《概要寫作》技巧

《《概要寫作》技巧》由會員分享，可在線閱讀，更多相關(guān)《《概要寫作》技巧（43頁珍藏版）》請?jiān)谘b配圖網(wǎng)上搜索。

1、概要寫作技巧概要寫作技巧How to find the topic sentences?一一.段首段首是主題句：是主題句：以以概述開句，隨之輔加細(xì)說。概述開句，隨之輔加細(xì)說。1.給予給予例證、解釋或說明的段落，首句后常見詞例證、解釋或說明的段落，首句后常見詞：for example，takeas an example2.下定義的下定義的段落：段落：thats to say;to be exactHow to find the topic sentence二二.段段尾尾是是主題句主題句：1.闡述一個不太常見的或難以令人接受的觀點(diǎn)的段落闡述一個不太常見的或難以令人接受的觀點(diǎn)的段落2.旨在說服讀者相

2、信其論點(diǎn)的段落旨在說服讀者相信其論點(diǎn)的段落用歸納法撰寫，先表述細(xì)節(jié)或交代論據(jù)，最后做出概用歸納法撰寫，先表述細(xì)節(jié)或交代論據(jù)，最后做出概括性的結(jié)論，以總結(jié)性句子收尾。常見詞：括性的結(jié)論，以總結(jié)性句子收尾。常見詞：as a result;in a word,to conclude,in fact,therefore等等二.段尾是主題句：三三.段段中中主題句主題句：1.引引題或例證題或例證主題思想主題思想解釋或進(jìn)一步給予例證。解釋或進(jìn)一步給予例證。2.段段意轉(zhuǎn)折，一般作者往往把中心意思放于轉(zhuǎn)折后。常見詞：意轉(zhuǎn)折，一般作者往往把中心意思放于轉(zhuǎn)折后。常見詞：however,but,on the cont

3、rary,nevertheless，instead等等3.出現(xiàn)出現(xiàn)于過渡句或疑問句之后。于過渡句或疑問句之后。三.段中主題句：Getting up early has been regarded as a good habit since ancient times.Many years ago,people thought that if we went to bed early and get up early,we would be energetic the whole day.So,getting up early is of great importance to us all.I

4、n fact,morning is the best time of a day.In the morning,the air is the freshest and people are usually in the best conditions.Many of us may have the experiences that we memorize some things more quickly and accurately in the morning than any other time of the day.If we do some morning exercise or o

5、nly take a short walk in the morning,we can build our bodies and become much healthier.Getting up early has been Also we will have enough time to make a plan and get ready for our work or study of the day if we get up early.However,if we get up late,we will probably have to do everything in a great

6、hurry.Let us remember getting up early is a good habit and try our best to keep it.If we stick to getting up early every day,we will certainly benefit a lot from it.Also we will have enough t查找每段的關(guān)鍵句Para1:topic sentence主題句Getting up early is of great importance to us all.Para 23:supporting sentences

7、We memorize things more quickly and accurately.We can become much healthier.We have time to make a plan and get ready for the day.查找每段的關(guān)鍵句Para 4:conclusion sentence結(jié)論性語句 We will certainly benefit a lot from it.Step2:Paraphrase the sentences above in your own words.使用自己的語言改述上面的句子 Para 4:conclusion se

8、ntence結(jié)論P(yáng)ara1:Getting up early plays an important part in our daily life.The importance of getting up early in the morning can never be overemphasized.過分強(qiáng)調(diào)Para23:It enables us to have a better memory and a healthier body.we will have enough time to make a good preparation for the day.A good preparat

9、ion for the day can be achieved.Para1:Para 4:It will be of great benefit to us.It will do great good to us.Step 3:writing a summary Transitional words 過渡詞,coherent連貫,Logic 邏輯,structure結(jié)構(gòu)Step 4:Polish your writing潤色文章Para 4:Sample writing:The importance of getting up early in the morning can never be

10、 overemphasized.In the first place,It enables us to have a better memory.Whats more,we can be increasingly healthy by breathing fresh air and working out in the morning.Last but not the least,we will have enough time to make a good preparation for the day.In conclusion,getting up early will benefit

