轎車(chē)液壓制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)含仿真

喜歡就充值下載吧。。資源目錄里展示的文件全都有，，請(qǐng)放心下載，，有疑問(wèn)咨詢QQ:1064457796或者1304139763 ==================== 喜歡就充值下載吧。。資源目錄里展示的文件全都有，，請(qǐng)放心下載，，有疑問(wèn)咨詢QQ:1064457796或者1304139763 ==================== 大學(xué) 開(kāi) 題 報(bào) 告 題 目 轎車(chē)液壓制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)及仿真分析 指 導(dǎo) 教 師 院（系、部） 專(zhuān) 業(yè) 班 級(jí) 學(xué) 號(hào) 姓 名 日 期 教務(wù)處印制 5 一、選題的目的、意義和研究現(xiàn)狀 （一）、目的、意義 從汽車(chē)誕生時(shí)起，車(chē)輛制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)在車(chē)輛的安全方面就扮演著至關(guān)重要的角色。近年來(lái)，隨著車(chē)輛技術(shù)的進(jìn)步和汽車(chē)行駛速度的提高，這種重要性表現(xiàn)得越來(lái)越明顯。它不僅是衡量汽車(chē)好壞的一個(gè)指標(biāo),重要的是它還關(guān)系到乘車(chē)人員的生命安全問(wèn)題.在選購(gòu)汽車(chē)方面客戶也比較看重此項(xiàng)的好壞,所以研究制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)對(duì)于開(kāi)拓市場(chǎng),增加汽車(chē)銷(xiāo)量也有重要作用!汽車(chē)制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)種類(lèi)很多，形式多樣。傳統(tǒng)的制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)型式主要有機(jī)械式、氣動(dòng)式、液壓式、氣—液混合式。它們的工作原理基本都一樣，都是利用制動(dòng)裝置，用工作時(shí)產(chǎn)生的摩擦熱來(lái)逐漸消耗車(chē)輛所具有的動(dòng)能，以達(dá)到車(chē)輛制動(dòng)減速，或直至停車(chē)的目的。Satana 2000作為轎車(chē)，要求制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)制動(dòng)平順，制動(dòng)距離更短，制動(dòng)過(guò)程中避免因制動(dòng)效能過(guò)高而導(dǎo)致的車(chē)輪抱死的情況，滿足汽車(chē)的安全性和乘員舒適性，因此制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的良好設(shè)計(jì)有利于提高汽車(chē)的整體性能。 （二） 、研究現(xiàn)狀 車(chē)輛在行駛過(guò)程中要頻繁進(jìn)行制動(dòng)操作,由于制動(dòng)性能的好壞直接關(guān)系到交通和人身安全,因此制動(dòng)性能是車(chē)輛非常重要的性能之一,改善汽車(chē)的制動(dòng)性能始終是汽車(chē)設(shè)計(jì)制造和使用部門(mén)的重要任務(wù)。當(dāng)車(chē)輛制動(dòng)時(shí),由于車(chē)輛受到與行駛方向相反的外力,所以才導(dǎo)致汽車(chē)的速度逐漸減小至0,對(duì)這一過(guò)程中車(chē)輛受力情況的分析有助于制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的分析和設(shè)計(jì),因此制動(dòng)過(guò)程受力情況分析是車(chē)輛試驗(yàn)和設(shè)計(jì)的基礎(chǔ),由于這一過(guò)程較為復(fù)雜,因此一般在實(shí)際中只能建立簡(jiǎn)化模型分析,通常人們主要從三個(gè)方面來(lái)對(duì)制動(dòng)過(guò)程進(jìn)行分析和評(píng)價(jià): 1)制動(dòng)效能:即制動(dòng)距離與制動(dòng)減速度； 2)制動(dòng)效能的恒定性:即抗熱衰退性； 3)制動(dòng)時(shí)汽車(chē)的方向穩(wěn)定性； 目前,對(duì)于整車(chē)制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的研究主要通過(guò)路試或臺(tái)架進(jìn)行,由于在汽車(chē)道路試驗(yàn)中車(chē)輪扭矩不易測(cè)量,因此,多數(shù)有關(guān)傳動(dòng)系!制動(dòng)系的試驗(yàn)均通過(guò)間接測(cè)量來(lái)進(jìn)行汽車(chē)在道路上行駛,其車(chē)輪與地面的作用力是汽車(chē)運(yùn)動(dòng)變化的根據(jù),在汽車(chē)道路試驗(yàn)中,如果能夠方便地測(cè)量出車(chē)輪上扭矩的變化,則可為汽車(chē)整車(chē)制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)性能研究提供更全面的試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)和性能評(píng)價(jià)。 二、研究方案及預(yù)期結(jié)果。 （一）、設(shè)計(jì)方案或論文主要研究?jī)?nèi)容 首先，通過(guò)查找書(shū)籍、論文資料，了解轎車(chē)制動(dòng)的工作原理、液壓制動(dòng)的原理依據(jù)、轎車(chē)液壓制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)分類(lèi)和組成；然后根據(jù)轎車(chē)液壓制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的特點(diǎn)，對(duì)轎車(chē)制動(dòng)系的主要部件進(jìn)行選型。根據(jù)對(duì)應(yīng)類(lèi)型的液壓制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的組成，對(duì)各種有關(guān)的制動(dòng)器，制動(dòng)驅(qū)動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)的原理進(jìn)行了解，并且進(jìn)行選型；之后，制定出制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)方案，確定計(jì)算制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的主要設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù)制動(dòng)器主要參數(shù)設(shè)計(jì)和液壓驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的參數(shù)計(jì)算。利用計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)繪制裝配圖，布置圖和零件圖。最終進(jìn)行制動(dòng)力分配編程，對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)出的制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)分析。 （二）、主要解決的問(wèn)題、理論、方法、技術(shù)路線 在整個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中，關(guān)鍵的問(wèn)題包括：1.對(duì)制動(dòng)器形式的選擇與確定；2.對(duì)液壓制動(dòng)管路的認(rèn)識(shí)與選擇；3.對(duì)制動(dòng)驅(qū)動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)的結(jié)構(gòu)型式選擇；4轎車(chē)制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)部件型式的確定。用到的理論有機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)基本原理，流體力學(xué)與液壓傳動(dòng)的理論，最核心的原理是汽車(chē)制動(dòng)理論。設(shè)計(jì)方法包括查找文獻(xiàn)，閱讀書(shū)籍，以及仿真或者實(shí)驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證。 （三） 、論文框架 1. 緒 論 1.1 制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)的意義 1.2 制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)研究現(xiàn)狀 1.3 本次制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)應(yīng)達(dá)到的目標(biāo) 1.4 本次制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)要求 2.