學術英語寫作總結[共33頁]

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1、 專業(yè)英語寫作考點總結 Part ? Academic English Writing （專業(yè)英語寫作） Chapter 1 Six Considerations in Academic Writing 1、 Academic writing is a product of many consideration : audience, purpose and strategy ,organization, style, flow and presentation. （學術寫作六要素：寫作對象，目的，組織結構，文體特征，表達連貫和宣講 或宣讀）。 2、 O

2、rganization usually has the following four parts : 問題-解決方法包括四個部分 (1) description of a situation （描述情況） (2) Identification of a problem （甄別問題） (3) Description of a solution （描述解決方法） (4) Evaluation of the solution （評估解決方法） 3、 Formal Grammar Style：（正規(guī)的語法風格） (1) Genera

3、lly avoid contractions （一般來講避免使用略縮詞） 例：won’t改為will not (2) Use the more appropriate formal negative forms （使用更為適宜的正規(guī)的否定 形式） 例：not...any改為no not...much改為little not...many改為few (3) Limit the use of “run-on” expressions, such as and so forth and etc. （限制使用 多個詞連用的表達法）

4、 例：句子內不能出現(xiàn)and so forth和etc.出現(xiàn)時應將省略的部分擴展出來。 (4) Avoid addressing the reader as you(except, of course, if you are writing a textbook or other instructional materials).（避免向讀者說“你”） 例：You can see the results in Table 1. 改為：The results can be seen in Table 1. (5) Be careful about usi

5、ng direct questions. In some fields they are common, while in others they are not.（使用直接引語時需謹慎） 例：What can be done to lower costs? 改為： It is necessary to consider how costs may be lowered. 或者 We now need to consider how costs may be lowered. (6) Place adverb within the v

6、erb. （將副詞放于動詞詞組內） 例：This model was developed by Krugman originally. 改為：This model was originally developed by Krugman. (7) Consider whether you should split infinitives.（考慮是否該使用割裂不定式） 例：We need to adequately meet the needs of those enrolled in the program. (8) Aim

7、for an efficient use of words. （目的是為了有效地使用詞匯） 例：There are some inorganic materials that can be used by bioengineers in the process of tissue engineering that have been shown to be very promising. 改為：Some inorganic materials used in tissue engineering have shown great

8、 promise. 習題： （1） You can use this model to analyze the effects of several parameter changes. 錯誤：使用了you。 改為：This model can be used to analyze the effects of several parameter changes. （2） OK, what are the reasons that coffee prices have fallen? There’re a lot of possibilities. 錯誤：使用

9、了口語OK；直接引語的使用；使用了縮略詞There’re。 改為：Coffee prices have fallen for many reasons. （3） You can see the difference between these two approaches to designing underground subway stations clearly. 錯誤：使用了you；將副詞clearly放在了句尾。 改為：The difference between these two approaches to designing underground

10、 subway station can clearly be seen. （4） Recent research has shown that the arms are used commonly for protection during a fall to the ground. 錯誤：將副詞commonly放在了動詞之后。 改為：Recent research has shown that the arms are commonly used for protection during a fall to the ground. （5）

11、 So far, there hasn’t been any comprehensive study looking into the role of smiling in getting the initial trust of individuals. 錯誤：使用了So far；使用了there be 結構；使用了not...any結構；使用了非正式的looking into。 改為：To date, no comprehensive study has examined the role of smiling in gaining the initial tru

12、st of individual. （6） There are some studies that have concluded that bamboo could be used by builders more widely than it is now as a construction material. 錯誤：使用了there be 結構；副詞widely 位置放錯。 改為：Some studies have concluded that bamboo could be more widely used than it is now as

13、 a construction material. （7） These special tax laws have been enacted in six states: Illinois, Iowa,Ohio,etc. 錯誤：使用了etc。 改為：These special tax laws have been enacted in six mid western states: Illinois, Iowa, Indiana, Ohio, Michigan, and Minnesota. （8） There isn’t very much research on

14、the use of oil palm shell as coarse aggregate in the production of concrete. 錯誤：使用了there be 結構；使用了not...very much。 改為：Little research has been done on the use of oil palm shell as coarse aggregate in the production of concrete. Chapter 2 Two Underlying Structures in Academic Wr

15、iting （專業(yè)寫作的兩個基本結構） 1、Two underlying structures in academic writing：（專業(yè)寫作的兩個基本結構） (1) general-specific structure （泛論-特指(GS)結構） (2) problem-process-solution structure （問題-過程-解決方法） 2、 GS texts usually begin with one of the following: （GS文本通常以下列一種形式開始） (1) A short or extende

