿足設(shè)計(jì)使用要求。3.2 輸送機(jī)的運(yùn)行功率及張緊計(jì)算3.2.1 傳動滾筒上所需的圓周力傳動滾筒上所需要的圓周力FU （3-5）式中 主要阻力，N，90時， （3-6） 附加阻力系數(shù)，見1表7-23； 擋邊機(jī)水平投影長度，m； 擋邊機(jī)提升高度，m； 模擬摩擦因數(shù)，見表3-2； 重力加速度，g=9.81m/s2； 上托輥轉(zhuǎn)動部分質(zhì)量，kg/m，見表3-1，一般上托輥間距為1m； 下托輥轉(zhuǎn)動部分質(zhì)量，kg/m，見表3-1，一般下托輥間距為1.2m； 表3-1 上、下托輥轉(zhuǎn)動部分質(zhì)量 kg/mB/mm5006508001000q156711q245611 擋邊輸送帶每米質(zhì)量，kg/m； （3-7）即qB=13.25+22.78+0.462.9/0.252qB=24.1kg/m 基帶每米質(zhì)量，kg/m，見1表7-6； 擋邊每米質(zhì)量，kg/m，見1表7-8； 有效帶寬，m，見1表7-11； 橫隔板每米質(zhì)量，kg/m，見1表7-9； 橫隔板間距，m； 每米物料質(zhì)量，kg/m。 （3-8）即qG=90/(3.62)qG=12.5(kg/m)帶入數(shù)據(jù)FH=0.039.8187+6+(224.1+12.5)7.3/8FH=161(N) （3-9）式中 提升阻力，N。帶入數(shù)據(jù)FSt=9.8112.57.3FSt=895.2(N)則FU=CFH+FSt=9161+895.2FU=2344(N)表3-2 模擬摩擦系數(shù)安裝情況工作條件f水平、向上 傾斜的工況工作環(huán)境良好，制造、安裝良好，帶速低，物料內(nèi)摩擦系數(shù)小0.020按標(biāo)準(zhǔn)設(shè)計(jì)、制造、調(diào)整好，物料內(nèi)摩擦系數(shù)中等0.0220.03多塵，低溫，過載，高帶速，安裝不良，托輥質(zhì)量差，物料內(nèi)摩擦大0.0230.0353.2.2 張緊力的計(jì)算（1）輸送帶最大張力(N) （3-10）式中 輸送帶最小初張力。(N) （3-11）式中 托輥間距，m，一般取為1m。帶入數(shù)據(jù)S05(24.1+12.5)19.81S01795(N)Smax=1795+2344+9.8124.17.3Smax=5865(N)（2）帶芯層數(shù)的計(jì)算帶芯層數(shù) （3-12）式中 輸送帶安全系數(shù)，見表4-3； 輸送帶強(qiáng)度，見表4-1。帶入數(shù)據(jù)Z=596510/(80056)Z=1.31則：選擇4層，EP100帶芯。（3）輸送帶帶長的計(jì)算 （3-13）L0輸送帶全長；L輸送機(jī)頭部輥?zhàn)优c改向輥?zhàn)又行拈g距長度，m；D1頭部輥?zhàn)又睆?；D2尾部輥?zhàn)又睆剑籐輸送機(jī)尾部水平間距長度。帶入數(shù)據(jù)L0=25652+3.14(300+300)/2+21700=15646mm圓整至L0=16m。4 輸送機(jī)部件的選型4.1 輸送帶4.1.1 輸送帶的選用輸送帶是輸送機(jī)組成的一部分，在輸送機(jī)中起曳引和承載作用，輸送帶的選用對于輸送機(jī)來說比較重要，好的輸送帶使用壽命長，避免頻繁更換。波狀擋邊帶其輸送傾角大，可達(dá)90，最大輸送物料塊度為550mm；結(jié)構(gòu)簡單，運(yùn)行可靠；是一般用途的散狀物料連續(xù)輸送設(shè)備，可廣泛用于煤炭、建筑、化工等行業(yè)。而圓管帶雖然上述大多優(yōu)點(diǎn)，但卻擁有輸送帶性能要求高，運(yùn)行阻力大，輸送量小，設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算復(fù)雜等缺點(diǎn)，故此經(jīng)過綜合性的考慮選用波狀擋邊輸送帶。4.1.2 輸送帶的結(jié)構(gòu)與選用波狀擋邊輸送帶主要起承載物料并輸送的作用。其構(gòu)成如圖4-1。1-基帶 2-波狀擋邊 3-橫隔板圖4-1 波狀擋邊輸送帶4.1.2.1基帶的選用波狀擋邊輸送帶基帶的外形結(jié)構(gòu)與其他輸送帶一樣，但是橫向剛度比較大，所以需要使用特殊的輸送帶作為基帶。（1）基帶的規(guī)格與技術(shù)參數(shù)此次設(shè)計(jì)選用棉帆布作為基帶抗拉體材料，其規(guī)格和技術(shù)參數(shù)見表4-1。表4-1 棉帆布基帶的規(guī)格和技術(shù)參數(shù)抗拉體材料基帶型號扯斷強(qiáng)度/N/(mm層)每層厚度/mm每層質(zhì)量/(kg/m2)棉帆布CC-56561.51.36抗拉體材料伸長率（定負(fù)荷）/%基帶寬/mm層數(shù)棉帆布1.5 2300 24003 12抗拉體材料上下棉帆布 （2）基帶的質(zhì)量表4-2 棉帆布的每米質(zhì)量帆布層數(shù)上覆蓋膠+下覆蓋膠厚度/mm基帶寬/mm5006508001000每米質(zhì)量/(kg/m)33.0+1.54.5+1.56.0+1.55.025.886.7443.0+1.54.5+1.56.0+1.55.826.687.557.578.709.829.3110.7012.1053.0+1.54.5+1.56.0+1.58.629.7310.8710.6011.9813.3813.2514.9816.7163.0+1.54.5+1.56.0+1.511.8013.2814.6514.8616.5918.3273.0+1.54.5+1.56.0+1.516.4718.2019.93（3）基帶的橫向剛度基帶的橫向剛度=基帶中心處的下?lián)现?基帶寬?；貦M向?qū)挾鹊倪x擇應(yīng)考慮輸送機(jī)提升的高度和傾角，從經(jīng)濟(jì)方面考慮，輸送機(jī)提升高度和傾角較大時，應(yīng)選擇橫向剛度較大的基帶；反之，應(yīng)選擇橫向剛度較小的基帶。一般情況下，基帶的橫向剛度值不得超過0.03,；對于特別重要的輸送機(jī)，基帶的橫向剛度值應(yīng)小于0.03。（4）基帶的安全系數(shù)帆布基帶的安全系數(shù)見表4-3。如果工作條件惡劣或擋邊機(jī)特別重要，安全系數(shù)應(yīng)大于以上推薦值。表4-3 帆布基帶的安全系數(shù)帶芯材料層數(shù)2 45 89 12棉帆布基帶89104.1.2.2 波狀擋邊的選擇波狀擋邊有矩型、S型、W型、WM型（如圖4-2）。 矩型擋邊 S型擋邊 W型擋邊 WM型擋邊圖4-2 擋邊形狀此次設(shè)計(jì)采用S型波狀擋邊，其主要參數(shù)見表4-4。表4-4 波狀擋邊的主要參數(shù) mm擋邊高H波頂寬TW波底寬BW波形劇P質(zhì)量qs/(kg/m)1606675634.422005.822408.494.1.2.3 橫隔板的結(jié)構(gòu)與選用橫隔板的形狀有很多種，如圖4-3：圖4-3 橫隔板形狀因?yàn)榇舜卧O(shè)計(jì)的傾角較大，故此采用TCS型橫隔板進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)，其主要參數(shù)見表4-6。橫隔板間距ts與擋邊高H和輸送傾角有關(guān)（見表4-5）。 表4-5 橫隔板間距 mmH406080100120160200240408012012625212625212625225237825237837850437850445508012625225227855601262523786512670126表4-6 橫隔板參數(shù)橫隔板高度/mm配用擋邊高度/mm質(zhì)量qt/（kg/m）T型TS(B)型TC型TCS(B)型C型1101202.93-2.90-3.081401603.835.203.897.555.701802005.166.475.168.827.302202409.109.669.1010.36- 表4-7 空邊帶寬B3和有效帶寬B2 mmBH8010012016020040050065080010004.2 電動機(jī)的選用電動機(jī)功率P （4-1）式中 P電動機(jī)功率，kW；傳動效率，=0.750.9。帶入數(shù)據(jù)P=23442/(10000.9)P=5.2(kW)因P=3.27kW，查機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)課程設(shè)計(jì)手冊（第三版）2表12-1，選用功率為5.5kW，型號Y132S-4同步轉(zhuǎn)速為1500r/min，滿載轉(zhuǎn)速為1440r/min的電機(jī)。4.3 減速器的選用在確定電動機(jī)后，通過了解電動機(jī)的額定轉(zhuǎn)速nd和工作機(jī)主軸轉(zhuǎn)速n0，對傳動裝置的總傳動比進(jìn)行如下計(jì)算： （4-2）式中 機(jī)構(gòu)的總傳動比； 電動機(jī)滿載轉(zhuǎn)速，n=1440r/min； 傳動滾筒轉(zhuǎn)速，r/min。 （4-3）式中 主動輥?zhàn)拥闹睆?，mm。帶入數(shù)據(jù)n0=2601000/(3.14300)n0=60.7(r/min)i=1440/60.7i=23.7本次設(shè)計(jì)采用KA47型減速機(jī)。