制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)方案論證分析與選擇 2.1 制動(dòng)器形式方案分析 2.1.1 鼓式制動(dòng)器 2.1.2 盤(pán)式制動(dòng)器 2.2 制動(dòng)驅(qū)動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)的結(jié)構(gòu)形式選擇 2.2.1 簡(jiǎn)單制動(dòng)系 2.2.2 動(dòng)力制動(dòng)系 2.2.3 伺服制動(dòng)系 2.3 液壓分路系統(tǒng)的形式的選擇 2.3.1 II型回路 2.3.2 X型回路 2.3.3 其他類(lèi)型回路 2.4 液壓制動(dòng)主缸的設(shè)計(jì)方案 3.制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算 3.1 制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)主要參數(shù)數(shù)值 3.1.1 相關(guān)主要技術(shù)參數(shù) 3.1.2 同步附著系數(shù)的分析 3.2 制動(dòng)器有關(guān)計(jì)算 3.2.1 確定前后軸制動(dòng)力矩分配系數(shù)β 3.2.2 制動(dòng)器制動(dòng)力矩的確定 3.2.3 后輪制動(dòng)器的結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)與摩擦系數(shù)的選取 3.2.4 前輪盤(pán)式制動(dòng)器主要參數(shù)確定 3.3 制動(dòng)器制動(dòng)因數(shù)計(jì)算 3.3.1 前輪盤(pán)式制動(dòng)效能因數(shù) 3.3.2 后輪鼓式制動(dòng)器效能因數(shù) 3.4 制動(dòng)器主要零部件的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì) 4.液壓制動(dòng)驅(qū)動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算 4.1 后輪制動(dòng)輪缸直徑與工作容積的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算 4.2 前輪盤(pán)式制動(dòng)器液壓驅(qū)動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)計(jì)算 4.3 制動(dòng)主缸與工作容積設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算 4.4 制動(dòng)踏板力與踏板行程 4.4.1 制動(dòng)踏板力 4.4.2 制動(dòng)踏板工作行程 5.制動(dòng)性能分析 5.1 制動(dòng)性能評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo) 5.2 制動(dòng)效能 5.3 制動(dòng)效能的恒定性 5.4 制動(dòng)時(shí)汽車(chē)的方向穩(wěn)定性 5.5制動(dòng)器制動(dòng)力分配曲線分析 5.6 制動(dòng)減速度 5.7 制動(dòng)距離S 5.8摩擦襯片（襯塊）的磨損特性計(jì)算 5.9駐車(chē)制動(dòng)計(jì)算 第6章 總 論 參考文獻(xiàn) （四）、預(yù)期結(jié)果 繪制工程圖紙4張（裝配圖2張A0~A1，零件圖2張A1） 編寫(xiě)設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算說(shuō)明1份 翻譯相關(guān)外文文獻(xiàn)1篇 三、研究進(jìn)度 第1周—第4周：畢業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)，收集資料，撰寫(xiě)實(shí)習(xí)報(bào)告。 第5周：撰寫(xiě)開(kāi)題報(bào)告，進(jìn)行開(kāi)題答辯。 第6周：對(duì)汽車(chē)制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行總體原理的學(xué)習(xí)，掌握整個(gè)汽車(chē)制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的原理。 第7周—第8周：掌握轎車(chē)制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的類(lèi)別和組成，并進(jìn)行相關(guān)的設(shè)計(jì)。 第9周—第10周：掌握制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)主要部件的原理和分類(lèi)，并進(jìn)行選型設(shè)計(jì)。 第11周：進(jìn)行制動(dòng)器參數(shù)以及強(qiáng)度校核計(jì)算。 第12周：繪制裝配圖。 第13周—第14周：仿真與實(shí)驗(yàn)。 第15周：對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)進(jìn)行修正與優(yōu)化。 第16周：整理設(shè)計(jì)資料，打印輸出，提交設(shè)計(jì)資料。 第17周：準(zhǔn)備答辯，論文評(píng)閱。 第18周：畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)答辯。 四、主要參考文獻(xiàn) [1] 劉惟信.汽車(chē)設(shè)計(jì)[M].北京：清華大學(xué)出版社, 2001 [2] 余志生.汽車(chē)?yán)碚揫M].北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社 ,2000 [3] 陳家瑞.汽車(chē)構(gòu)造[M].北京：人民交通出版社 ,1999 [4] 中國(guó)CNKI論文數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù) [5] 劉惟信.汽車(chē)制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)分析與設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算[M].北京：清華大學(xué)出版社,2004 [6] 崔 靖.汽車(chē)構(gòu)造[M].陜西：陜西科學(xué)技術(shù)出版社,1984 [7] 王望予.汽車(chē)設(shè)計(jì)[M].北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2004 [8] 吉林工業(yè)大學(xué)汽車(chē)教研室.汽車(chē)設(shè)計(jì)[M].北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,1981 [9] 張洪欣.汽車(chē)設(shè)計(jì)[M].北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,1999 [10] 龔微寒.汽車(chē)現(xiàn)代設(shè)計(jì)制造[M].北京：人民交通出版社,1995 [11] 林 寧.汽車(chē)設(shè)計(jì)[M]. 北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,1999 [12] 張國(guó)忠. 現(xiàn)代設(shè)計(jì)方法在汽車(chē)設(shè)計(jì)中的應(yīng)用[M]. 沈陽(yáng)：東北大學(xué)出版社,2002 [13] 粟利萍.汽車(chē)實(shí)用英語(yǔ)[M].北京：電子工業(yè)出版社，2005 [14]田夏.桑塔納2000轎車(chē)使用與維護(hù)手冊(cè)[M].北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，2002.2 [15] Rudolf Limpert. BRAKE DESIGN and SAFETY. Warrendale, PA 15096,USA: SAE,Inc. ,1992 [16-]John Fenton . Hand Book of Vehicle Design Analysis. Warrendale ,PA，USA：Society of Autmotuve Engineers．Inc. ,1996 五、指導(dǎo)教師意見(jiàn) 指導(dǎo)教師簽字： 附錄A 譯 文 汽車(chē)制動(dòng)系統(tǒng) 制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)是汽車(chē)中最重要的系統(tǒng)。 如果制動(dòng)失靈，結(jié)果可能是損失慘重的。制動(dòng)器實(shí)際就是能量轉(zhuǎn)換裝置，它將汽車(chē)的動(dòng)能（動(dòng)量）轉(zhuǎn)化成熱能（熱量）。當(dāng)駕駛員踩下制動(dòng)踏板，所產(chǎn)生的制動(dòng)力是汽車(chē)運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)動(dòng)力的10倍。制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)能對(duì)四個(gè)剎車(chē)系統(tǒng)中的每個(gè)施加數(shù)千磅的力。 每輛汽車(chē)上使用兩個(gè)完全獨(dú)立的制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)，即行車(chē)制動(dòng)器和駐車(chē)制動(dòng)器。 