16、d definition （簡短或拓展定義） (2) A contrastive or comparative definition （對比或比較定義） (3) A generalization or purpose statement （一般化或目標性陳述） (4) A statement of fact. （事實陳述） 3、 Super ordinate-category word：technique, method, process, device, and system. （超級坐標詞） 4、 Deletio

17、ns（刪除）：在下列情況下，你可以減少限制性關系代詞 A. 定語從句僅有關系代詞、be動詞、一個或多個介詞短語 B. 定語從句由被動態(tài)動詞加上一些額外的信息 C. 定語從句含有關系代詞、以-ble結尾的形容詞和額外的信息 例題：p23 (1). metal that is often used —> metal often used (2). device that is capable of —> device capable of (3). roof which is on top of —> roof on top of (4).

18、 precipitation which results from —> precipitation resulting from (5). This sentence cannot be reduced. (6). flute that is pitched an octave higher ---> flute pitched an octave higher (7) . a process that involves the selective transport—> a process involving the selective

19、 transport (8) . a celestial body which has approximately the same mass —> a celestial body with approximately the same mass 5、 考題類型：句子排序 例題：P27 6、 Comparative Definitions（對比性定義） （1）比較定義基本上有兩類： 1) 呈現(xiàn)一個概念是如何隨著時間的流逝而變化 的這樣一種史實陳述。 2) 呈現(xiàn)對當代各位專家是怎樣不同地看待此概 念所做的一個全面性的評述。 7、 Particip

20、le（分詞） 例題：P39 （1）The oil is skimmed from the surface by using a boom and then pumped into a tank for recycling. （2）After being harvested, the grapes are crushed to release the pulp and seed and then fermented for three weeks. （3）First, the glass is cut to size and inspected to determine if it ha

21、s any imperfections. It is then heated to over 600oC and cooled in a step known as quenching. 8、 詞和詞型的變換 P23-P25 Chapter 3 Data Commentary（數(shù)據(jù)信息解讀） 1、 In many disciplines the data is displayed in a table, graph, figure, or some other kind of non-verbal illustration.（在許多學科中，數(shù)據(jù)信息都是

22、以圖表、圖形、 數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計圖或非口頭圖示的方式展示出來。） 2、Structure of Data Commentary（數(shù)據(jù)信息解讀的基本結構） A、Location elements and/or summary statements.（定位要素和/或總結陳述） B、Highlighting statements.（強調陳述內容） C、Discussions of implications, problems, exceptions, recommendations, etc.（對 內涵含義,問題,例外情況,推薦等的討論） 3、 Location elements

23、 and summaries.（定位要素和總結） A、Starting a Data Commentary.（開始數(shù)據(jù)解讀） B、Passives in Starting a Data Commentary.（用在開始數(shù)據(jù)解讀中的被動式） C、Verbs in Indicative and Informatives Summaries.（用在陳述性和信息性總結 中的動詞） D、Language Focus:Linking as-Clause.（語言聚焦：連接詞As引出的從句） Chapter 4 Summary and Abstract Writing

24、（總結與摘要寫作） 1、 Principle Requirements for a good Summary（一份良好的任務總結具備四個主 要需求） (1) It should be focused on the relevant aspects of the source text or texts and present a comprehensive view of all the main points of the original.（ 它應聚焦于來源文 本的相關方面并能呈現(xiàn)對全部原始要點的綜合性觀點） (2) It should present t

25、he source material in an accurate and objective fashion.（它應以 精確、客觀的形式呈現(xiàn)來源材料） (3) It should condense the source material and be presented in the summary writer’s own words and avoid terminology.（ 它應凝縮來源材料并以總結寫作者自己的 文字呈現(xiàn)出來,而且要避免用專業(yè)術語） (4) Provide an independently referential summary, an

26、d keep the length in control.（提 供完全獨立的參閱性總結，并能控制其文章長度） 2、寫作總結的基本步驟 (1)快速略讀文本，腦中注意小標題。若無小標題，試將文本分成幾部分。 (2)考慮清楚為什么給了你這個文本。確定你在處理哪種類型的文本,即:來 源文本類型 (3)讀文本，標示重要的信息或者作筆記 (4)用你自己的詞匯寫下每一部分的要點。每一部分盡量寫出一個一句話 的總結。 (5)對每一個主要題目，寫下關鍵的佐證點，但必要時也要包括小的細節(jié)。 (6)再次仔細檢查這個過程，做些適當?shù)淖儎印? 3、Basic