4.4 托輥托輥也是輸送機(jī)組成的一個重要部件，其種類多種多樣。在整個輸送機(jī)當(dāng)中，托輥的作用是承載并支撐輸送帶及輸送帶上的物料，所以，托輥本身的選擇特別的重要。若輸送帶和物料的質(zhì)量是一定的，要想托輥運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)更加靈活則必須要將托輥與輸送帶之間的摩擦力降低。4.4.1 托輥的分類與選用托輥按照放置位置的不同可分為承載托輥和專用托輥，承載托輥是用于支撐輸送帶和物料，專用托輥用于緩沖和過度。本次設(shè)計(jì)選用直徑為300的輥?zhàn)臃旁陬^部的位置與電機(jī)相連稱為主動輥?zhàn)?；同樣選用直徑為300的輥?zhàn)臃旁谖膊康奈恢梅Q為被動輥?zhàn)樱贿x用直徑為72的一組輥?zhàn)影惭b在輸送帶的下方起支撐作用，被稱為過渡輥；選用直徑為145的輥?zhàn)优c直徑為320的壓帶輪同軸，改變輸送帶工作表面的運(yùn)行方向；最后選用直徑為136的輥?zhàn)痈淖冚斔蛶Х枪ぷ鞅砻娴倪\(yùn)行方向。4.4.2輥?zhàn)虞d荷計(jì)算同樣根據(jù)運(yùn)輸機(jī)械選型設(shè)計(jì)手冊選擇下列公式進(jìn)行校核計(jì)算：（1）靜載計(jì)算1）承載分支托輥 （4-4）式中 P0承載分支托輥靜載荷，N； a0承載分支托輥間距，m； e 輥?zhàn)虞d荷系數(shù)系數(shù)，取e=0.8； v 帶速，m/s； gB每米輸送質(zhì)量，kg/m； Im輸送量，kg/s；Im=Q/3.6 (4-5)帶入數(shù)據(jù)Im=25kg/sP0=0.81(25/2+31.72)9.81P0=347N選取輥?zhàn)又睆綖?2mm，L=1050mm，軸承型號為6305/C4承載能力為1.18kN的輥?zhàn)印?）回程分支托輥 （4-6）式中 Pu回程分支托輥靜載荷，N； au回程分支托輥間距，m。帶入數(shù)據(jù)Pu=0.8131.729.81Pu=249N選取輥?zhàn)又睆綖?2mm，L=1050mm，軸承型號為6305/C4承載能力為1.18kN的輥?zhàn)?。?）動載計(jì)算1）承載分支托輥 （4-7）式中 P0 承載分支托輥動載荷，N； fs 運(yùn)行系數(shù)，取fs=1.1； fd 沖擊系數(shù)，取fd=1； fa 工況系數(shù)，取fa=1。帶入數(shù)據(jù)PO=3471.111P0=382N1180N2）回程分支托輥 （4-8）式中 Pu回程分支托輥動載荷，N。帶入數(shù)據(jù)Pu=2491.11Pu=274N1180N所以，上述所選托輥均能滿足要求。4.4.3 輥?zhàn)虞S的基本選擇圖4-1 過渡軸1.軸的材料的選擇軸的材料主要是碳素鋼和合金鋼，兩者相比較而言，碳素鋼價(jià)格較低且應(yīng)力集中小，因此本次設(shè)計(jì)選用碳素鋼做為軸的材料。在碳素鋼中，得到廣泛應(yīng)用的45鋼，所以在使用時為了保證軸的性能，可以做調(diào)質(zhì)處理。2.各軸段直徑和長度的確定（1）確定軸的最小直徑查機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊（第2卷），由于彎矩較小，載荷平穩(wěn)，無軸向載荷，所以y取較大值，y=30MPa，A0取小值，A0=66mm2，則軸的最小許用直徑為： (4-9)帶入數(shù)據(jù)，得dmin=25軸上鍵槽對軸有削弱作用，所以本次設(shè)計(jì)選取最小主軸直徑dmin=30mm。（2）初步確定軸上各段長度與直徑取主軸的長為181mm，其余的軸的參數(shù)依靠主軸的參數(shù)來進(jìn)行計(jì)算如下：軸1段初定尺寸：l1d1=8035mm；軸2段初定尺寸：l2d2=1040mm；軸3初定尺寸為：l3d3=9035mm。軸承與軸承配件選擇：深溝球軸承，代號6306安裝在軸3段。（4）選定各軸段的尺寸軸1段：l1d1=7830mm；軸2段：l2d2=1035mm；軸3段：l3d3=8830mm。4.5 張緊裝置4.5.1 張緊裝置在輸送機(jī)中重要地位張緊裝置是輸送機(jī)的重要組成部分之一，主要是保證帶擁有足夠的張力，防止打滑，因此張緊裝置對于輸送機(jī)來說是必不可少的存在。4.5.2 張緊裝置的分類拉緊裝置可分為以下幾種：（1）螺旋式張緊裝置這個裝置是在輸送距離較短的機(jī)器上使用的，且輸送機(jī)是小功率輸送。安裝的位置要在特定的地方安裝，即帶有螺母的滑動架上，運(yùn)動方式移動，并且此架上還要有軸承座的裝置。確保在工作的時候，它們之間會相對帶動著一起運(yùn)動，同時可用此來調(diào)整帶的張力。（2）重錘式張緊裝置這個裝置應(yīng)用范圍大，結(jié)構(gòu)不復(fù)雜。它最特殊地方是在運(yùn)動的同時可以保持牽引力的平穩(wěn)。與上述的裝置適用范圍相反，它也是有缺點(diǎn)的，即要占用比較大的地方，所以空間小時無法使用。（3）鋼絲繩絞筒式張緊裝置通過鋼絲繩拉緊輸送帶。這種方式在帶式輸送機(jī)上應(yīng)用廣泛。本次設(shè)計(jì)中，在輸送機(jī)尾部靠近被動輥?zhàn)犹幉捎昧寺菪龔埦o裝置對帶進(jìn)行張緊。4.6 制動裝置當(dāng)物料進(jìn)行傾斜輸送停止傳送時，向上進(jìn)行輸送物料時帶會產(chǎn)生反轉(zhuǎn)，向下進(jìn)行輸送物料時帶會發(fā)生順滑現(xiàn)象，從而引起各類的運(yùn)輸事故，因此，安裝一個制動器是非常需要的。4.6.1 制動器的分類制動器的種類多種多樣，在不同的條件下可選用不同形式的制動器。下面介紹幾種常用的逆止器：（1）帶式逆止器帶式逆止器主要用在輸送傾角不大于18時的上運(yùn)式輸送機(jī)，當(dāng)輸送帶向上運(yùn)輸時，一旦運(yùn)輸停止時，在重力的作用下，帶會發(fā)生逆轉(zhuǎn)，從而將滾筒卡住，使輸送帶制動。其結(jié)構(gòu)簡單、成本低，但缺點(diǎn)是在機(jī)尾處受載處會發(fā)生堵料，因此不適合用在功率較大的輸送機(jī)。（2）滾柱逆止器滾柱逆止器是比較常用的上運(yùn)式帶式輸送機(jī)的一種，由于其安裝在減速器的輸出軸上，所以適合用于輸送機(jī)的功率小場合。（3）液壓推桿制動器液壓推桿制動器可用于向上運(yùn)動的輸送機(jī)，也可用于向下運(yùn)動的輸送機(jī)，高速軸上安裝，運(yùn)動平穩(wěn)，應(yīng)用廣泛。（4）盤形制動器盤形制動器制動力矩特別大，但是散熱功能好，因此可以調(diào)整自身的油壓，此制動器的特點(diǎn)是制動力矩大，并且可以無極調(diào)節(jié)，而且散熱性能好，油壓可以調(diào)整。適合用在大用于大功率場合，其安裝于高速軸上。4.6.2 制動力的計(jì)算輸送機(jī)向上運(yùn)輸時，當(dāng)停止運(yùn)送，輸送帶會發(fā)生后退，稱為逆止，這種時候便需要安裝逆止裝置和制動器。查運(yùn)輸機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)選用手冊（上）1選用下列公式進(jìn)行計(jì)算：即 （4-10）式中 制動力，N； 主要運(yùn)行阻力，N； 最大下滑力，N。其中 （4-11）又帶入數(shù)據(jù)FH=0.0124.3859.817+6+(210.6+12.5)cos60FH=15.4(N)而 （4-12）帶入數(shù)據(jù)Fstmax=12.59.814.385Fstmax=537.7(N)故FB=1.5(537.7-15.4)FB=783.45N電動軸上的最大制動力矩 （4-13）式中 MB制動力矩；K安全制動系數(shù)，本次設(shè)計(jì)取k=1.25； 電機(jī)到傳動滾筒的傳動效率，本次設(shè)計(jì)取=0.9。帶入數(shù)據(jù)MB=22.48N查運(yùn)輸機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)選用手冊（上）表1-86，選擇制動器型號為YWZ5-500/201。查運(yùn)輸機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)選用手冊（上）表1-90，選擇逆止器型號為NF80。5 附屬裝置5.1 給料裝置5.1.1 對給料裝置的基本要求裝載并輸送物料是輸送機(jī)最基本也是最重要的工作之一，這兩項(xiàng)皆是由輸送帶來完成的，故此，選擇一條合適的輸送帶就變得尤其重要。而給料裝置是影響帶的磨損情況的主要因素之一，因此，為了減輕對輸送帶的磨損與負(fù)荷，就必須要對給料裝置提出一些要求：（1）在進(jìn)行輸送前，需要對給料裝置做出檢查，避免給料發(fā)生堵塞導(dǎo)致不能形成一條流暢的輸送線；（2）輸送物料時，放置物料的速度應(yīng)盡量參照帶速，并且保證放置的物料不發(fā)生偏斜；（3）為了避免在各種各樣的情況下發(fā)生物料的滑落現(xiàn)象，應(yīng)每隔一段距離設(shè)置一個擋板；（4）放置尖銳物料或者重型物料是應(yīng)在物料下方鋪設(shè)棉層避免損傷裝置。（5）為了防止裝料泄露，給料裝置的寬度應(yīng)該小于帶寬。