世紀(jì)大學(xué)實(shí)用英語(yǔ)綜合教程B4-U.ppt

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main,Ⅰ.Objectives,Ⅱ.SuggestedTeachingPlan,Ⅲ.BackgroundInformation,Ⅳ.ClassPresentation,Preview,Preview,ThisistheseventhunitofBookFour.IntheListeningandSpeakingsection,youwilllearnhowtomakedeductionsandinferencesandwilldorelatedpracticalexercises.IntheReadingandWritingsection,theauthorspresentsomescientistsindifferentfields.Thesewonder-workershavechangedtheworldenormously.TextAandTextBtellusthestoriesoftwopioneers—abloodbankpioneerandapioneerinarchitecture.PracticalReadingisasectionaboutelectricityfromatextbookentitledTeachYourselfElectricityandElectronics.,Preview,havemasteredthelanguageofdeductionandinference,andhavereceivedpracticallisteningandspeakingtrainingthroughvariousexercises;haveunderstoodthemainideasofTextAandTextB,andhavemasteredtheusefulsentencestructuresandwordsandexpressionsfoundintheexercisesrelevanttothetexts;knowhowtouseadverbialclausesofresult,purposeandcomparison;,1.2.3.,Ⅰ.Objectives,Afterstudyingthisunit,thestudentsareexpectedto,Objectives1,knowhowtowriteanadjustmentletter;readasectionaboutelectricityfromatextbookentitledTeachYourselfElectricityandElectronics;knowhowtounderstandschoolintroductions.,4.5.6.,Objectives2,Ⅱ.SuggestedTeachingPlan,SuggestedTimeandTeachingPlanforUnit7,s.t.p.1,Time,Contents,Plan,,,,,TheteacherbeginswiththePreviewtomakesurethatthestudentshavesomeideaofwhatthisunitisallabout.Afterthat,theteacheractivatesListeningandSpeakingexercisesasfollows:,2periods,Preview,s.t.p.2,Time,Contents,Plan,,,,,ListeningandSpeaking,TheLanguageofDeductionandInference,A.,Asktheclasstosaywhatevertheycanaboutmakingdeductionsandinferences;,B.,HavethestudentslistentoEx.1(2-3times)andfillintheblankswiththemissingwords;,s.t.p.3,Time,Contents,Plan,,,,,C.,D.,Askonestudenttoreadaloudthetalk,sothestudentscanchecktheircompletedanswers;,OrganizeanactivityaroundEx.2,andmakesurestudentsknowhowtomakedeductionsandinferencesusingthelanguagetheyhavejustlearned.,s.t.p.4,Time,Contents,Plan,,,,,2)MakingDeductionsandInferences,GothroughthenewwordsandexpressionsfortheconversationinEx.3;,A.,B.,Havethestudentslistentotheconversationtwiceandfillintheblankswiththemissingwords;,s.t.p.5,Time,Contents,Plan,,,,,C.,D.,Havethestudentslistentotheconversationagainandaskthemtoanswerthequestionsabouttheconversation;,Nowhavethemidentifythelanguageusedtomakeadeductionoraninference;,E.,Next,askthestudentstorole-playtheconversation.,s.t.p.6,Time,Contents,Plan,,,,,3)Follow-upPractice(Options),GothroughthewordsandexpressionsintheadinEx.6andthenhavethestudentsdothequestionexercisesasindicated;Note:Therearemanywaystoexpresssomething.,A.,s.t.p.7,Time,Plan,,,