11、us a lot.Sample writing:改寫改寫句子時，理清要點(diǎn)之間的關(guān)系，不能簡單地照搬原句，即用自句子時，理清要點(diǎn)之間的關(guān)系，不能簡單地照搬原句，即用自己的話改寫，做到己的話改寫，做到“雁過不留痕雁過不留痕”。注意不注意不改變改變原意。原意。改述方法點(diǎn)撥改述方法點(diǎn)撥1.同意替換法.（主語賓語位置調(diào)換）We can benefit from it=It does good to us.I didnt catch any fish owing to the fact that I was no patient.=I didnt catch any fish because I was

12、not patient.2.正話反說或反話正說.1.You will not succeed=You will fail.2.I cant agree more=I agree with you改寫句子時，理清要點(diǎn)之間的關(guān)系，不能簡單地照搬原句，即用自己3.詞性轉(zhuǎn)換法The photo is of importance to us=The photo is important to us.4.句式變化法語態(tài)變換語態(tài)變換Parents should give children more praise.=Children should be given more praised.3.詞性轉(zhuǎn)換法簡單

13、句變復(fù)合句簡單句變復(fù)合句Children should be encouraged more.This will help them learn faster.=Children should be encouraged more,which will help them learn faster.Children are given more praise.They will achieve more success.=When given more praise,children will achieve more success.簡單句變復(fù)合句5.連詞銜接法：注意使用一些短而精的連詞注意

14、使用一些短而精的連詞如：如：but,and,so,while,however,then,thus,yet,for,therefore,including,instead of等等We should encourage children.We should not scold them.=We should encourage children instead of scolding them.5.連詞銜接法：1.表轉(zhuǎn)折：but,however,nevertheless（然而）,yet,instead,on the other hand,on the contrary,while,though,

15、although.2.表順接、遞進(jìn)：as well as,in addition,not only.but also,besides,moreover,also,last but not least,whats more,furthermore,.3.表列舉：firstly/secondly/finally/.1.表轉(zhuǎn)折：but,however,neverthele4.表原因：because(of),since,as,for,now that,thanks to,due to,on account of,.5.表舉例：for example/instance,such as,and so on

16、6.結(jié)果：so,therefore,as a result,so that,then,7.總結(jié)：all in all,In short,in conclusion,in a word,in summary,finally,in general,to sum up,above all,after all,generally speaking,to conclude,4.表原因：because(of),since,as,5.句意理解法：Shopping on the Internet is becoming more increasingly popular.=More and more peop

17、le prefer Internet shopping.5.句意理解法：Are you shy？If you are，you are not alone.In fact，close to 50 percent of people are shy.Almost 80 percent of people feel shy at some point in their lives.These days，1.shyness is becoming more and more common.Now，scientists are trying to understand shyness.They have

18、 some interesting ideas about why people are shy.Is it possible to be born shy？Many scientists say yes.They say 15 to 20 percent of babies behave shyly.These babies are a little quieter and more watchful than other babies.Interestingly,these shy babies usually have shy parents.As a result,scientists

19、 think that 2.some shyness is genetic.練習(xí)練習(xí)1 1 Are you shy？If you are，yo 3.Family size might cause people to be shy as well.Scientists at Harvard University studied shy children.They found that 66 percent of them had older brothers and sisters.As a result，they became shy.At the same time，children wit

20、h no brothers and sisters may be shy as well.Growing up alone，they often play by themselves.They are not able to learn the same social skills as children from big families.4.You may also be shy because of where you were born.When scientists studied shyness in different countries,they found surprisin

21、g differences.In Japan，most people said they were shy.But in Israel，only one of three people said so.What explains the difference？One scientist says the Japanese and Israelis have different opinions of failure.In Japan，when people do not succeed，they feel 3.Family size might causbad about themselves

22、.They blame themselves for their failure.In Israel，the opposite is true.Israelis often blame failure on outside reasons，such as family，teachers，friends，or bad luck.In Israel，freedom of opinion and risk taking are strongly supported.This may be why Israelis worry less about failure and are less shy.F

23、or shy people，it can be difficult to make friends，speak in class，and even get a good job.But 5.scientists say you can get over your shyness.They suggest trying new things and practicing conversation.And dont forgetif you are shy，you are not the only one.bad about themselves.They bla1.shyness is beco

24、ming more and more common.Scientists have some interesting ideas about why people are shy.Shyness is common and some reasons may account for it according to scientists.2.some shyness is genetic.3.Family size might cause people to be shy as well.4.You may also be shy because of where you were born.Th