27、Structure of Abstract Writing（摘要寫作的基本結構） （1）Topic sentence（主題句） （2）Supporting Sentences（佐證句） （3）Concluding Sentence（結論句） 4、P70-P72的例句，寫作時會用得上。 5、Summary and Abstract 兩個詞要會寫，以及知道兩者的區(qū)別，其中summary 要分三段來寫，abstract不分段。 Part II Basal English Writing （基礎英語寫作） Chapter 1 Punctuation（標點符號） 1

28、、 The comma（逗號） 2、 The period（句號） 3、 The semicolon（分號） 4、 The colon（冒號） 5、 The question mark（問號） 6、 The quotation mark（引號） 7、 The exclamation mark（感嘆號） 8、 The dash（破折號） 9、 Italics and underlining（斜體字和下劃線） 10、 練習題：P96-97 11、本節(jié)所有的例句都要仔細看 ※ Chapter 2 Vocabulary（詞匯） 1、 Levels of diction :

29、 formal and informal, abstract（抽象） and concrete（具體）, and general（籠統(tǒng)） and specific（特指）. It also includes how to appreciate the connotative（引申含義） as well as denotative（字面含義，本義） meanings of words. 2、 English words can be categorized as（分為） formal, informal and colloquial（口 語的）. 3

30、、 練習題：1/P102 4、 練習題：P109-P113 Chapter 3 English Sentence Writing（英語句子寫作） 1、 Types of sentences（句子的類型） P114 （1） According to structure （根據(jù)結構） 1　 simple sentences（簡單句） 2　 compound sentences（并列句：a、逗號加并列連詞 b、分號，沒有并列 連詞 c、分號，連接副詞及其后加逗號） 3　 complex sentences（復合句：一個

31、主句，一個或多個從句） 4　 compound-complex sentences（并列復合句） （2） According to use（根據(jù)功能） 1　 declarative sentences （陳述句） 2　 interrogative sentences （疑問句） 3　 imperative sentences （祈使句） 4　 exclamatory sentences （感嘆句） （3） According to rhetoric （根據(jù)修辭） 1　 loose sentences （松散句，主體部分放在前面） 2　 periodic sentences （

32、掉尾句，主體部分放在最后） ※ 3　 balanced sentences （平行句） 4　 long and short sentences （長、短句） 2、 練習題 （P121） （1） He thought the painting was of little value. He let me have it for only ten pounds. (Compound) 改為：He thought the painting was of little value, so he let me have it for only

33、 ten pounds.（或者He thought the painting was of little value and he let me have it for only ten pounds.） （2） I always take my raincoat whenever I go out these days.(Periodic) 改為：Whenever I go out these days, I always take my raincoat. （3） They were on holiday. Their house w

34、as broken into. Some valuable paintings were stolen.(Compound-complex) 改為：When they were on holiday, their house was broken into and some valuable paintings were stolen. （4） The firemen fought for three hours. They finally managed to put out the fire.(Complex)

35、 改為：After the firemen fought for three hours, they finally managed to put out the fire. （5） Nobody in this world is quite perfect. We all have some faults.(Compound) 改為：Nobody in this world is quite perfect; we all have some faults.（或者 Nobody in this world is quite pe

36、rfect, for we all have some faults.） （6） The train is going to Dalian. The train leaves at 20:15. (Simple) 改為：The train to Dalian leaves at 20:15. （7） In spite of the interruption, he was able to finish all his exercises before the class was over. (Loose) 改為：He was able to fini

37、sh all his exercises before the class was over in spite of the interruption. （8） Many people choose travel by air. It is fast. It offers convenience. It is not very expensive. (Parallel Structure) 改為：Many people choose travel by air, because it is fast, convenient and not

38、 very expensive. 3、 練習題 P121 （1） 履歷通常包括個人信息、教育背景、工作經歷和過去的成就。 譯：A resume generally consists of personal information, educational background, employment history and past achievements. （2） 戴安娜在南京醫(yī)科大學主修中醫(yī)學。 譯：Diana is majoring in Chinese traditional medicine in Nanj

39、ing Medical University. （3） 請代我向你父母致以問候。 譯：Please send my best regards to your parents. （4） 現(xiàn)代高等教育應該具有前瞻性，超越眼前的社會需求。 譯：Modern college education should be far-sighted and able to see beyond the immediate needs of the society. （5） 這種細菌是引起現(xiàn)在流行病的原因嗎？ 譯：Is this