行車(chē)制動(dòng)器起到減速、停車(chē)、或保持車(chē)輛正常行駛。制動(dòng)器是由司機(jī)用腳踩、松制動(dòng)器踏板來(lái)控制的。駐車(chē)制動(dòng)器的主要作用就是當(dāng)車(chē)內(nèi)無(wú)人的時(shí)候，汽車(chē)能夠保持靜止。當(dāng)獨(dú)立的駐車(chē)制動(dòng)器—踏板或手桿，被安裝時(shí)，駐車(chē)制動(dòng)器就會(huì)被機(jī)械地操作。 制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)是由下列基本的成分組成:位于發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)罩下方，而且直接地被連接到制動(dòng)踏板的“制動(dòng)主缸”把駕駛員腳的機(jī)械力轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橐簤毫?。鋼制的“制?dòng)管路”和有柔性的“制動(dòng)軟管”把制動(dòng)主缸連接到每個(gè)輪子的“制動(dòng)輪缸”上。 制動(dòng)液, 特別地設(shè)計(jì)為的是工作在極端的情況，填充在系統(tǒng)中?！爸苿?dòng)盤(pán)”和“襯塊”是被制動(dòng)輪缸推動(dòng)接觸“圓盤(pán)”和“回轉(zhuǎn)體”如此引起緩慢的拖拉運(yùn)動(dòng), 使汽車(chē)減慢速度。 典型的制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)布置有前后盤(pán)式，前盤(pán)后鼓式，各個(gè)車(chē)輪上的制動(dòng)器通過(guò)一套管路系統(tǒng)連接到制動(dòng)主缸上。 基本上講，所有的汽車(chē)制動(dòng)器都是摩擦制動(dòng)器。當(dāng)司機(jī)剎車(chē)時(shí)，控制裝置會(huì)迫使制動(dòng)蹄，或制動(dòng)襯片與車(chē)輪處的旋轉(zhuǎn)的制動(dòng)鼓或制動(dòng)盤(pán)接觸。接觸后產(chǎn)生的摩擦使車(chē)輪轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)減慢或停止，這就是汽車(chē)的制動(dòng)。 在最基本的制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)中，有一個(gè)制動(dòng)主缸，這個(gè)主缸內(nèi)部填充制動(dòng)液，并包含兩個(gè)部分，每個(gè)部分里都有一個(gè)活塞，兩個(gè)活塞都連接駕駛室里的制動(dòng)踏板。當(dāng)制動(dòng)踏板被踩下時(shí)，制動(dòng)液會(huì)從制動(dòng)主缸流入輪缸。在輪缸中，制動(dòng)液推動(dòng)制動(dòng)蹄或制動(dòng)襯片與旋轉(zhuǎn)的制動(dòng)鼓或制動(dòng)盤(pán)接觸。靜止的制動(dòng)蹄或制動(dòng)襯片與旋轉(zhuǎn)的制動(dòng)鼓或制動(dòng)盤(pán)之間產(chǎn)生摩擦力使汽車(chē)的運(yùn)動(dòng)逐漸減緩或停止。 制動(dòng)液的裝置位于主缸的頂部。目前大多數(shù)的車(chē)都有一個(gè)容易看見(jiàn)的裝制動(dòng)液的裝置，為的是不用打開(kāi)蓋子就可以看得見(jiàn)制動(dòng)液的油面。隨著制動(dòng)踏板的運(yùn)動(dòng)制動(dòng)液就會(huì)緩慢的下降，正常情況下是這樣的。如果制動(dòng)液在很短的時(shí)間內(nèi)下降得明顯或者下降了三分之二，那么就要盡快的檢查你的制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)了。保持制動(dòng)液裝置充滿制動(dòng)液除非你需要維修它，制動(dòng)液必須保持很高的沸點(diǎn)。位于在空氣中的制動(dòng)液就會(huì)吸收空氣中的潮氣引起制動(dòng)液低于沸點(diǎn)。 制動(dòng)液通過(guò)一系列的管路從主缸到達(dá)各車(chē)輪。橡膠軟管只用在需要彈力的地方，比如應(yīng)用在前輪。在車(chē)的行進(jìn)中上下來(lái)回運(yùn)動(dòng)。系統(tǒng)的其它部分在所有的連接點(diǎn)上都應(yīng)用了無(wú)腐蝕性的無(wú)縫鋼管。如果鋼線需要修理的話，最好的方法就是代替這條線。如果這不符合實(shí)際，那么為了制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)可以用特殊的裝置修理它。你不可以用銅管來(lái)修理制動(dòng)系。它們是危險(xiǎn)也是不正確的。 鼓式制動(dòng)器包括制動(dòng)鼓，一個(gè)輪缸，回拉彈簧，一個(gè)制動(dòng)底版，兩個(gè)帶摩擦層的制動(dòng)蹄。制動(dòng)底版固定在輪軸外部的法蘭或轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)。制動(dòng)鼓固定在輪轂上。制動(dòng)鼓的內(nèi)部表面與制動(dòng)蹄的內(nèi)層之間有空隙。要使用制動(dòng)器時(shí)，司機(jī)就要踩下踏板，這時(shí)輪缸擴(kuò)大制動(dòng)片，對(duì)其施加壓力，是制動(dòng)蹄觸碰制動(dòng)鼓。制動(dòng)鼓與摩擦片之間產(chǎn)生的摩擦制動(dòng)了車(chē)輪，從而使汽車(chē)停止。要釋放制動(dòng)器時(shí)，司機(jī)松開(kāi)踏板，回拉彈簧拉回制動(dòng)片，這樣車(chē)輪會(huì)自由轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。 盤(pán)式制動(dòng)器包括制動(dòng)盤(pán)而不是鼓，在它的兩面上各有一個(gè)薄的制動(dòng)片或叫盤(pán)式制動(dòng)器的制動(dòng)片。制動(dòng)片是靠擠住旋轉(zhuǎn)的制動(dòng)盤(pán)來(lái)停住汽車(chē)。制動(dòng)主缸里流出的制動(dòng)液迫使活塞向里部的金屬盤(pán)移動(dòng)，這便使摩擦片緊緊地貼住制動(dòng)盤(pán)。這時(shí)制動(dòng)片與制動(dòng)盤(pán)產(chǎn)生的摩擦使汽車(chē)減速、停止，出現(xiàn)了制動(dòng)行為?；钊纸饘倩蛩芰稀１P(pán)式制動(dòng)器主要有三種，即：浮動(dòng)卡鉗型、固定卡鉗型和滑動(dòng)卡鉗型。浮動(dòng)卡鉗型和滑動(dòng)卡鉗型盤(pán)式制動(dòng)器使用單活塞。固定卡鉗型盤(pán)式制動(dòng)器既可以使用兩個(gè)活塞有可以使用四個(gè)活塞。 制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)是由機(jī)械能，液壓能或氣壓能裝置驅(qū)動(dòng)的。在機(jī)械杠桿適合所有的汽車(chē)的駐車(chē)制動(dòng)器中使用。當(dāng)踩下制動(dòng)踏板時(shí)，杠桿就會(huì)推動(dòng)制動(dòng)器主缸的活塞給制動(dòng)液施加壓力，制動(dòng)液通過(guò)油管流入輪缸。制動(dòng)液的壓力施加到輪缸活塞以使制動(dòng)片被壓到制動(dòng)鼓或制動(dòng)盤(pán)上。如果松開(kāi)踏板，活塞回到原來(lái)的位置上，回拉彈簧拉回制動(dòng)片，制動(dòng)液返回制動(dòng)主缸，這樣制動(dòng)停止。 駐動(dòng)制動(dòng)器的主要作用是車(chē)內(nèi)無(wú)人時(shí)，使汽車(chē)靜止不動(dòng)。如果車(chē)內(nèi)安裝的是獨(dú)立的駐車(chē)制動(dòng)器，那么駐車(chē)制動(dòng)器是由司機(jī)手動(dòng)的控制。駐車(chē)制動(dòng)器正常是當(dāng)車(chē)已經(jīng)停止時(shí)使用的。向后拉手閘，并把手柄卡在正確的位置上?，F(xiàn)在，即使離開(kāi)汽車(chē)也不用害怕它會(huì)自己滑走。如果司機(jī)要再次啟車(chē)時(shí)，他必須在松開(kāi)手桿之前按下按鈕。在行車(chē)制動(dòng)器失靈的情況下，手閘必須能停住車(chē)。正因?yàn)檫@樣，手閘與腳閘分開(kāi)，手閘使用的是繩索或杠桿而不是液壓系統(tǒng)。 防抱死制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)是使汽車(chē)制動(dòng)更安全、更方便的制動(dòng)裝置，它既有調(diào)節(jié)制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的壓力來(lái)防止車(chē)輪被完全抱死的功能，又有防止輪胎在滑的路面上行駛或緊急停車(chē)時(shí)的滑動(dòng)。 防抱死制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)最早應(yīng)用在航空飛行器上，而且在二十世紀(jì) 90年代一些國(guó)內(nèi)的汽車(chē)內(nèi)也安裝了這種系統(tǒng)。近來(lái)，幾個(gè)汽車(chē)制造商引進(jìn)了更為復(fù)雜的防抱死系統(tǒng)。歐洲使用這種系統(tǒng)已有幾十年的時(shí)間，通過(guò)對(duì)其的調(diào)查，一位汽車(chē)制造商坦言，如果所有的汽車(chē)都安裝上防抱死制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)，那么交通事故的發(fā)生率會(huì)降低7.5%。