,,B.,C.,ListentotheconversationinEx.7,dothefollowingexercises,andinvitesomestudentstoasktheirquestions.Note:Therearemanywaystoexpresssomething.,ListentotherecordinginEx.8andaskthestudentstorespondbytranslatingtherepliesinChineseintoEnglish.,Contents,s.t.p.8,Time,Contents,Plan,,,,,D.,GroupthestudentsinpairsandhavethemdevelopquestionsandanswersbetweenaudienceandspeakerbasedontheshorttalkinEx.4.ThenhavethemdoEx.9andEx.10individuallyastheirhomework.Makesuretoexplaintheseexercisesinadvanceandtopresenttopic-relatedexpressions,s.t.p.9,Time,Plan,,,,ontheblackboard;thesecanbeusedwhenthestudentsprepareoralpresentation.,Contents,,,3periods,ReviewoftheListeningandSpeakingSkillstheStudentsHaveLearned,Theteacherbeginstheassignmentmainlytoreviewthefunctionalandnotionallanguagethestudentspickedupinthepreviousclasses.Theteacherasksoneortwopairsofstudents,s.t.p.10,Time,Plan,,,,Contents,,toactouttheconversationbetweenanorthodontistandateenagecustomer,andtheninvitesseveralstudentstotelltheclasstheirinterpretationsofthepictureinEx.9ortopresenttheiropinionsorallyonthetopicof“WhattheInternetCannotDo.”Afterthat,theteacherturnstotheReadingandWritingsection.,s.t.p.11,Time,Plan,,,,Contents,,(Theseactivitiesshouldbecompletedin15minutes.),,TextA,s.t.p.12,Time,Plan,,,,,B.,A.,Contents,invitessomestudentstorespondtothequestions.(10minutes),2)TextA,Theteacher,asksthestudentstoanswerthetext-relatedquestions,helpsthemidentifythemainideaofeachparagraphandanalyzes,s.t.p.13,Time,Plan,,,,,B.,Contents,thedifficultsentencesandlanguagepointswhilediscussingthewholetextwiththestudents(oneandahalfperiods);,guidesthestudentsthroughtheexercises,focusingoncertainonesandleavingothersasthestudents’homeworkaccordingtothestudents’differentlevelsofEnglish(oneperiod).,s.t.p.14,Time,Plan,,,,,Contents,1period,GrammarReview,1)GrammarReview,Theteachertalksabouttheuseofadverbialclausesofresult,purposeandcomparisonand,atthesametime,asksthestudentstodothegrammarexercisesinclass.,s.t.p.15,Time,Plan,,,,,Contents,PracticalWriting,2)PracticalWriting,TheteacherbothtellsandshowsthestudentshowtowriteanadjustmentletterbydoingEx.12ofPracticalWriting,andthenrequiresthestudentstodoEx.13astheirhomework.,s.t.p.16,Time,Contents,Plan,,,,,2periods,TextB,theinstitutionwasopenedin1829andreorganizedin1855.,BackgroundInformation-McGillUniversity,,BackgroundInformation-RedCross,RedCross,Internationalhumanitarianagencydedicated,intimeofwar,toalleviatingthesufferingsofwoundedsoldiers,civilians,andprisonersofwar.Intimeofpeace,itrendersmedicalaidandotherhelptopeopleafflictedbymajordisasterssuchasfloods,earthquakes,epidemics,andfaminesandperformsotherpublicservicefunctions.,BackgroundInformation-TheSpringarnMedal1,TheSpringarnMedal,GivenbytheNAACP—theNationalAssociationfortheAdvancementofColoredPeople（全國(guó)有色人種促進(jìn)會(huì)）,theSpringgarnMedalhasrecognizedthehighestachievementbyblackAmericanssince1915.OvertheyearstheSpringarnMedalhascometosignifythehighesthonoravailablefromtheNAACP.AlthoughthesignificanceoftheorganizationdeclinedwiththeculminationoftheCivilRightsMovementinthe1960s,theSpringarnMedalremainsacovetedaward.Pastwinnersincludestatesmen(RalphBunche,MartinLutherKing),musicians,BackgroundInformation-TheSpringarnMedal2,(MarianAnderson,DukeEllington),authors(MayaAngelou,AlexHaley),politicians(BarbaraJordan,AndrewYoung),civilrightsleaders(MedgerEvans,RosaParks),athletes(JackieRobinson,HankAaron),andentertainers(PaulRobeson,BillCosby).,BackgroundInformation–National1,NationalHistoricLandmarks,NationalHistoricLandmarksarenationallysignificanthistoricplacesdesignatedbytheSecretaryoftheInteriorbecausetheypossessexceptionalvalueorqualityinillustratingorinterpretingtheheritageoftheUnitedStates.Today,fewerthan2,500historicplacesbearthisnationaldistinction.Workingwithcitizensthroughout,BackgroundInformation–National2,thenation,theNationalHistoricLandmarksProgramdrawsupontheexpertiseofNationalParkServicestaffwhoworktonominatenewlandmarksandprovideassistancetoexistinglandmarks.Afriendsgroupofownersandmanagers,theNationalHistoricLandmarkStewardsAssociation,alsoworkstopreserve,protectandpromoteNationalHistoricLandmarks.,ClassPresentation.list,Ⅳ.ClassPresentation,Listeningitcanneverreplaceourreality.Wedon’tliveinvirtualreality;thisistherealworld.,Follow-upPractice10,StudentC:StudentD:,Plus,cantheInternettaketheplaceofmeasahumanbeing?Inotherwords,cantheInternettaketheplaceoflifeitself?Noway.Sure,wecancreateanidentityjustaswepleaseontheInternet,butthat’snowherenearlikelivingaspartofnature.TheInternetcanonlybeapartoflife.Soourconclusionhastobe:don’trelyontheInternetforeverything.Berealisticaboutwhatitcandoand/orbe—it’salltooeasytofallintoanInternetaddictionsyndrome.,Readingthenheimmediatelytriedtoforcethethoughtfromhismind.Thequietness,thetiptoeingabout,thewhisperedconversations—itwasallbecomingunbearable—whileupstairshisyoungersisterElsalayillwithinfluenza.2Lessthanaweekaftershebecameill,Elsadied.Thefamilywasgrief-stricken.Fourteen-year-oldCharlesRichardDrewhadhisfirstseriousthoughtsaboutmakingmedicinehislife’scareer.,TextA,TextA1-2,JuliaF.Lieser,CharlesDrew:BloodBankPioneer,?,N,N,3Upuntilthen,sportshadbeenthemotivatingforceinhislife.Hehadwonhisfirstathleticcompetition—aswimmingrace—attheageofeight,andhadparticipatedineverysportopentohimfromthenon.AftertwoyearsofteachinganddirectingathleticsatMorganCollegeinBaltimore,Maryland,heenteredmedicalschoolatMcGillUniversityinMontreal,Canada.4WhileattendingMcGillhebecamegoodfriendswithDr.JohnBeattie,aBritishinstructor.OnedayDr.Beattiedeliveredalectureonbloodstructureandbloodgroups,and,encouragedbyhisinstructor,Drewdecidedtogointobloodresearch.,TextA,TextA3-4,?,N,TextA5,5Whenhereceivedatwo-yearfellowshipinsurgeryatColumbiaPresbyterianHospitalinNewYorkCity,hisspecialprojectwastodeterminehowbloodcouldbepreservedandusedfortransfusion.Hediscoveredthatifbloodwasrefrigeratedatacertaintemperature,immediatelyafterbeingtaken,itcouldbekeptforaslongastwoweeks.Hesubmittedadetailedplanforsettingupabloodbankatthehospital,andmoneywasvotedforafour-monthexperiment.Theprogramstartedwithhisstaffdonatingblood.Volunteerswereencouraged,andallbloodtypeswerekeptonhand.Theprojectbecameapermanentpartofthehospital.,?,N,TextA,6In1940,ColumbiaUniversityawardedDrewhisDoctorofSciencedegree.HisthesisforthedegreesummarizedhisworkatColumbiaPresbyterianHospitalandwastitled“BankedBlood.”,TextA6,?,TextA,7Dr.Drew’sexperimentsshowedthatbloodkeptformorethantwoweeksstartedtodeteriorate,andhewouldnotuseitfortransfusion.Hediscoveredthatplasmacouldbegiventoanypatientregardlessofbloodtype.Soonliveswerebeingsavedinemergenciesbyimmediateinjectionsofplasma.Dr.Drewthenexperimentedwithextractingthewaterfromplasmasothatthedriedplasmacouldbepreservedoveramuchlongerperiodandcouldbeshippedgreaterdistances.Whenneeded,thedriedcrystalscouldbemixedwithwater,muchaswemixsoftdrinksfrompowders.,TextA7,?,N,TextA,TextA,TextA8-9,?,8AtthebeginningofWorldWarⅡ,Dr.Beattie,Drew’sformerinstructoratMcGill,senthimanurgentcablegram.“Couldyousecure5,000ampulesofdriedplasmafortransfusion?”itsaid.“Followthisbyequalquantityinthreetofourweeks.”9Dr.Drewwasstunned.Heknewthattherewasnosuchamountofplasmainthewholeworld.Butheneverhesitated.Heimmediatelysettoworkandorganizedthe“BloodforBritain”campaign.Countlesslivesweresavedbecauseofit.,N,N,TextA,TextA10,10ThefollowingyeartheAmericanRedCrossaskedDr.DrewtosetupabloodprocurementprogramtoaidAmericansoldiersinjuredonthebattlefield.NowDr.Drewfacedanewproblem.SomeAmericansdemandedthatbloodtakenfromblacksbekeptseparateandusedonlyforblacks.WhenacontroversyaroseandjournalistsaskedDr.Drewforastatement,hetoldthemthatnodifferenceinthebloodcouldbediscernedinthelaboratorythatwouldcauseaneedforsuchapractice.,N,N,?,11DrewreceivedtheSpingarnMedalin1943forthe“highestandnoblestachievementbyablackAmericanduringtheprecedingwar.”12InApril1950,Dr.DrewleftWashingtonwiththreeotherdoctorsforaconferenceatTuskegeeInstituteinAlabama.HiscaroverturnednearBurlington,NorthCarolina.Seriouslyinjured,helaybadlyinneedofabloodtransfusionanddiedattheageof45,enroutetoahospital.