25、ey think shyness may come from genetics，family size and birth place.1.shyness is becoming more andChildren with no brothers and sisters may be shy as well.The Japanese and Israelis have different opinions of failure.Israelis worry less about failure and are less shy.children or the only child are mo

26、re likely to be shy；Israelis are less shy than Japanese because of their different attitudes towards failure.5.scientists say you can get over your shyness.To help people suffering from shyness，scientists also give some useful suggestions.Children with no brothers and Sample:Shyness is common and so

27、me reasons may account for it according to scientists.They think shyness may come from genetics，family size and birth place.For instance，younger children or the only child are more likely to be shy；Israelis are less shy than Japanese because of their different attitudes towards failure.To help peopl

28、e suffering from shyness，scientists also give some useful suggestions.Sample:In many societies，there is often greater acceptance of light skin than dark skin.Light skin may be seen as a mark of beauty，intelligence and success.These beliefs can lead to social pressure even within the same racial or e

29、thnic group，if some members are darker skinned than others.The result is that skin lightening has become a common activity across Africa，Asia and other areas of the world.More and more people with dark skin are using skin lightening products，even if they may face health risks.練習(xí)練習(xí)2 2 In many societi

30、es，there They believe that having whiter skin will improve their lives.Many people think they will have a better chance of getting a job or marrying into a better family.Or they want to look like what their society generally considers beautiful.Some beauty care products and soaps contain chemicals t

31、hat make skin lighter.This process is also called bleaching(漂白)But some of the chemicals are extremely dangerous.One of the chemicals has been linked to kidney(腎)damage and some kinds of cancer.It also causes low birth weight in babies when mothers use it during pregnancy.They believe that having At

32、 first，bleaching products make the skin color lighter.But after long term use they can cause problems.They can even make some skin darker.The chemicals in the products block and break down the natural process that gives color to skin.The skin loses its natural barrier to protect against sunlight.The

33、n the skin can become thick and discolored.Usually the person will use more of the product in an effort to correct the problem，but this only makes it worse.Doctor Ly，who works in a hospital，says the chemicals are now more dangerous because they are stronger.Some cases have resulted in blackened fing

34、ernails，infections and permanent skin damage.And these are not the only risks.Experts say some people who change their skin color suffer emotional damage.They feel regret and sadness.They feel that instead of risking their health，they should have learned to love and accept their skin color as it was

35、.At first，bleaching products maSample:Many people prefer light skin to dark skin，believing that it helps improve their life and caters to the social standard of beauty.Therefore，it is common to try skin lightening products.However，bleaching containing chemicals has long lasting harmful effects on ph

36、ysical condition and emotions.Whats worse，it may fail to achieve expected results.Thus，doctors recommend people not to put their health at risk but love and accept their natural colors.Sample:These days our society develops rapidly and forces people to rush.It appears that people have got used to be

37、ing in a hurry.However，1.it is better for people to take their time and live their life at a slower pace than to hurry to get things done.The 2.main reason that convinces us to oppose doing work in a hurry is the possibility of doing wrongs in a rush.When people do their jobs or take action in a hur

38、ry，they cannot make a sound decision and probably regret later.As the saying goes，“Haste makes waste.”We should think carefully before making a decision and do our work less quickly.We should not make mistakes by doing work hurriedly.練習(xí)練習(xí)1 1 These days our society de Slowing down the pace of life he

39、lps people enjoy their life better.For example,taking a train to some place certainly will take more time than taking a plane.However,taking a train makes people have enough time to get to know a lot of new friends.Besides,it allows people to fully enjoy the beautiful scenery along the way.3.On the

40、contrary,being in a hurry will make us lose chances of enjoying our life.Finally,4.slower life pace provides better healthy conditions for us.As is known to all,taking action in a hurry bothers people and raises their stress.People think if they are not in hurry,they will become a loser and that ann

41、oys them.Being in a hurry can hurt people both physically and mentally.According to some studies,people who have a 5.slower pace suffer fewer diseases,tend to be happier and live much longer than those whose life is tense,even if the former finish jobs more slowly than the latter.Slowing down the pa

42、ce of l In short,working quickly will bring about more material benefits to make our society more advanced.However,much stress cant bring enjoyment,friends and health,which are much more important than money and other material advantages.Therefore,take your time and live your life at a slower pace.I