同時(shí)，一些權(quán)威人士預(yù)測(cè)這種系統(tǒng)會(huì)提高汽車(chē)的安全性。 防抱死制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)可以在一秒鐘內(nèi)調(diào)節(jié)幾次制動(dòng)時(shí)車(chē)輪上的受力，使車(chē)輪的滑移受到控制，而且所有的系統(tǒng)基本上都以相同的方式完成。每個(gè)車(chē)輪都會(huì)有一個(gè)傳感器，電子控制裝置能連續(xù)檢測(cè)來(lái)自車(chē)輪傳感器傳來(lái)的脈沖電信號(hào)，并將它們處理轉(zhuǎn)換成和輪速成正比的數(shù)值；如果其中一個(gè)傳感器的信號(hào)不斷下降，那么這就表明了相應(yīng)的輪胎趨于抱死，這時(shí)電子控制裝置向該車(chē)輪的制動(dòng)器發(fā)出降低壓力的指令。當(dāng)信號(hào)顯示車(chē)輪轉(zhuǎn)速恢復(fù)正常時(shí)，電子控制裝置會(huì)增加制動(dòng)器的液壓。這種循環(huán)像司機(jī)一樣調(diào)節(jié)制動(dòng)器，但它的速度更快，達(dá)到了每秒循環(huán)數(shù)次。 防抱死制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)除了上面基本操作，還有兩個(gè)特點(diǎn)。首先，當(dāng)制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的壓力上升到使輪胎抱死或即將抱死的時(shí)候，防抱死制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)才會(huì)啟動(dòng)；當(dāng)制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)在正常情況下，防抱死制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)停止運(yùn)作。其次，如果防抱死制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)有問(wèn)題時(shí)，制動(dòng)器會(huì)獨(dú)立地繼續(xù)運(yùn)行。但控制板上的指示燈亮起提醒司機(jī)系統(tǒng)出現(xiàn)問(wèn)題。 目前歐洲汽車(chē)生產(chǎn)商，如：寶馬、奔馳、寶時(shí)捷等廣泛使用的是波許（Bosch）防抱死制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)。這種系統(tǒng)基本組成包括車(chē)輪轉(zhuǎn)速傳感器，電子控制裝置和調(diào)節(jié)裝置。 每個(gè)有一個(gè)向電子控制裝置發(fā)出車(chē)輪轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)情況的信號(hào)的傳感器，它一般由磁感應(yīng)傳感頭和齒圈組成。前面的傳感器安在輪轂上，齒圈安在輪網(wǎng)上。后面的傳感器安在后部的監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng)上，齒圈安在輪軸上。傳感器本身是纏繞電磁核的電線圈，電磁核才線圈的周?chē)a(chǎn)生磁場(chǎng)。當(dāng)齒圈的齒移動(dòng)到磁場(chǎng)時(shí)，就會(huì)改變線圈的電流。電子控制裝置會(huì)監(jiān)測(cè)這種變化，然后判斷車(chē)輪是否即將抱死。 電子控制裝置有三個(gè)作用，即：信號(hào)的處理，編輯和安全防護(hù)。信號(hào)的處理起到轉(zhuǎn)換器的作用，它是將接受的脈沖電信號(hào)處理轉(zhuǎn)換成數(shù)值，為編輯做準(zhǔn)備。編輯就是分析這些數(shù)值，計(jì)算出需要制動(dòng)壓力。如果檢測(cè)出車(chē)輪即將抱死，電控裝置就會(huì)計(jì)算出數(shù)值向調(diào)節(jié)裝置發(fā)出指令。 調(diào)節(jié)裝置 當(dāng)接受到電子控制裝置的指令后，液壓執(zhí)行裝置會(huì)調(diào)節(jié)制動(dòng)輪缸的液壓的大小。調(diào)節(jié)裝置能保持或減小來(lái)自制動(dòng)主缸的液壓，而裝置本身是不能啟用制動(dòng)器的。這種裝置有三個(gè)高速率的電磁閥，兩個(gè)油液存儲(chǔ)器和一個(gè)帶有內(nèi)外檢測(cè)閥的傳動(dòng)泵。調(diào)節(jié)裝置中的電子連接器隱藏在塑料蓋下。 每個(gè)電磁閥都是其獨(dú)立控制的，并作用于前輪。后部的制動(dòng)輪缸受到一個(gè)電磁閥控制，并依照------的原理進(jìn)行調(diào)節(jié)。當(dāng)防抱死制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行時(shí)，電子控制裝置會(huì)使電磁閥循環(huán)運(yùn)作，這樣既能收回又能釋放制動(dòng)器的壓力。當(dāng)壓力釋放時(shí)，它會(huì)釋放到液壓?jiǎn)卧Ｇ安康闹苿?dòng)器電路有一個(gè)單元。存儲(chǔ)器低壓存儲(chǔ)器，它在低壓下存儲(chǔ)油液，直到回流泵打開(kāi)，油液流經(jīng)制動(dòng)輪缸進(jìn)入制動(dòng)主缸。 制動(dòng)器：它們的作用？ 簡(jiǎn)單的說(shuō)：它會(huì)使你的汽車(chē)慢下來(lái)。 復(fù)雜的說(shuō)：制動(dòng)器被用來(lái)讓你的車(chē)減速，但可能不是你所想的意思。普遍的誤解是，制動(dòng)器擠壓制動(dòng)鼓或制動(dòng)片，擠壓的壓力的作用使你的車(chē)慢下來(lái)。但這只是制動(dòng)的一部分。制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)本質(zhì)上是改變能量的類(lèi)型。當(dāng)你在全速行駛時(shí)，你的汽車(chē)獲得動(dòng)能。當(dāng)你踩下剎車(chē)，墊子或鞋子對(duì)制動(dòng)鼓和轉(zhuǎn)子的作用轉(zhuǎn)化為摩擦熱能。剎車(chē)的冷卻使車(chē)的熱能消散，減慢車(chē)速。這是熱力學(xué)第一定律，有時(shí)被視為能量守恒定律。也是就說(shuō)：能量不能被創(chuàng)造也不能被消滅，只能由一種形式轉(zhuǎn)換成另一種。制動(dòng)情況下，它是動(dòng)能轉(zhuǎn)化為熱能。 角向力。 因?yàn)樵诒P(pán)式制動(dòng)器的剎車(chē)片和轉(zhuǎn)子的位置，摩擦產(chǎn)生的接觸點(diǎn)的位置也產(chǎn)生了一個(gè)機(jī)械的抵御轉(zhuǎn)子的回轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)。熱力學(xué)，制動(dòng)失效，鉆孔轉(zhuǎn)子。 如果你騎摩托車(chē)或駕駛一輛賽車(chē)，你或許熟悉制動(dòng)失效，描述當(dāng)制動(dòng)器太熱，他發(fā)生了什么。一個(gè)很好的例子就是從山上下來(lái)使用剎車(chē)制動(dòng),而不是你的引擎使你減速。當(dāng)汽車(chē)開(kāi)始滑動(dòng)下來(lái)時(shí)，剎車(chē)使汽車(chē)產(chǎn)生熱能,使你減速。但是如果你持續(xù)使用他們， 轉(zhuǎn)子或鼓留熱并沒(méi)有機(jī)會(huì)冷卻。從某種意義上說(shuō)他們不能吸收更多的熱量，使剎車(chē)墊熱了起來(lái)。在每一個(gè)墊子的摩擦材料有某種共同的樹(shù)脂一旦開(kāi)始變得太熱，該樹(shù)脂開(kāi)始蒸發(fā)，形成氣。由于氣體之間不能待在墊層及轉(zhuǎn)子，而是形成薄薄的一層在兩個(gè)之間準(zhǔn)備排走。墊失去與轉(zhuǎn)子的接觸，減少摩擦和熱量。這是完全的制動(dòng)失效。 典型的補(bǔ)救辦法，將車(chē)停了下來(lái)，等待幾分鐘。由于制動(dòng)部件降溫，吸收熱量的原因，下一次您使用剎車(chē)的能力，似乎會(huì)好一點(diǎn)。這種類(lèi)型的制動(dòng)失效在舊車(chē)輛更常見(jiàn)。新的車(chē)輛往往從剎車(chē)墊中減少排氣，但他們?nèi)杂兄苿?dòng)失效。為什么呢？它仍然因?yàn)閯x車(chē)墊太熱。猶由于新的剎車(chē)墊合成，襯墊的熱傳遞到卡鉗一旦轉(zhuǎn)子太熱了，制動(dòng)液開(kāi)始沸騰冒泡。因?yàn)榭諝馐强蓧嚎s的(制動(dòng)液不是)當(dāng)你踩剎車(chē)，氣泡的壓縮代替了流體轉(zhuǎn)移到制動(dòng)卡鉗。這就是現(xiàn)代制動(dòng)失效。 工程師們是怎樣設(shè)計(jì)減少或消除剎車(chē)制動(dòng)失效的? 年長(zhǎng)的車(chē)輛，是使氣化的氣體有地方排掉。新的車(chē)輛，找到一些方式來(lái)冷卻轉(zhuǎn)子更為有效。無(wú)論如何你最終獲得交叉鉆孔或溝槽剎車(chē)盤(pán)。當(dāng)槽表面是可以減少比熱容量的轉(zhuǎn)子，其效果可以忽略不計(jì)的。然而當(dāng)大力剎車(chē)時(shí)一旦一切都是熱和樹(shù)脂材料蒸發(fā)，槽讓氣體排去， 所以墊可以繼續(xù)接觸轉(zhuǎn)子，讓車(chē)減速停下來(lái)。 整個(gè)的理解能量轉(zhuǎn)換的關(guān)鍵是，剎車(chē)他們?cè)撟鍪裁?