(635words),TextA11-12,?,TextA,WhatdidCharlieDrewthinkofthehouse?,Itwasasquietasdeath.,TextA1-3_Q1,2)Whywasthehousesoquiet?,BecauseupstairshisyoungersisterElsalayillwithinfluenza.,3)Whywasthefamilygrief-stricken?,Becauselessthanaweekaftershebecameill,Elsadied.,4)WhatcausedDrew’sseriousthoughtsaboutmakingmedicinehislife’scareer?,Hisyoungersister’sdeath.,TextA1-3_Q2,5)Whatdidhewinattheageofeight?,Hewonhisfirstathleticcompetition—aswimmingrace.,6)Whichmedicalschooldidheenteraftertwoyears’teachingofathletics?,HeenteredmedicalschoolatMcGillUniversityinMontreal,Canada.,Dr.JohnBeattie,hisinstructoratMcGill.,7)WhoencouragedDrewtogointobloodresearch?,查爾斯德魯：血庫(kù)創(chuàng)始人朱莉婭F利瑟屋子里一片寂靜，死一般的寂靜，查利德魯想；緊接著他就試圖擺脫這種想法。屋子里的這片寂靜，走路時(shí)的躡手躡腳，說(shuō)話時(shí)的低聲細(xì)語(yǔ)——這一切正變得讓人難以忍受——而在樓上，他的妹妹埃爾莎因患流感正臥病在床。埃爾莎得病后不到一星期就死了，全家人都悲痛欲絕。14歲的查爾斯理查德德魯?shù)谝淮握J(rèn)真地考慮了要把醫(yī)學(xué)作為自己的終身職業(yè)。,ChineseVersion,TextA1-3_T,就讀麥吉爾期間，他和英國(guó)籍導(dǎo)師約翰貝蒂博士成了好朋友。有一天,貝蒂博士作了一個(gè)關(guān)于血液構(gòu)造與血型的講座。德魯在導(dǎo)師的鼓勵(lì)下，決定從事血液研究。在那之前，體育一直是他生活的動(dòng)力。8歲時(shí)他就贏得了他的第一個(gè)運(yùn)動(dòng)比賽——一次游泳比賽——的勝利；自那以后，對(duì)他開(kāi)放的每項(xiàng)運(yùn)動(dòng)他都參加。在馬里蘭州巴爾的摩市摩根學(xué)院教了兩年體育后，他進(jìn)了加拿大蒙特利爾市麥吉爾大學(xué)的醫(yī)學(xué)院。,ChineseVersion,TextA1-3_T,pioneer/?????????/:n.personwhoexplores,settlesin,anewarea,country,etc.;personwhoexploresnewmethods,ideas,etc.拓荒者；開(kāi)拓者；先驅(qū)者，先鋒；創(chuàng)始人,TextA_1-3_pioneer,earlypioneersinNorthAmerica,北美的早期開(kāi)拓者,e.g.,apioneerinaviation,航空業(yè)的先驅(qū)者,Hisgrandfatherwasoneofthepioneersofheartsurgery.,他的祖父是心臟外科學(xué)的先驅(qū)之一。,LanguagePoints,JuliaF.Lieser/?????????????????/朱莉婭F利瑟（人名）,TextA_1-3_JuliaF.Lieser,LanguagePoints,Charlie/???????/查利（男子名，Charles的昵稱(chēng)）,TextA_1-3_Charlie,LanguagePoints,Elsa/?????/埃爾莎（女子名，Elizabeth的昵稱(chēng)）,TextA_1-3_Elsa,LanguagePoints,Morgan/???????/College摩根學(xué)院,TextA_1-3_Morgan,LanguagePoints,McGill/??????/University麥吉爾大學(xué),TextA_1-3_McGill,LanguagePoints,Montreal/????????????/蒙特利爾（加拿大東南部港市）,TextA_1-3_Montreal,LanguagePoints,Asquietasdeath,thoughtCharlieDrew;thenheimmediatelytriedtoforcethethoughtfromhismind.死一般的寂靜，查利?德魯想；緊接著他就試圖擺脫這種想法。Asquietasdeath,thoughtCharlieDrew.=CharlieDrewthoughtitwasasquietasdeath.這是一種修辭性的省略。,TextA_1-3_S_Asquiet…,LanguagePoints,TextA_1-3_tiptoe,tiptoe/???????/n.腳趾尖；腳尖vi.walkquietlyandcarefullyontiptoe踮起腳走,e.g.,Itiptoedpastthesleepingchild.Shetiptoedtothebedwherethechildlayasleep.,孩子睡著了，她踮著腳走到他床前。,我踮著腳從睡著的孩子旁邊走過(guò)。,LanguagePoints,lie:vi.tobeorremaininaspecifiedcondition處于…特定的狀態(tài),TextA_1-3_lie,Thedusthaslainundisturbedforyears.,灰塵積在那兒很多年了。,e.g.,Helaysickinbed.,他臥病在床。,LanguagePoints,grief-stricken/?????????????/:a.overcomewithgrief充滿悲傷的，極度悲痛的,TextA_1-3_grief-stricken,Thenewsmadehergrief-stricken.,這消息使她極為傷心。