5.1.2 裝料點(diǎn)的緩沖當(dāng)輸送機(jī)輸送的是比較大塊的物料時，對輸送帶會有很大的力度沖擊，這會對輸送帶產(chǎn)生很大的傷害，帶的表面可能會發(fā)生很嚴(yán)重的磨損因而直接導(dǎo)致輸送帶需要頻繁的更換，增加投入費(fèi)用。因此，為了避免發(fā)生這些磨損，對裝料點(diǎn)提出以下建議：（1）輸送帶承受的重量越小帶面所受的磨損也越小，同時也要保證每小時的輸送量，不能一味的減少物料放置的量，因此裝料時每次防止物料的多少必須經(jīng)過慎重的計(jì)算。（2）物料放置時的高度也會對帶面產(chǎn)生較大的影響，一般給料高度越大，承受載荷越大，所以要降低給料高度。（3）在不改變輸送物料和給料高度的前提下使用可以減輕輸送帶的動載荷的方法來降低物料的緩沖，減輕輸送帶的動載荷有很大方法，其中最有效的方法之一便是給緩沖托輥加個襯。（4）除此之外，輸送大塊時的輸送帶也需要比輸送散裝物料和小塊物料的輸送帶擁有更加厚實(shí)的上、下覆蓋膠。5.2 清掃裝置清掃裝置對于輸送機(jī)來說也是非常重要的一部分，若在一臺輸送機(jī)中沒有安裝清掃裝置，那么，當(dāng)輸送機(jī)完成一輪物料輸送時，輸送帶的工作面和非工作面都會粘上一些物料的碎屑，尤其輸送散裝物料時碎屑會更多。若碎屑沒有能夠清理干凈便可能會跟隨輸送帶進(jìn)入滾筒，增加附著力，造成輸送帶跑偏，增加輸送帶的不必要磨損；也有可能會跟隨輸送帶進(jìn)入托輥內(nèi)，增加了載荷，造成軸承損壞。若是以手動來清除這些碎屑的則有可能會造成意外的人身事故。由此可見，安裝一個良好的清掃裝置對輸送機(jī)來說非常的重要。5.2.1 清掃器的類型清掃器的類型多種多樣，而在輸送機(jī)的各個部位也可以按照不同的要求安裝不同的清掃器，下面便簡單的介紹幾款清掃器：（1）刮板清掃器刮板清掃器可分為單刮板清掃器和多刮板清掃器，分別是用一塊刮板或多塊刮板與輸送帶的工作表面相接觸從而產(chǎn)生摩擦而工作的。其中，單刮板清掃器是一塊刮板刮過整個輸送帶面，雙刮板清掃器是多個刮板組合跨過輸送帶工作表面。（2）旋轉(zhuǎn)清掃器旋轉(zhuǎn)清掃器的主要結(jié)構(gòu)是安裝在清掃器上的硬毛刷和尼龍刷，當(dāng)清掃器開始工作時也是通過硬毛刷和尼龍刷的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)來打掃工作表面的（3）螺旋清掃器螺旋清掃器主要用在惡劣情況下，因?yàn)槠渲饕ぷ鞑糠质且粋€螺旋狀的刮刀。（4）噴水器和刮水器在一些結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊的地方可能沒有多余的空間來安裝清掃器，整個時候便可以安裝一個噴水器和刮水器，噴水器利用水流先將輸送機(jī)沖刷一遍再以刮水器將水刮干凈。雖然這兩種器械組合使用很方便，但卻有兩個缺點(diǎn)：一是必須要及時將沖刷出來的水清理干凈避免積留；二是在天氣惡劣是會影響使用。5.2.2 清掃器的安裝位置清掃器的作用是清除殘留在輸送帶表面的碎屑物料，不同的清掃器安裝在不同的位置，刮板清掃器是利用刮板的來回運(yùn)動進(jìn)行清掃，因此適合安裝在空載段用來清掃非工作面的殘留物料；旋轉(zhuǎn)清掃器是利用硬毛刷和尼龍刷的旋轉(zhuǎn)進(jìn)行清掃的，因此需要一定的工作空間，可以安裝在輸送帶與滾筒相接處的后面。5.3 機(jī)架5.3.1 機(jī)架的結(jié)構(gòu)如圖所示的四種機(jī)架結(jié)構(gòu)，可滿足帶寬5001400多種形式的典型布置。圖5-1 機(jī)架的結(jié)構(gòu)01機(jī)架：用在頭部傳動的滾筒及頭部卸料的滾筒上，選用時應(yīng)標(biāo)注角度。02機(jī)架：用在尾部改向滾筒或中間卸料的傳動滾筒上。03機(jī)架：用在頭部卸料的傳動滾筒上，04機(jī)架：用于傳動滾筒設(shè)在下分支的機(jī)架?？捎糜趩螡L筒傳動，也可以用于雙滾筒傳動。01，02機(jī)架適用于B=5001400mm的輸送機(jī)；03，04機(jī)架適用于B=8001400mm的輸送機(jī)。6 總裝圖圖6-1 輸送機(jī)整體布置圖本次設(shè)計(jì)總裝如上圖所示，采用頭部驅(qū)動的方式將電機(jī)放置在與頭部輥?zhàn)酉噙B的地方，在中間傾斜段使用平行托輥組來支撐輸送帶及輸送帶上物料的傳送，在下方凹弧段的位置使用過渡輪與壓帶輪改變輸送帶的運(yùn)行方向，最后在尾部裝置一個被動輥?zhàn)油瓿烧麢C(jī)布置。結(jié)論隨著科技與技術(shù)的發(fā)展，大傾角帶式輸送機(jī)會以更加先進(jìn)的形式出現(xiàn)在社會主義經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)的眾多行業(yè)里。本次設(shè)計(jì)的主要內(nèi)容包括：帶式輸送機(jī)的概況及分類與特點(diǎn)、總體方案的設(shè)計(jì)、輸送量的計(jì)算、部件的選型等。具體包括通過已給定的參數(shù)校核輸送量、計(jì)算圓周力和張緊力、計(jì)算完成電動機(jī)和減速器的選型等等。在這次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)完成的過程當(dāng)中，學(xué)到了很多書本上沒有的東西，這讓我對本專業(yè)的一些基本常識和相關(guān)知識有了更加深刻的了解，豐富了我的專業(yè)技能，提高了我的專業(yè)素養(yǎng)，使我更加自信的走上日后的工作學(xué)習(xí)崗位。同時，通過畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)讓我更加全面的領(lǐng)會到我之前所學(xué)到的那句名言：活到老，學(xué)到老。致謝時間轉(zhuǎn)瞬，過的非?？?，眨眼間，歷時五個月左右的畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)快要結(jié)束。在此過程中，雖然遇到了各種各樣的難題，但就結(jié)果而已還是讓我覺得很滿意。本次課程的題目為大傾角帶式輸送機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)，需要設(shè)計(jì)完成一個傾角為45的輸送機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)，對我個人來講要是單獨(dú)完成的話難度是非常大的。但最終，在我的指導(dǎo)老師郭華鋒老師的耐心教導(dǎo)和小組同學(xué)們的細(xì)心幫助下，我還是圓滿的完成了，這對于我來說我也能算是可以自豪的一件事兒了。在此次設(shè)計(jì)中我也知道了許多以前不知道的知識，也增加了閱歷。同時明白眾人拾柴火焰高的意境，如果不是請教別人的話，我知道自己也不可能做到像現(xiàn)今這樣的結(jié)果，當(dāng)然也加深了對一些機(jī)械設(shè)備的了解。本次設(shè)計(jì)的完成除了自身的認(rèn)真與努力，首先要感謝我的父母含辛茹苦將我撫養(yǎng)長大，然后感謝我的母校和我的指導(dǎo)老師對我的培養(yǎng)，雖然由于自己缺乏經(jīng)驗(yàn)還是留下一些瑕疵，但還是非常感謝他們的幫助！參考文獻(xiàn)1 黃學(xué)群,唐敬麟,欒桂鵬.運(yùn)輸機(jī)械選型設(shè)計(jì)手冊M.北京:化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社.2012.2 吳宗澤,羅圣國.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)課程設(shè)計(jì)手冊M.北京:高等教育出版社.2006.3 王家棟.淺談大傾角帶式輸送機(jī)在露天煤礦的應(yīng)用J.露天采礦技術(shù),2014(04):12-15.4 陳連.大傾角帶式輸送機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)方案探討J.煤礦機(jī)械,2013,34(09):122-124.5 馮金義.煤礦大傾角下運(yùn)帶式輸送機(jī)關(guān)鍵技術(shù)的研究J.山東煤炭科技,2013(01):110-111.6 謝永剛.大帶寬、大運(yùn)量、高帶速、大傾角帶式輸送機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)J.煤礦機(jī)械,2012,33(08):22-23.7 陳曉峰,張東峰.大傾角帶式輸送機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)J.煤礦機(jī)械,2008(07):13-15.8 趙道軍.大傾角帶式輸送機(jī)輸送能力的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算J.機(jī)電工程技術(shù),2007(07):97-98+107.9 常錄,劉訓(xùn)濤,周廣林,等.大傾角帶式輸送機(jī)簡介J.礦山機(jī)械,2002(05):32-34+3-5.10 劉雪平.大傾角帶式輸送機(jī)研制狀況J.煤礦機(jī)械,2000(01):5-7.11 張展.