以及為什么它們?cè)O(shè)計(jì)成這樣。如果你曾看過(guò)一級(jí)方程式賽車(chē)，你就可以看到向前的前輪里面有很大的洞（如上圖所示）。這是管道空氣剎車(chē)部件，以幫助他們冷卻下來(lái)，因?yàn)樵贔1賽車(chē)中，剎車(chē)每隔幾秒鐘頻繁使用，花很多時(shí)間預(yù)留熱量。如果沒(méi)有某種冷卻協(xié)助，剎車(chē)就可能在最開(kāi)始的幾個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)角失靈，最后剎車(chē)失效賽車(chē)在一半路程出局。 轉(zhuǎn)子技術(shù)。 如果制動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)子是一個(gè)單一的鋼鐵鑄塊，這將有嚴(yán)重的散熱性能和氣化氣無(wú)法排去。因此，剎車(chē)盤(pán)通常使用各種額外的設(shè)計(jì)特點(diǎn)的方式來(lái)改進(jìn)幫助他們冷卻下來(lái)，盡快使墊和轉(zhuǎn)子之間的任何氣體排走。 這里的圖表顯示了轉(zhuǎn)子類(lèi)型的各種修改，可以改進(jìn)幫助他們創(chuàng)造更多的摩擦力，更迅速地驅(qū)散更多的熱量，通風(fēng)氣體的一些例子。 從左至右。 1：基本制動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)子。 2：溝槽轉(zhuǎn)子-溝槽給予更多口，他們之間產(chǎn)生更多的摩擦，還允許氣體從墊和轉(zhuǎn)子之間的排走。 3：溝槽鉆孔轉(zhuǎn)子-再給多一點(diǎn)口，但也讓氣流(渦旋)通過(guò)制動(dòng)盤(pán)協(xié)助冷卻和通風(fēng)。 4：雙通風(fēng)轉(zhuǎn)子-以前一樣，然而現(xiàn)在有了兩個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)子而不是一個(gè)，和他們之間葉片產(chǎn)生渦流將進(jìn)一步冷卻轉(zhuǎn)子同時(shí)試圖實(shí)際上從襯墊中排掉任何氣體。 重要的一點(diǎn)：鉆孔轉(zhuǎn)子通常只使用于賽車(chē)。鉆孔使得轉(zhuǎn)子變?nèi)酰ǔ?huì)導(dǎo)致轉(zhuǎn)子產(chǎn)生各類(lèi)裂縫。在賽車(chē)中這不是一個(gè)問(wèn)題——在每場(chǎng)比賽或者每周都會(huì)更換剎車(chē)盤(pán)。但在路上的車(chē)，最終會(huì)導(dǎo)致剎車(chē)轉(zhuǎn)子失靈的，不是你能想象的。我只提這件事，因?yàn)橛性S多供應(yīng)商將為您提供鉆孔轉(zhuǎn)子，沒(méi)有直接提到這個(gè)事實(shí)。 這是如何適用于更大的剎車(chē)轉(zhuǎn)子-一種普遍的跑車(chē)升級(jí)？汽車(chē)和自行車(chē)運(yùn)動(dòng)比賽通常有比一般的家庭汽車(chē)更大的盤(pán)或轉(zhuǎn)子。一個(gè)更大的轉(zhuǎn)子有更多的材料在里面，因此它可以吸收更多的熱量。更多的物質(zhì)也意味著更大的表面積，墊片產(chǎn)生摩擦,和更好的散熱。較大的角度也將轉(zhuǎn)子接觸墊進(jìn)一步遠(yuǎn)離軸旋轉(zhuǎn)。這提供了一個(gè)更大的機(jī)械優(yōu)勢(shì)抵抗旋轉(zhuǎn)的轉(zhuǎn)子本身。這個(gè)工作最好的說(shuō)明，設(shè)想一種紡紗鋼軸上的閥瓣在你的面前。如果你夾緊你的大拇指任何一方的閥瓣靠近中間，你的大拇指將熱得非?？欤銜?huì)需要推動(dòng)相當(dāng)大的摩擦力使閥瓣慢下來(lái)?，F(xiàn)在想象做同樣的事情，但是你的大拇指夾在一起接近外緣的閥瓣。閥瓣將停止旋轉(zhuǎn)得特別快，你的大拇指也不會(huì)很熱。簡(jiǎn)單地說(shuō)解釋整個(gè)原理就是更大轉(zhuǎn)子=更好的制動(dòng)原則。 不同類(lèi)型的制動(dòng)器。 所有制動(dòng)器都產(chǎn)生摩擦力。摩擦力是熱的一部分動(dòng)能轉(zhuǎn)換過(guò)程。他們是如何不同的設(shè)計(jì)產(chǎn)生了摩擦的。 我想我覆蓋這些，因?yàn)樗鼈兪亲罨绢?lèi)型的制動(dòng)方式，你可以看到，看工作了解。設(shè)計(jì)非常簡(jiǎn)單，在外部。一雙橡膠塊連接到一雙卡鉗，能在機(jī)架上旋轉(zhuǎn)。當(dāng)你拉剎車(chē)線，剎車(chē)墊壓向一側(cè)或自行車(chē)輪輞的內(nèi)側(cè)邊緣。 橡膠產(chǎn)生摩擦，產(chǎn)生熱量，這是動(dòng)能轉(zhuǎn)移使車(chē)慢下來(lái)。 自行車(chē)制動(dòng)實(shí)際上只有兩個(gè)類(lèi)型 - 自行車(chē)剎車(chē)制動(dòng)蹄上有相同的摩擦點(diǎn)，并有兩個(gè)摩擦點(diǎn)。 如果你可以看了自行車(chē)制動(dòng)，不明白發(fā)生了什么事情，本頁(yè)面的其余部分你理解起來(lái)有麻煩了。 鼓式制動(dòng)器-單前沿 下一個(gè)，更加復(fù)雜的類(lèi)型的制動(dòng)是鼓式制動(dòng)器。這是簡(jiǎn)單的概念。兩個(gè)半圓形的剎車(chē)片裝在里面連接一個(gè)旋轉(zhuǎn)的車(chē)輪的鼓。當(dāng)你踩下剎車(chē),剎車(chē)片向外擴(kuò)大擠壓內(nèi)側(cè)的鼓。這造成了摩擦，產(chǎn)生熱量，轉(zhuǎn)移動(dòng)能，這將使車(chē)減速。下面的例子顯示了一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的模型。制動(dòng)器在這種情況下是藍(lán)色橢圓形的對(duì)象。因?yàn)檫@是扭曲的，它的力使剎車(chē)片迫使他們向外擴(kuò)張。當(dāng)松開(kāi)剎車(chē)，回位彈簧從制動(dòng)鼓的表面拉回剎車(chē)片。看到章節(jié)后面更多信息。 "單前沿"是指實(shí)際接觸的旋轉(zhuǎn)鼓輪制動(dòng)蹄部件的數(shù)量。因?yàn)橹苿?dòng)蹄片在一端，簡(jiǎn)單的幾何意味著整個(gè)剎車(chē)片無(wú)法都接觸到制動(dòng)鼓。單前沿就是部分剎車(chē)片的術(shù)語(yǔ)，那些接觸制動(dòng)鼓，在單一制動(dòng)情況下的方法，在最接近制動(dòng)器的襯墊。此圖 （右側(cè)） 顯示當(dāng)剎車(chē)時(shí)，會(huì)發(fā)生什么情況。這剎車(chē)片向外壓和制動(dòng)襯墊的最初接觸制動(dòng)鼓的部分剎車(chē)片就是前沿。制動(dòng)鼓旋轉(zhuǎn)實(shí)際上有助于制動(dòng)片向外加壓，因?yàn)閯x車(chē)片向口子的摩擦力。后沿的制動(dòng)蹄片與制動(dòng)鼓幾乎沒(méi)有接觸。這個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的幾何解釋了，為什么汽車(chē)是很難停止向后滾動(dòng)，如果它只配單前緣沿鼓式制動(dòng)器。由于制動(dòng)鼓向后旋轉(zhuǎn)，前沿的剎車(chē)片成為了后沿，因?yàn)橹苿?dòng)不會(huì)咬合。 鼓剎車(chē)-雙前沿 可以通過(guò)添加回位彈簧和旋轉(zhuǎn)第二個(gè)制動(dòng)器中心點(diǎn)來(lái)消除鼓式制動(dòng)器的單個(gè)前沿的缺點(diǎn)。踩下剎車(chē)時(shí)，剎車(chē)片在兩個(gè)點(diǎn)向外壓。所以每個(gè)剎車(chē)片現(xiàn)在有一個(gè)前沿的和一個(gè)后沿。因?yàn)橛袃蓚€(gè)剎車(chē)蹄，那里有兩個(gè)剎車(chē)片，這意味著有兩個(gè)邊沿。因此名稱(chēng)雙前沿。 盤(pán)式制動(dòng)器一些背景。 盤(pán)式制動(dòng)器在 1902 年被發(fā)明，伯明翰汽車(chē)制造商檢基威廉 · 蘭徹斯特的專(zhuān)利。他原先的設(shè)計(jì)了兩個(gè)光盤(pán)，緊貼彼此產(chǎn)生摩擦來(lái)使車(chē)減速。直到 1949 盤(pán)式制動(dòng)器的量產(chǎn)車(chē)上使用。在美國(guó)汽車(chē)創(chuàng)始人克羅斯利發(fā)明了我們目前熟知和喜愛(ài)的快車(chē)，就是使用了很多類(lèi)似的盤(pán)動(dòng)制動(dòng)器和卡鉗。他原先的設(shè)計(jì)雖然有點(diǎn)缺陷-制動(dòng)器持續(xù)不到一年。終于在 1954 年雪鐵龍推出先進(jìn)的DS，成就了像自流平懸浮、 半自動(dòng)變速箱、 活動(dòng)前燈和復(fù)合車(chē)身盤(pán)式制動(dòng)器的第一次現(xiàn)代化身。（所有事情，在 90 年代的汽車(chē)制造商都重新作為"新型"）。 盤(pán)式制動(dòng)器比鼓式制動(dòng)器好了一個(gè)數(shù)量級(jí)來(lái)使車(chē)輛制動(dòng)，這就是為什么你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)的現(xiàn)代幾乎所以汽車(chē)和摩托車(chē)都使用的是盤(pán)式制動(dòng)器。運(yùn)動(dòng)型車(chē)輛具有更高的速度需要更好的制動(dòng)減速，所以您會(huì)明白盤(pán)式制動(dòng)器在這些車(chē)上的使用。 