,e.g.,Weweregrief-strickenoverhissuddendeath.,他的突然去世使我們極度悲痛。,LanguagePoints,TextA1-3_unbearable,unbearable/??????????/:a.thatcannotbetoleratedorendured難以忍受的；不能容忍的,LanguagePoints,TextA1-3_influenza,influenza/???????????/:n.infectiousillnessthatcausesfeverandachesinthebody流行性感冒，流感,LanguagePoints,TextA1-3_participate,participate/?????????????/:vi.takepart參加，參與,LanguagePoints,TextA1-3_S_Fourteen…,Fourteen-year-oldCharlesRichardDrewhadhisfirstseriousthoughtsaboutmakingmedicinehislife’scareer.14歲的查爾斯理查德德魯?shù)谝淮握J(rèn)真地考慮了要把醫(yī)學(xué)作為自己的終身職業(yè)。haveseriousthoughtsaboutdoingsth.意為“認(rèn)真考慮做某事”。,LanguagePoints,TextA1-3_upuntilthen,upuntilthen:asfarasthattime直到那時(shí)，在那時(shí)以前,e.g.,Upuntilthen,Iknewnothingatallaboutit.Upuntilthen,shehadneverlivedalone.,在那之前,她從未獨(dú)自生活過(guò)。,在那時(shí)以前,我對(duì)這事一無(wú)所知。,LanguagePoints,TextA1-3_participatein,e.g.,Wewereinvitedtoparticipateinthediscussion.Irefusedtoparticipateintheirquarrel.,我拒絕參加他們的爭(zhēng)吵。,我們被邀請(qǐng)去參加了討論。,LanguagePoints,participatein:takepartin參加，參與,TextA1-3_beopento,beopento:beavailabletoorusedby可供…使用；對(duì)…開(kāi)放,e.g.,Thecompetitionisopentoallstudents.Thisgardenisopentothepublic.,這座花園向公眾開(kāi)放。,所有的學(xué)生都可以參加這項(xiàng)比賽。,LanguagePoints,TextA1-3_fromthenon,fromthenon:startingthenandcontinuing從那時(shí)起,e.g.,Heseemedtohavetakenadisliketoherfromthenon.Historyhadfascinatedhimfromthenon.,從那時(shí)起,他就對(duì)歷史著了迷。,從那時(shí)起,他似乎就開(kāi)始討厭她了。,LanguagePoints,TextA_4-5_Q,Hisspecialprojectwastodeterminehowbloodcouldbepreservedandusedfortransfusion.,8)WhatwashisspecialprojectatColumbiaPresbyterianHospital?,Hediscoveredthatifbloodwasrefrigeratedatacertaintemperatureimmediatelyafterbeingtaken,itcouldbekeptforaslongastwoweeks.,9)WhatdidhediscoveratColumbiaPresbyterianHospital?,ChineseVersion,在得到紐約市哥倫比亞大學(xué)長(zhǎng)老會(huì)醫(yī)院提供的為期兩年的外科學(xué)研究獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金后，他的專(zhuān)題研究方向?yàn)闇y(cè)定如何能保存血液并用于輸血。他發(fā)現(xiàn)，如果血液采集后立即以一定的溫度冷凍，它就能保存兩星期之久。他遞交了一份在醫(yī)院里建立血庫(kù)的詳細(xì)計(jì)劃；院方投票通過(guò)了對(duì)一項(xiàng)為期四個(gè)月的實(shí)驗(yàn)的經(jīng)費(fèi)資助。項(xiàng)目啟動(dòng)時(shí)，工作人員紛紛獻(xiàn)血。志愿者受到鼓勵(lì)，所有血型都保存?zhèn)溆?。此課題成了該醫(yī)院的一項(xiàng)永久性的工作。,TextA_4-5_T,TextA_4-5_S_Whileattending,WhileattendingMcGill,hebecamegoodfriendswithDr.JohnBeattie,aBritishinstructor.就讀麥吉爾期間，他和英國(guó)籍導(dǎo)師約翰貝蒂博士成了好朋友。WhileattendingMcGill,…=WhilehewasattendingMcGill,…在時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、條件、方式或讓步等狀語(yǔ)從句中，如主語(yǔ)和主句的主語(yǔ)一致，謂語(yǔ)的一部分是助動(dòng)詞be，則可省略從句中的主語(yǔ)和be。,LanguagePoints,TextA_4-5_JohnBeattie,JohnBeattie/???????????