40、 bacterium responsible for the current epidemic? （6） 經?；仡欁蛱?，你就會珍惜今天，向往明天。 譯：Take a frequent and backward look at your yesterday, and you will value your today and look forward to your tomorrow. （7） 中國傳統(tǒng)知識分子認為：窮則獨善其身，達則兼濟天下。 譯：Traditional Chinese intellectuals hold that one

41、should refine his personal virtue when in poverty, and help save the world when in success. （8） 就算我追求愛情，我也肯定不會只顧沉浸在愛河里而荒廢學業(yè)。 譯：If I did hunt for love, I certainly wouldn’t bathe myself in the river of love all the time, neglecting my studies. （9） 學校倡導大學生改變就業(yè)觀念，并鼓勵他們把自己的

42、才華和天賦投入到西 部大開發(fā)中去。 譯：Universities promote a change in the concept of employment among the graduates, encourage them to give their talents and genius to the Western Exploration. 4、 Sentence Expansion （句子拓展） （各個位置的例句都要看）※ 句子拓展的三種方法：addition（增添法），coordination（并列法

43、）， subordination（從屬法）。 重點題型，要會判斷句子正誤 （1）增添法：常見的修飾詞有形容詞、副詞、數(shù)詞、名詞、名詞性詞組、 代詞等（adjectives, adverbs, numerals, nouns, noun phrases and pronouns）。修 飾詞通常在句中作定語或狀語。 1　 添加形容詞 （addiong adjectives） 單個形容詞做定語一般放在被修飾詞之前，但修飾由any ,every, no somebody, one 或thing構成的不定代詞時，放在其后。 2　 添加副詞（adding

44、 adverbs） 如果句子里同時帶有幾個副詞做修飾語時，其位置應按一下順序排列： 程度副詞-----方式副詞------地點副詞--------時間副詞。 3　 添加短語（Adding phrases） 短語有8種：名詞短語、動詞短語、介詞短語、非限定性短語（分詞短 語、動名詞短語、不定式短語）、同位短語、限定性短語。 （noun, verb, prepositional; three kinds of verbal phrase(participial, gerund and infinitive), appositive and absolute） （2）并列法：包含

45、三種方法 1　 Coordinating pronouns （并列連詞） 2　 Conjunctive adverbs （使用連接副詞） 3　 Semicolon （運用分號連接） （3）從屬法： 從句主要包括名詞性從句（noun clause），狀語從句（adverbial clause）和定語從句（attributive clause）。 名詞性從句又分為主語從句（subject clause）、表語從句（predicative clause）、賓語從句（object clause）和同位語從句（appositive clause）。 1　 常見的狀語從句有時間

46、、地點、原因、目的、結果、條件、比較、讓步等。 5、 幾種短語拓展法： （1） 介詞短語進行拓展（expanding with prepositional phrases） 介詞短語在句中可做表語、賓語、定語、狀語和補語。作定語時置于所修 飾詞之后，做狀語時位置比較靈活，可位于句首，也可位于句中或句尾， 有時用逗號將其與句子的主體部分隔開。 （2） 不定式短語進行拓展（expanding with infinitive phrases） 不定式短語做名詞時，可做主語、表語、賓語；做形容詞時，在句中作定語； 做副詞時，可以表示目的、原因、結果

47、、狀語等。 （3） 動名詞短語進行拓展（expanding with gerund phrases） 動名詞為動詞-ing形式，名詞性可做主語、表語、賓語、定語和補足語。動 詞性可以帶賓語和狀語。 （4） 分詞短語進行拓展（expanding with participial phrases） 分詞短語有現(xiàn)在分詞短語和過去分詞短語兩種形式。 6、 effective sentences（有效句） （1） Effective sentences have some or all of the following qualities : unity（一致性）, c

48、oherence（連貫性）, conciseness（簡潔性）, emphasis（強調性）, variety（多樣性）. （2）此節(jié)中的每個例子都要認真看。※ 7、 練習題： P142 （1） This composition is quite good as far as the use of language is concerned, but its content is poor. 改為：This composition is good in language but poor in content. （The language of

49、 this composition is quite good but its content is rather poor.） （2） The young man is honest and hardworking, and is a very reliable worker. 改為：The young man is an honest, hardworking and reliable worder.（The young worker is honest, hardworking and reliable.）//平行意思多種表達形式不連貫 （3） Du

50、fu was one of the best-known poets. 改為：Dufu was one of the best-known poets in Tang Dynasty. （4） A man is judged not only by what he says but also by his deeds. 改為：A man is judged not only by what he says but also by what he does.（A man is judged not only by his words but also by his d