實(shí)用機(jī)械傳動裝置設(shè)計(jì)手冊M.北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社.2012.12 蘇鵬.帶式輸送機(jī)起動制動一體化自動控制系統(tǒng)的研究D.山東:山東科技大學(xué),2010.13 陳連.大傾角帶式輸送機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)方案探討J.煤礦機(jī)械,2013,34(9):122-124.14 Guo Sheng,Liu Jian,Li ZhiRen,et al.Experimental research on air film formation behavior of air cushion belt conveyor with stable loadJ.Science China,2013,56(6):1424-1434.15 Yongcun Guo.Optimization and experimental study of transport section lateral pressure of pipe belt conveyorJ.Advanced Powder Technology,2016,27(4):1318-1324.附 錄英文資料：CONVEYOR SYSTEMSConveyors are used when material must be moved in relatively large quantities between specific locations over affixed path. The fixed path is implemented by a track system, which may be in-the-floor, above-the-floor, or overhead. Conveyors divide into two basic categories: (1) powered and (2) non-powered. In powered conveyors, the power mechanism is contained in the fixed path, using chains, belts, rotating rolls, or other devices to propel loads along the path. Powered conveyors are commonly used in automated material transport systems in manufacturing plants, warehouses, and distribution centers. In non-powered conveyors, materials are moved either manually by human workers who push the loads along the fixed path or by gravity from one elevation to a lower elevation.Types of ConveyorsA variety of conveyor equipment is commercially available. In the following paragraphs, we describe the major types of powered conveyors, organized according to the type of mechanical power provided in the fixed path.Roller and Skate Wheel Conveyors. These conveyors have rolls or wheels on which the loads ride. Loads must possess a flat bottom surface of sufficient area to span several adjacent rollers. Pallets, tote pans, or cartons serve this purpose well. The two main entries in this category are roller conveyors and skate wheel conveyors, pictured in Figure 10.6.In roller conveyors, the pathway consists of a series of tubes (rollers) that are perpendicular to the direction of travel, as in Figure 10.6(a). The rollers are contained in a fixed frame that elevates the pathway above floor level from several inches to several feet. Flat pallets or tote pans carrying unit loads are moved forward as the rollers rotate. Roller conveyors can either be powered or non-powered. Powered roller conveyor are driven be belts or chains. Non-powered roller conveyors are often driven by gravity so than the pathway has a downward slope sufficient to overcome rolling friction. Roller conveyors are used in a wide variety of applications, including manufacturing, assembly, packaging, sortation and distribution.Skate-wheel conveyors are similar in operation to roller conveyors. Instead of rollers, they use skate wheels rotating on shafts connected to a frame to roll pallets or tote pans or other containers along the pathway, as in Figure 10.6(b). This provides the skate wheel conveyor with a lighter weight construction than the roller conveyor. Applications of skate-wheel conveyors are similar to those of roller conveyors, except that the loads must generally be lighter since the contacts between the loads and the conveyor are must more concentrated. Because of their light weight, skate wheel conveyors are sometimes built as portable equipment that can be used for loading and unloading truck trailers at shipping and receiving docks at factories and warehouses.Belt Conveyors. Belt conveyors consist of a continuous loop: Half its length is used for delivering materials, and the other half is the return run, as in Figure 10.7. The belt is made of reinforced elastomer (rubber), so that it possesses high flexibility but low extensibility. At one end of the conveyor is a drive roll that powers the belt. The flexible belt is supported by a frame that has rollers or support sliders along its forward loop. Belt conveyors are available in two common forms: (1) flat belts for pallets, individual parts, or even certain types of bulk materials; and (2) troughed belts for bulk