/約翰貝蒂（人名）,LanguagePoints,TextA_4-5_S_Hediscovered,Hediscoveredthatifbloodwasrefrigeratedatacertaintemperatureimmediatelyafterbeingtaken,itcouldbekeptforaslongastwoweeks.他發(fā)現(xiàn)，如果血液采集后立即以一定的溫度冷凍，它就能保存兩星期之久。afterbeingtaken=afteritwastaken。,LanguagePoints,TextA_4-5_submit,submit/???????/:(-tt-)vt.give(sth.)(tosb.)sothatitmaybeconsidered,decidedon,etc.(向某人)提交(或呈遞)(某物)以供考慮、裁決等,e.g.,Isubmittedmytestpaperstotheexaminer.Ihopeyoucansubmityourtermpapersbeforethedeadline.,我希望你們能在最后限期之前交上你們的學(xué)期論文。,我把試卷交給了主考老師。,LanguagePoints,TextA_4-5_vote,vote/????/1.v.1)formallyexpressanopinionorchoicebyvote投票；選舉；表決,e.g.,Theyvotedyesonthemotion.VoteforJohnson—thepeople’sfriend!,請(qǐng)投約翰遜一票——他是人民之友!,他們對(duì)這項(xiàng)動(dòng)議投了贊成票。,LanguagePoints,TextA_4-5_vote,2.n.選票；投票；選舉；表決,e.g.,secretvoteIgavemyvotetoMr.Smith.,我投了史密斯先生一票。,無(wú)記名投票,2)agreetoprovide(money,etc.)astheresultofavote投票通過(guò)提供（錢(qián)等）,e.g.,ThecommitteevotedtheSportsClubanextra$1,000.,委員會(huì)投票通過(guò)再撥1000美元給體育俱樂(lè)部。,TextA_4-5_onhand,onhand:available,readytobeusedortodosth.ifneeded現(xiàn)有，在手頭，在近處,e.g.,Jimhadnocashonhandtopayforthegas.Alwayshaveyourdictionaryonhandwhenyoustudy.,吉姆手頭沒(méi)有現(xiàn)錢(qián)付汽油費(fèi)。,學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)你要一直把字典放在手邊。,LanguagePoints,TextA_4-5_fellowship,fellowship/?????????/:n.positionorstipendofafellowofacollegeoruniversity;awardofmoneytoagraduatestudentinreturnforsometeaching,researchassistance,etc.(大學(xué)中)研究員的職位(或薪金)；(大學(xué)研究生的)獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金,LanguagePoints,TextA_4-5_Presbyterian,Presbyterian/???????????????/a.(ofachurch,esp.ofthenationalChurchofScotland)governedbyelderswhoareallequalinrank(指基督教教會(huì)，尤指蘇格蘭國(guó)立教會(huì))長(zhǎng)老制的n.personwhoisamemberofthePresbyterianChurch長(zhǎng)老會(huì)教友,LanguagePoints,TextA_4-5_transfusion,transfusion/????????????/:n.actorprocessofputtingoneperson’sbloodintoanotherperson’sbody輸血,LanguagePoints,TextA_4-5_refrigerator,refrigerator/??????????????/:n.cabinetorroominwhichfoodiskeptcold冰箱；冷藏室,refrigerate/?????????????/:vt.make(food,etc.)coldinordertofreezeorpreserveit冷凍，冷藏(食物等),LanguagePoints,TextA_6-7_Q,HisthesissummarizedhisworkatColumbiaPresbyterianHospitalandwastitled“BankedBlood.”,10)WhatwasDrew’sthesisabout?,TextA_6-7_Q,Hediscoveredthatplasmacouldbegiventoanypatientregardlessofbloodtype.,11)Whatdidhediscoveraboutplasma?,TextA_6-7_T,ChineseVersion,1940年，哥倫比亞大學(xué)授予德魯理學(xué)博士學(xué)位。他的學(xué)位論文總結(jié)了他在哥大長(zhǎng)老會(huì)醫(yī)院的工作，題目為《儲(chǔ)存入庫(kù)的血液》。,TextA_6-7_T,ChineseVersion,德魯博士的實(shí)驗(yàn)表明，保存期超過(guò)兩周的血液即開(kāi)始變質(zhì)，而他便不會(huì)用它來(lái)進(jìn)行輸血。他發(fā)現(xiàn)不管什么血型的病人都能接受血漿。不久，一些急診病人由于及時(shí)輸入了血漿而獲救。接著，德魯博士又做了把水分從血漿中抽掉的實(shí)驗(yàn)，因?yàn)楦裳獫{能保存長(zhǎng)得多的時(shí)間，而且能運(yùn)送到更遠(yuǎn)的地方去。