附錄B 外文翻譯 Automobile Brake System The braking system is the most important system in cars. If the brakes fail, the result can be disastrous. Brakes are actually energy conversion devices, which convert the kinetic energy (momentum) of the vehicle into thermal energy (heat).When stepping on the brakes, the driver commands a stopping force ten times as powerful as the force that puts the car in motion. The braking system can exert thousands of pounds of pressure on each of the four brakes. Two complete independent braking systems are used on the car. They are the service brake and the parking brake. The service brake acts to slow, stop, or hold the vehicle during normal driving. They are foot-operated by the driver depressing and releasing the brake pedal. The primary purpose of the brake is to hold the vehicle stationary while it is unattended. The parking brake is mechanically operated by when a separate parking brake foot pedal or hand lever is set. The brake system is composed of the following basic components: the “master cylinder” which is located under the hood, and is directly connected to the brake pedal, converts driver foot’s mechanical pressure into hydraulic pressure. Steel “brake lines” and flexible “brake hoses” connect the master cylinder to the “slave cylinders” located at each wheel. Brake fluid, specially designed to work in extreme conditions, fills the system. “Shoes” and “pads” are pushed by the slave cylinders to contact the “drums” and “rotors” thus causing drag, which (hopefully) slows the car. The typical brake system consists of disk brakes in front and either disk or drum brakes in the rear connected by a system of tubes and hoses that link the brake at each wheel to the master cylinder (Figure). Basically, all car brakes are friction brakes. When the driver applies the brake, the control device forces brake shoes, or pads, against the rotating brake drum or disks at wheel. Friction between the shoes or pads and the drums or disks then slows or stops the wheel so that the car is braked. In most modern brake systems (see Figure 15.1), there is a fluid-filled cylinder, called master cylinder, which contains two separate sections, there is a piston in each section and both pistons are connected to a brake pedal in the driver’s compartment. When the brake is pushed down, brake fluid is sent from the master cylinder to the wheels. At the wheels, the fluid pushes shoes, or pads, against revolving drums or disks. The friction between the stationary shoes, or pads, and the revolving drums or disks slows and stops them. This slows or stops the revolving wheels, which, in turn, slow or stop the car. The brake fluid travels from the master cylinder to the wheels through a series of steel tubes and reinforced rubber hoses. Rubber hoses are only used in places that require flexibility, such as at the front wheels, which move up and down as well as steer. The rest of the system uses non-corrosive seamless steel tubing with special fittings at all attachment points. If a steel line requires a repair, the best procedure is to replace the compete line. If this is not practical, a line can be repaired using special splice fittings that are made for brake system repair. You must never use copper tubing to repair a brake system. They are dangerous and illegal. With the parameter change, the change situation which in the template characteristic possibly appears.the characteristic maintenance is invariable, is only the size reproduce by pantograph.the structure.characteristic changes.Above two kind of change situation, in actual operation, because selects the template with the simulated target size difference which must design is not very big, therefore mainly has the first kind of situation, the size changes in the characteristic maintenance scope. when the parameter change quite fierce , is the second kind of situation, this request establishment template must describe the model comprehensively. Certainly, if a template closer model, the characteristic which must increase manual are less, but this template has representative and typical nature bad somewhat; The template with awaits construction the model to have certain disparity, needs to increase manually the characteristic are many,but its representation and typical nature are good somewhat. This is a pair of contradictory, in the construct Drum brakes, it consists of the brake drum, an expander, pull back springs, a stationary back plate, two shoes with friction linings, and anchor pins. The stationary back plate is secured to the flange of the