materials. Materials placed on the belt surface travel along the moving pathway. In the case of troughed belt conveyors, the rollers and supports give the flexible belt a V-shape on the forward (delivery) loop to contain bulk materials such as coal, gravel, grain, or similar particulate materials.Conveyors Driven by Chains and Cables. The conveyors in this group are driven by a powered chain or cable that forms an endless loop. In some cases, the loop forms a straight line, with a pulley at each end. This is usually in an over-and-under configuration. In other conveyors, the loop has a more-complex path, with more than two pulleys needed to define the shape of the path. We discuss the following conveyors in this category: (1) chain, (2) slat, (3) in floor towline, (4) overhead trolley, and (5)power-and-free over-head trolley.Chain conveyors consist of chain loops in an over-and-under configuration around powered sprockets at the ends of the pathway. One or more chains operating in parallel may be used to form the conveyor. The chains travel along channels in the floor that provide support for the flexible chain sections. Either the chains slide along the channel or they ride on rollers in the channel. The loads are generally dragged along the pathway using bars that project up from the moving chain.The slat conveyor sues individual platforms, called slats, connected to a continuously moving chain. Although the drive mechanism is a powered chain, it operates much like a belt conveyor. Loads are placed on the slats and are transported along with them. Straight line flows are common in slat conveyors systems. However, because of the chain drive and the capability to alter the chain direction using sprockets, the conveyor pathway can have turns in its continuous loop.Another variation of the chain conveyor is the in-floor towline conveyor. These conveyors make use of four-wheel carts powered by moving chains or cables located in trenches in the floor, as in Figure 10.8. The chain or cable is called a towline; hence, the name of the conveyor. Pathways for the conveyor system are defined by the trench and cable, and the cable is driven as a powered pulley system. Switching between powered pathways is possible in a towline system to achieve flexibility in routing. The carts use steel pins that project below floor level into the trench to engage the chain for towing. (Gripper devices are substituted for pins when cable is used as the pulley system, similar to the San Francisco trolley.) The pin can be pulled out of the chain (or the gripper releases the cable ) to disengage the cart for loading, unloading, switching, accumulation of parts, and manually pushing a cart the main pathway. Towline conveyors systems are used in manufacturing plants and warehouses.All of the preceding chain and cable drive conveyors operate at floor level or slightly above. Chain-driven conveyors can also be designed to operate overhead, suspended from the ceiling of the facility so as not to consume floorspace. The most common types are overhead trolley conveyors. These are available either as constant speed (synchronous) or as power-and-free (asynchronous) systems.A trolley in material handling is a wheeled carriage running on an overhead rail from which loads can be suspended. An overhead trolley conveyor, Figure 10.9, consists of multiple trolleys, usually equally spaced along a fixed track. The trolleys are connected together and moved along the track by means of a chain or cable that forms a complete loop. Suspended from the trolleys are hooks, baskets, or other receptacles to carry loads. The chain (or cable) is attached to a drive wheel that supplies power to move the chain at a constant velocity. The conveyor path is determined by the configuration of the track system, which has turns and possible changes in elevation. Overhead trolley conveyors are often used in factories to move parts and assemblies between major production departments. They can be used for both delivery and storage.A power-and-free overhead trolley conveyor is similar to the overhead