需要時(shí)，干血漿晶體可以和水調(diào)和在一起，很像我們用飲料粉兌出軟飲料來(lái)一樣。,TextA_6-7_summarize,summarize/?????????/:vt.makeasummaryof;sumup概括；總結(jié),Mr.Smithsummarizedthecurrentsituationinafewwords.Jackquicklysummarizedthemainpointsofhisplan.,史密斯先生只用幾句話就概括了當(dāng)前的形勢(shì)。,e.g.,杰克很快地概述了他計(jì)劃的要點(diǎn)。,LanguagePoints,TextA_6-7_Columbia,Columbia/?????????/University哥倫比亞大學(xué),LanguagePoints,TextA_6-7_deteriorate,deteriorate/?????????????/:vi.becomeworseinqualityorcondition惡化，變壞；變質(zhì),e.g.,Thenation’shighwaysaredeterioratingatarapidpace.Relationsbetweenthetwocountriesbegantodeterioratelastyear.Hewastakenintohospitallastweekwhenhisconditionsuddenlybegantodeteriorate.,這個(gè)國(guó)家的公路正在迅速退化。,兩國(guó)關(guān)系去年開(kāi)始惡化。,上周他的病情突然開(kāi)始惡化時(shí)，他被送進(jìn)了醫(yī)院。,LanguagePoints,TextA_6-7_immediate,immediate/????????/:a.doneorneededatonceandwithoutdelay立即的，即刻的,e.g.,Wemusttakeimmediateaction.Mr.Smithmadenoimmediateanswer.,我們必須立即采取行動(dòng)。,史密斯先生沒(méi)有立即回答。,LanguagePoints,TextA_6-7_extract1,extract/?????????/:vt.pullortakeout(sth.)usingcareandsomestrength;obtain(juices,etc.)bycrushing,pressing,etc.拔出；取出；榨出；壓出,e.g.,extractabulletfromawoundextractoilfromsoybeans,將子彈從傷口中取出,從大豆中榨油,LanguagePoints,TextA_6-7_extract2,e.g.,extractseveralpassagesfromthespeechIhadatoothextractedyesterday.,從演說(shuō)中摘出幾段話,我昨天拔了一顆牙。,海灣大橋仍然關(guān)閉著，因此從舊金山開(kāi)車(chē)到伯克利校園用了一個(gè)半小時(shí)。,TextA_6-7_sothat,sothat:1.inorderthat以便（從句中通常帶情態(tài)動(dòng)詞）,e.g.,Istoppedsothatyoucouldcatchup.,我停下來(lái)以便你能趕上。,2.withtheresultorconsequencethat因此，所以,e.g.,TheBayBridgewasstillclosedsothatthedrivefromSanFranciscototheBerkeleycampustookanhourandahalf.,LanguagePoints,crystal/???????/:n.水晶；結(jié)晶，結(jié)晶體,e.g.,anecklaceofcrystalssaltcrystalsThediningtableshonewithsilverandcrystal.,水晶珠項(xiàng)鏈,TextA_6-7_crystal,鹽的結(jié)晶體,餐桌上擺的銀餐具和晶質(zhì)玻璃器皿閃閃發(fā)光。,LanguagePoints,TextA_6-7_mix,mix/????/:vt.put(differentthings)together;combine(differentthings)sothatanewsubstanceisformed;make(sth.)bycombiningthedifferentpartstogether使混合，拌和；調(diào)制；配制,e.g.,Oilandwaterdonotmix./Oildoesnotmixwithwater.Mixredandyellowtomakeorange.,油和水不能混合。,把紅色和黃色混合調(diào)成橘黃色。,LanguagePoints,TextA_6-7_S_Whenneeded…,Whenneeded,thedriedcrystalscouldbemixedwithwater,muchaswemixsoftdrinksfrompowders.需要時(shí)，干血漿晶體可以和水調(diào)和在一起，很像我們用飲料粉兌出軟飲料來(lái)一樣。Whenneeded,…=Whentheywereneeded,…,LanguagePoints,TextA_6-7_powder,powder/??????(?)/:n.substanceintheformofacollectionofextremelysmallpieces粉，粉末,e.g.,Theywashedtheirclotheswithsoappowder.Thatpacketofwhitepowderthepolicefoundinhisroomturnedouttobecocaine.,警察在他房間里找到的那包白色粉末原來(lái)是可卡因。,他們用肥皂粉洗衣服。,LanguagePoints,TextA_6-7_thesis,thesis/???????/:n.longwrittenessaysubmitte