43、n short,working quickly改寫句子：改寫句子：1.it is better for people to take their time and live their life at a slower pace than to hurry to get things done.To live life at a slower pace is better than to live life in a hurry.2.main reason doing work in a hurry is the possibility of doing wrongs in a rush.Th

44、ere/Here are three reasons for this.Doing things in a hurry will raise the possibility of making mistakes.改寫句子：3.On the contrary,being in a hurry will make us lose chances of enjoying our life.Being in a hurry will not give people enough time to enjoy their life./decrease the time to enjoy their lif

45、e.4.slower life pace provides better healthy conditions for us.bothers people.raises their stress.Doing things in a hurry raises peoples pressure and therefore is bad for their health./Doing things in a hurry will hurt peoples health,such as bother others and raise their pressure.3.On the contrary,b

46、eing in a 5.slower pace suffer fewer diseases,tend to be happier.take your time and live your life at a slower pace.Lets slow down for a healthier and happier life./Slow down to live a sturdier and happier live.5.slower pace suffer fewer disSample:To live life at a slower pace is better than to live

47、 life in a hurry.There are three reasons for this.Firstly，doing things in a hurry will raise the possibility of making mistakes.Secondly，being in a hurry will not give people enough time to enjoy their life.Thirdly，doing things in a hurry raises peoples pressure and therefore is bad for their health

48、.Thus，Lets slow down for a healthier and happier life.Sample:Cyberspace(網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間)has given rise to a new social change where people make friends from across the world,but know little about their next door neighbors.This worries critics(批評家)Take Bob for example.He thinks his neighbor doesnt know anything

49、 about gardening,but his net friend Green Thum does.Besides,Green Thum doesnt do that annoying sound when he talks.Those people like Bob have long been criticized for their lack of necessary social skills.1.Critics think people almost forget how to naturally communicate with their neighbors,creating

50、 a social network of strangers.However,2.a report entitled“The Strength of Internet Ties”provides a different opinion.It suggests that the Internet helps develop social networks and make use of them when it matters most.練習(xí)練習(xí)2 2 Cyberspace(網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間)has giv Friends often move.As kids,our friends parents m

51、ove away.As adults,we move away to college or for work.Communicative tools have made people lose touch with each other as a result of laziness,not distance.“The larger and the more diverse(多樣的)a persons network，the more important email is,”argues Jeffrey Boase,who coauthored the report.“You cant mak

52、e phone calls or personal visits to all your friends very often,but 3.you can keep in touch with them regularly with the help of the Internet.That turns out to be very important.”Friends often move.As ki In addition to expanding and strengthening the social ties people keep in the offline world,4.In

53、ternet and email provide a social and informational support group that helps people make difficult decisions and face challenges.“Internet use provides online users with a path to resources,such as access to people who may have the right information to help deal with family health problems or find a

54、 new job,”says John Horrigan,author of the report.“The Internet creates a new basis for community.Rather than relying on a single community for social support,people often must actively seek out a variety of appropriate people and resources for different situations,”says coauthor Barry Wellman.In ad

55、dition to expanding1.Critics think people almost forget how to naturally communicate with their neighbors.Some critics worry that cyberspace will rob the Internet users of necessary social skills./The problem of people losing social skills causes critics worry.2.A report suggests that the Internet h

56、elps develop social networks and make use of them when it matters most.A report suggests that the Internet can be of benefit to social networks./be benefit to social networks.1.Critics think people almost 3.You can keep in touch with them regularly with the help of the Internet.Communicative tools.I

57、t can serve as a tool to help people stay in regular touch with friends./As a tool,it promotes people to remain in regular touch with friends.4.Internet and email provide a social and informational support group that helps people make difficult decisions and face challenges.It supplies people with s

58、ocial and informational resources when they are faced with difficult situations.3.You can keep in touch with tSample:Some critics worry that cyberspace will rob the Internet users of necessary social skills.However，a report suggests that the Internet can be of benefit to social networks.It can serve as a tool to help people stay in regular touch with friends.Besides，it supplies people with social and informational resources when they are faced with difficult situations.Sample:SummarySummary查找主題句查找主題句句子改述的方法句子改述的方法多使用連詞多使用連詞多練習(xí)多練習(xí)Summary查找主題句句子改述的方法多使用連詞多練習(xí)感謝聆聽