trolley conveyor, except that the trolleys are capable of being disconnected from the drive chain, providing this conveyor with an asynchronous capability. This is usually accomplished by using two tracks, one just above the other. The upper track contains the continuously moving endless chain, and the trolleys that carry loads ride on the lower track. Each trolley includes a mechanism by which it can be connected to the drive chain and disconnected from it. When connected, the trolley is pulled along its track by the moving chain in the upper track. When disconnected, the trolley is idle.Other Conveyor Types. Other powered conveyors include cart-on-track, screw, vibration-based systems, and vertical lift conveyors. Cart-on-track conveyors consist of individual carts riding on a track a few feet above floor level. The carts are driven by means of a rotating shaft, as illustrated in Figure 10.10. A drive wheel, attached to the bottom of the cart and set at an angle to the rotating tube, rests against it and drives the cart forward. The cart speed is controlled by regulating the angle of contact between the drive wheel and the spinning tube. When the axis of the drive wheel is 45, the cart is propelled forward. When the axis of the drive wheel is parallel to the tube, the cart does not move. Thus, control of the drive wheel angle on the cart allows power-and-free operation of the conveyor. One of the advantages of cart-on-track systems relative to many other conveyors is that the carts can be positioned with high accuracy. This permits their use for positioning work during production. Applications of cart-on-track systems include robotic spot welding lines in automobile body plants and mechanical assembly systems.Screw conveyors are based on the Archimedes screw, the water-raising device devised in ancient times (circa 236 B.C.), consisting of a large screw inside a cylinder, turned by hand to pump water up-hill for irrigation purposes. Vibration-based conveyors use a flat track connected to an electromagnet that imparts an angular vibratory motion to the track to propel items in the desired direction. This same principle is used in vibratory bowl feeders to deliver components in automated assembly systems (Section 19.1.2). Vertical lift conveyors include a variety of mechanical elevators designed to provide vertical motion, such as between floors or to link floor-based conveyors with overhead conveyors. Other conveyor types include non powered chutes, ramps, and tubes, which are driven by gravity.Conveyor Operations and FeaturesAs indicated by our preceding discussion, conveyor equipment covers a wide variety of operations and features. Let us restrict our discussion here to powered conveyors, excluding non powered types. Conveyor systems divide into two basic types in terms of the characteristic motion of the materials moved by the system: (1) continuous and (2) asynchronous. Continuous motion conveyors move at a constant velocity vc along the path. They include belt, roller, skate-wheel, overhead trolley, and slat conveyors.Asynchronous conveyors operate with a stop-and-go motion in which loads, usually contained in carriers (e.g., hooks, baskets, carts), move between stations and then stop and remain at the station until released. Asynchronous handling allows independent movement of each carrier in the system. Examples of this type include overhead power-and-free trolley, in-floor towline, and cart-on-track conveyors. Some roller and skate-wheel conveyors can also be operated asynchronously. Reasons for using asynchronous conveyors include: (1) to accumulate loads, (2) temporary storage, (3) to allow for differences in production rates between adjacent processing areas, (4)to smooth production when cycle times vary at stations along the conveyor, and (5) to accommodate different conveyor speeds along the pathway.Conveyors can also be classified as: (1) single direction, (2) continuous loop, and (3) recirculating. In the following paragraphs, we describe the operating features of these categories. In Section 10.6.3, we present