axle housing or to the steering knuckle. The brake drum is mounted on the wheel hub. There is a clearance between the inner surface of the drum and the shoe lining. To apply brakes, the driver pushes pedal, the expander expands the shoes and presses them to the drum. Friction between the brake drum and the friction linings brakes the wheels and the vehicle stops. To release brakes, the driver release the pedal, the pull back spring retracts the shoes thus permitting free rotation of the wheels. Disk brakes, it has a metal disk instead of a drum. A flat shoe, or disk-brake pad, is located on each side of the disk. The shoes squeeze the rotating disk to stop the car. Fluid from the master cylinder forces the pistons to move in, toward the disk. This action pushes the friction pads tightly against the disk. The friction between the shoes and disk slows and stops it. This provides the braking action. Pistons are made of either plastic or metal. There are three general types of disk brakes. They are the floating-caliper type, the fixed-caliper type, and the sliding-caliper type. Floating-caliper and sliding-caliper disk brakes use a single piston. Fixed-caliper disk brakes have either two or four pistons. The brake system assemblies are actuated by mechanical, hydraulic or pneumatic devices. The mechanical leverage is used in the parking brakes fitted in all automobile. When the brake pedal is depressed, the rod pushes the piston of brake master cylinder which presses the fluid. The fluid flows through the pipelines to the power brake unit and then to the wheel cylinder. The fluid pressure expands the cylinder pistons thus pressing the shoes to the drum or disk. If the pedal is released, the piston returns to the initial position, the pull back springs retract the shoes, the fluid is forced back to the master cylinder and braking ceases. The primary purpose of the parking brake is to hold the vehicle stationary while it is unattended. The parking brake is mechanically operated by the driver when a separate parking braking hand lever is set. The hand brake is normally used when the car has already stopped. A lever is pulled and the rear brakes are approached and locked in the “on” position. The car may now be left without fear of its rolling away. When the driver wants to move the car again, he must press a button before the lever can be released. The hand brake must also be able to stop the car in the event of the foot brake failing. For this reason, it is separate from the foot brake uses cable or rods instead of the hydraulic system. Anti-lock Brake System Anti-lock brake systems make braking safer and more convenient, Anti-lock brake systems modulate brake system hydraulic pressure to prevent the brakes from locking and the tires from skidding on slippery pavement or during a panic stop. Anti-lock brake systems have been used on aircraft for years, and some domestic car were offered with an early form of anti-lock braking in late 1990’s. Recently, several automakers have introduced more sophisticated anti-lock system. Investigations in Europe, where anti-lock braking systems have been available for a decade, have led one manufacture to state that the number of traffic accidents could be reduced by seven and a half percent if all cars had anti-lock brakes. So some sources predict that all cars will offer anti-lock brakes to improve the safety of the car. In order to describe the relation among characteristic, may apply the concept of characteristic class, the characteristic example. The characteristic class is the description about the characteristic type, is summary of all same information characteristic. The characteristic example is specific characteristic after the characteristic attribute evaluation, is the member of characteristic class. Among the characteristic class, the characteristic example, the characteristic class and the characteristic example has relation as follows.Inherits relates level relation among the characteristic, which is located the level higher authority to be called the ultra kind of characteristic, is located the level lower level to be called the subgroup characteristic. The subgroup characteristic may inherit the ultra kind of characteristic the attribute and the method, this kind of inheritance relation is called the relation. Another kind of inheritance relation is the relation between characteristic cl ass and this kind of characteristic example, this