51、eeds.）//同類意思同種表達方式 （5） We thought she was charming, intelligent, and a very capable young woman. 改為：We thought she was charming, intelligent and capable. （6） To get ready for the trip, all the things she needed were put into a suitcase. 改為：To get ready for the trip, she put all the things he n

52、eeded into a suitcase. // 連貫性 主語不一致 懸垂修飾語導致 dangling modifiers （7） Those who wish to take linguistics are expected to sign his name on this sheet of paper. 改為：Those who wish to take linguistics are expected to sign their names on this sheet of paper. //避免造成人和數(shù)目的不一致或改變

53、 （8） When one thies hard enough, you can do almost anything. 改為：When one thies hard enough, he can do almost anything.//同上 （9） For years I have been attending summer camp and enjoyed every minute of it. 改為：For years I have been attending summer camp and enjoying every minute of it. （10） When I

54、 saw the grade on my report card, I was terribly disappointed , because I studied very hard. 改為：When I saw the grade on my report card, I was terribly disappointed , because I had studied very hard. （11） If I were rich and she was single, I would marry her. 改為：If I were rich

55、and she were single, I would marry her. （12） They insisted that the money be collected and that a receipt be given in return. 此句正確。 8、 練習題 P142 （1） Tom and his sweetheart married in the early part of the month of October. 改為：Tom and his sweetheart married in early October.//wordy

56、（2） In 1979, there was a strike participated in by five thousand union workers. 改為：In 1979, five thousand unions participated in the strike. （3） The cause of the flood was due to heavy rain in late spring. 改為：The flood was due to heavy rain in late spring. （4） There are a number of stude

57、nts from our institute who are planning to join the expedition. 改為：A number of students are planning to join the expedition. （5） What I am trying to say is that in my opinion he is a very honest man. 改為：In my opinion he is a very honest man. （6） I came to this institute because

58、 of many factors, but most of all of the fact that I want to be an interpreter. 改為：I came to this institute because I want to be an interpreter. （7） These watermelons are large in size and sweet in taste. 改為： These watermelons are large and sweet. （8） At the present time I am ta

59、king the course of World History and in addition a course in Geography too. 改為：At present I am taking World History and Geography. （9） We planned to meet just before sunrise very early in the morning. 改為：We planned to meet before sunrise. （10） His attitude was of a puzzling natu

60、re. 改為：His attitude was puzzling. 9、 練習題： P143 （1） He was selfless, hardworking and modest; that’s why he became a great Scientist. 改為：He became a great scientist because he was modest, selfless, and Hardworking. （2） As a clerk, John was honest, efficient and well-

61、dressed. 改為：John was a well-dressed, honest, and efficient clerk. （3） Jane walked out of his life, bursting into tears as she left the room. 改為：As she left the room, Jane, bursting into tears, walked out of his life. （4） China has changed a great deal as a result of reform and the open p

62、olicy during the past 14 years. 改為：As a result of the reform and the open policy during the past 1`4 years, China has changed a great deal. （5） Huang, the famous writer, was among his neighbors. 改為：Huang, who was among his neighbors, was a famous writer. （6） Social position, r

63、eputation, even life itself, and friends,were no longer interesting to him after he went bankrupt. 改為： After he went bankrupt, friends, social position, reputation, even life itself were no longer interesting to him. 10、 常見的語法錯誤： P143 書中每個正確的句子都要看 ※ （1） Misused parts

64、of speech（用錯詞性）； （2） Sentence fragments（殘缺句）； （3） Run-on sentences（流水句）； （4） Misplaced modifiers & dangling modifiers（誤置修飾與懸虛結構）； （5） Problem in agreement and reference（一致與指代問題）。 11、 練習題 P146 修改殘缺句 （1） After returning from the beach. The children were exhausted. 改為：After returni

65、ng from the beach, the children were exhausted. （2） John neglecting his duties and spending time on independent research. 改為：John neglected his duties and spent time on independent research. （3） Karen dropped calculus. Which she had dropped severall times before. 改為：Karen dropped cal

66、culus, which she had dropped severall times before. （4） Working together to save our environment. We can leave the world a better place than wo found it. 改為：Working together to save our environment, we can leave the world a better place than wo found it. （5） Ellen returned the lost wallet to the man. Proving that she is an honest person. 改為：Ellen returned the lost wallet to the man, which proved that she is an honest person. （6） Some errors in writing are serious. For exa