equations and techniques with which to analyze these conveyor systems. Single direction conveyors are used to transport loads one way from origination point to destination point, as depicted in Figure 10.11(a). These systems are appropriate when there is no need to move loads in both directions or to return containers or carriers from the unloading stations back to the loading stations. Single direction powered conveyors include roller, skate wheel, belt, and chain-in-floor types. In addition, all gravity conveyors operate in one direction.Continuous loop conveyors form a complete circuit, as in Figure 10.11(b). An overhead trolley conveyor is an example of this conveyor type. However, any conveyor type can be configured as a loop, even those previously defined as single direction conveyors, simply by connecting several single direction conveyor sections into a closed loop. A continuous loop system slows materials to be moved between any two stations along the pathway. Continuous loop conveyors are used when loads are moved in carriers (e.g., hooks, baskets) between load and unload stations and the carriers are affixed to the conveyor loop. In this design, the empty carriers are automatically returned from the unload station back to the load station.The preceding description of a continuous loop conveyor assumes that items loaded at the load station are unloaded at the unload station. There are no loads in the return loop; the purpose of the return loop is simply to send the empty carriers back for reloading. This method of operation overlooks an important opportunity offered by a closed loop conveyor: to store as well as deliver parts. Conveyor systems that allow parts to remain on the return loop for one or more revolutions are called recirculating conveyors. In providing a storage function, the conveyor system can be used to accumulate parts to smooth out effects of loading and unloading variations at stations in the conveyor. There are two problems that can plague the operation of a recirculating conveyor system. One is that there may be times during the operation of the conveyor that no empty carriers are immediately available at the loading station when needed. The other problem is that no loaded carriers are immediately available at the unloading station when needed.It is possible to construct branching and merging points into a conveyor track to permit different routings for different loads moving in the system. In nearly all conveyor systems, it is possible to build switches, shuttles, or other mechanisms to achieve these alternate routings. In some systems, a push-pull mechanism or lift-and-carry device is required to actively move load from the current pathway onto the new pathwayThe take type transports the development trend of the machine1 The large take type transports the margin of the key core technique of the machine.machine dynamic state analysis and the monitor technique long pull, the big power take types transport the machine is the dynamic state design and monitors, it is the core technique that the large take type of check and supervision transports the machine development.Currently the our country transports the machine and establishes to compute the method and the design norms with the rigid theories analytical research take type, using the very high and safe system( take the n generally=10 or so) to the belt conveyer in the design, differing with actual circumstance very far.Actually the belt conveyer is to glue the flexible body, the long pull take type transports the machine its belt conveyer to drive to equip of since, make it is a very complicated process that dynamical dynamic state respond to, but cant use in brief just the physical strength learns to explain and compute.Developed the take type transports the machine dynamic state design method and the application softwares, at large transport on board move the tension to carry on the dynamic state analysis and the dynamic state monitors towards transporting the machine, lower the safe system of the belt conveyer, prolong the service life consumedly, insure