kind of relation is called the relation. For example, some concrete circular cylinder is a example that circular cylinder characteristic class, among themselves has reflected the relation. Adjacent relation. Reflected the mutual position relations among the shape characteristic, indicated with CONT. Among the constitution adjacency relation shape characteristic adjacency condition may share.For example, a steps and ladders axis, between each neighboring two axis section's relations are the syntopy, in which each adjacency surface condition may share. Hypotaxis.the description about shape characteristic compliance or the attached relations. The subordinate shape characteristic relies on in the shape characteristic which is subordinated is existed, like bevel edge attached in circular cylinder. Quote relation. describing characteristic class as the connection attribute which the quotes mutually, indicated with RE. The quotation relation mainly exists in the quotation that the shape characteristic to the precision characteristic, the material characteristic. Anti-lock systems modulate brake application force several times per second to hold the tires at a controlled amount of slip; all systems accomplish this in basically the same way. One or more speed sensors generate alternating current signal whose frequency increases with the wheel rotational speed. An electronic control unit continuously monitors these signals and if the frequency of a signal drops too rapidly indicating that a wheel is about to lock, the control unit instructs a modulating device to reduce hydraulic pressure to the brake at the affected wheel. When sensor signals indicate the wheel is again rotating normally, the control unit allows increased hydraulic pressure to the brake. This release-apply cycle occurs several time per second to “pump” the brakes like a driver might but at a much faster rate. In addition to their basic operation, anti-lock systems have two other things in common. First, they do not operate until the brakes are applied with enough force to lock or nearly lock a wheel. At all other times, the system stands ready to function but does not interfere with normal braking. Second, if the anti-lock system fail in any way, the brakes continue to operate without anti-lock capability. A warning light on the instrument panel alerts the driver when a problem exists in the anti-lock system. The current Bosch component Anti-lock Braking System (ABSⅡ), is a second generation design wildly used by European automakers such as BWM, Mercedes-Benz and Porsche. ABSⅡ system consists of : four wheel speed sensor, electronic control unit and modulator assembly. A speed sensor is fitted at each wheel sends signals about wheel rotation to control unit. Each speed sensor consists of a sensor unit and a gear wheel. The front sensor mounts to the steering knuckle and its gear wheel is pressed onto the stub axle that rotates with the wheel. The rear sensor mounts the rear suspension member and its gear wheel is pressed onto the axle. The sensor itself is a winding with a magnetic core. The core creates a magnetic field around the winding, and as the teeth of the gear wheel move through this field, an alternating current is induced in the winding. The control unit monitors the rate o change in this frequency to determine impending brake lockup. The control unit’s function can be divided into three parts: signal processing, logic and safety circuitry. The signal processing section is the converter that receives the alternating current signals form the speed sensors and converts them into digital form for the logic section. The logic section then analyzes the digitized signals to calculate any brake pressure changes needed. If impending lockup is sensed, the logic section sends commands to the modulator assembly. Modulator assembly The hydraulic modulator assembly regulates pressure to the wheel brakes when it receives commands from the control utuit. The modulator assembly can maintain or reduce pressure over the level it receives from the master cylinder, it also can never apply the brakes by itself. The modulator assembly consists of three high-speed electric solenoid valves, two fluid reservoirs and a turn delivery pump equipped with inlet and outlet check valves. The modulator electrical connector and controlling relays are concealed under a plastic cover of the assembly. Each front wheel is served by electric soleno