to transport the credibility that the luck go, thus make the large take type transport the design of the machine to come to a the tallest level( safe coefficient n of belt conveyer=5-6), and make equipments cost of transport the machine is the belt conveyer cost particularly greatly for lower. Dependable can control soft start the technique and the power balanced technique long pull big carrying capacity take types to transport the machine is big because of the power, the distance is long and many machine drive, must adopt soft start the way to lower to transport the mechanism to move the tension, especially many electrical engineerings drive for hour.For reducing to the impact of the charged barbed wire net, soft start should have cent hour to start slowly and soon;Still need to control to transport the machine to start the acceleration 0.3-0.1 ms/ s2, resolve the loading to take and drive to take of take soon and synchronously problem and the belt conveyer swell phenomenon, reduce the impact toward a parts.Because of the manufacturing error margin and the electrical engineering characteristic error margin, each power that drives the point will appear the unbalance, once a certain electrical engineering power lead the great commander and will cause to burn the electrical engineering trouble, therefore, the power balance between each electrical engineering should take into the control, and raise the equilibrium accuracy.The domestic is already a great deal of to apply to adjust soon a liquid dint matches the machine accidentally to carry out to transport the machine soft to start with the power balance, resolving the long pull take type to transport the machine to start with the power balance and synchronization problems.But it regulates the accuracy and credibility and abroads to compare to still have the certain margin.In addition, the long pull big power take type transports the machine in addition to requesting a luck coal to take soon and outside, still need 1 to check to take of take soon, adjust soon a liquid dint matches the machine accidentally although the realization soft start and power balance, still need to research to manufacture the in keeping with long pull to adjust to equip soon without the class liquid dint.When single machine power500 kWs, can control the CST soft start to display the superiority.Because can control soft start is decelerate the planet wheel gear machine of inside the turn of rubs the clutch with wet type to combine.( namely glue sex to spread to move)Pass the comparison valve and the control systems to carry out soft start equilibrium with the power, it regulate the accuracy and can amount to 98% above.But the price is expensive, needing the national product urgently to turn.2 On the technique function marginThe our country take type transport the main function and parameters of the machine have already cant satisfy high produce efficiently the mineral well of demand, is a parts of key and its functions that the flexible take type of agreeable slot transports the machine particularly such as from move the machine tail and keep to take and bring to the stretch the device etc. and abroads to have the very big margin efficiently.Pack the machine power our country work faces the flexible take type of agreeable slot to transport the machine biggest pack the machine power as 4250 kWses of s, the foreign product can amount to 4970 kWses of s, the national product take type transport the machine packs the machine power to invite the for the country outside product of 30%40% of , fix the take type to transport the machine to pack the machine power discrepancy larger. Transport the ability our country take type transports the biggest carrying capacity of machine as 3000 ts/ h, the abroad is already the 5500 ts/ h.The biggest belt conveyer width our country take type transports the machine as 1400 mms, the abroad is biggest for the 1830 mms.Take soon because of entrusting the restrict turn soon, our country the take type transports the machine to tak
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