上海市初一年級(jí)牛津版英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié).docx

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. —－可編輯修改，可打印—— 別找了你想要的都有！ 精品教育資料 ——全冊(cè)教案，，試卷，教學(xué)課件，教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)等一站式服務(wù)—— 全力滿足教學(xué)需求，真實(shí)規(guī)劃教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié) 最新全面教學(xué)資源，打造完美教學(xué)模式 時(shí)態(tài)講解 一、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)主要用于： 1 、表示經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作。 e.g. It seldom snows here. 2 、表示現(xiàn)在的特征或狀態(tài)。 e.g. He is always ready to help others. 3 、普遍真理。 e.g. Action speaks louder than words. 4 、劇情圖片介紹，背景說(shuō)明，動(dòng)作解說(shuō)。 e.g. (Tom enters the room and sits at the table) Doctor ： What's your trouble, young man? Tom ： I've caught a cold, doctor. 5 、時(shí)間、條件、讓步、方式狀語(yǔ)從句表將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作時(shí)。 e.g. Tomorrow we shall go for an outing unless it rains. 與這種時(shí)態(tài)連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)常有： always, often, never, seldom, usually, once, a week, now 等。 二、一般過(guò)去時(shí)主要用于： 1 、表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況（包括習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)） e.g. When did you read the novel? She often came to help us in those days. 2 、談到過(guò)去的情況時(shí) e.g. I didn't know you were so busy. 3 、談到已死人的情況時(shí) e.g. Lei Feng was a great communist fighter. 與這個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)常有： yesterday, last night, the other day, two months ago, in 1985, then, just now, when, after, as soon as 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，表示主句動(dòng)作開始的時(shí)間。 三、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)主要用于： 1 、表示到現(xiàn)在為止這一時(shí)期中發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況，即多次動(dòng)作的總和。 e.g. We have learnt four English songs this month. How many times have you read the novel? For many days we haven't seen each other. 2 、表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在有影響的某一已發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。 e.g. The delegation has left 代表團(tuán)已經(jīng)走了（說(shuō)明現(xiàn)在不在這里） Look, what you have done. 看你干的事。 與這一時(shí)態(tài)連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有： already, yet, just, ever, never, by now, so far, recently, by the end of this month, since, for 短語(yǔ)，連詞 since 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。 一般過(guò)去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別： 一般過(guò)去時(shí)：重在說(shuō)明動(dòng)作在過(guò)去發(fā)生時(shí)的具體情況（時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式、對(duì)象、細(xì)節(jié)等）。 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：只提起已發(fā)生的動(dòng)作（事實(shí)）及其影響，不說(shuō)明動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)的具體情況。 cf. Have you had your lunch? What did you have for lunch? I have ever been to the Great Wall, and I went there last summer with my father. 注：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表達(dá)的動(dòng)作常具有反復(fù)性，故下面一句是錯(cuò)的： Have you seen the six thirty's news program? 應(yīng)改為： Did you see the six thirty's news program? 四、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)主要用于： 表示過(guò)去開始的某一動(dòng)作一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，以至延伸到將來(lái)，它強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作延續(xù)時(shí)間之長(zhǎng)久。e.g. I've been writing an article. 我一直在寫一篇文章。（還在寫） cf. I've written an article. 我寫了一篇文章。（已寫完） It has been raining these days. 這些天一直在下雨。 五、過(guò)去完成時(shí) 1 、過(guò)去完成時(shí)是一個(gè)相對(duì)時(shí)態(tài)，表示過(guò)去的過(guò)去，只有在兩個(gè)過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作相比較時(shí)才可顯示出來(lái)。 e.g. As soon as we got to the station, the train had left. 注：主從句表達(dá)的動(dòng)作緊接時(shí)，即兩動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間沒有明顯時(shí)間上的懸殊或空檔時(shí)，主從句都可用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。 e.g. Where did your brother study before he joined the army? 2 、過(guò)去完成時(shí)可表示截止過(guò)去某一時(shí)間動(dòng)作的總或動(dòng)作的結(jié)束。 e.g. By the end of last month. We had reviewed four books By eight o'clock, he had finished his homework. 與這個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)常有： by 1985, by eight o'clock, by then, by the end of last month, by the time when, when, as soon as, before 等連詞引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，表示主句動(dòng)作結(jié)束的時(shí)間。 六、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)主要用于： 1 、表示現(xiàn)在或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。 e.g. Listen, someone is crying. What are you doing these days? 2 、代替一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，表示經(jīng)常性動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，而含有某種感情色彩。 e.g. How are you feeling today? 你今天感覺怎樣？（顯得親切） He is doing well in his lessons. 他的功課很好。（贊揚(yáng)） You are always boasting. 你老愛吹牛。（厭煩） 3 、動(dòng)詞 go, come, leave, arrive 等表將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作時(shí)。 e.g. They are leaving for Shanghai. 與這種時(shí)態(tài)連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)常有： now, these days, recently, this week 等。 七、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)主要用于： 表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)刻或階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。 e.g. At that time she was working in a PLA unit. 那時(shí)她在解放軍某部工作。 What were you doing this time yesterday? 與這個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)常用： at nine o'clock, this time last night, these days, at that time 等。 用 when 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句表示主句的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行的時(shí)間。 e.g. When he came in, I was reading a newspaper. 注： 1 、 while 引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句敘述過(guò)去的動(dòng)作時(shí)，從句常用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)。 e.g. I read a magazine while I was waiting for the bus. 2 、 when 用作并列連詞，意為“這時(shí)”，連接兩分句時(shí)，第一句多用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)。 e.g. I was reading a newspaper when he came in. 一般過(guò)去時(shí)與過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的區(qū)別： 一般過(guò)去時(shí)：強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去某一時(shí)間開始或完成的動(dòng)作。 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)：強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去某一時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。 試區(qū)別下面兩句： We were building a reservoir last winter. 去年冬天我們?cè)谛藿ㄒ蛔畮?kù)。（可能尚未建成） We built a reservoir last winter. 去年冬天我們修建了一座水庫(kù)。（已經(jīng)建成） 八、一般將來(lái)時(shí)主要用于： 表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況 e.g. Tom will have a bike of his own. 與這個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)常用： tonight, tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next week, in three hours, two days later 等。 一般將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)與其它結(jié)構(gòu)表將來(lái)情況的區(qū)別： 一般將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài) ：主要從時(shí)間的角度表將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況。 be going to 結(jié)構(gòu) ：①表（主觀上）打算或準(zhǔn)備做某事時(shí)。 ②表有發(fā)生某事的預(yù)兆時(shí)。 e.g. They are going to have a competition with us in studies. It is going to rain. 據(jù)以上區(qū)別，故下面一句是錯(cuò)的： I am going to be eighteen years old next year. 應(yīng)改為： I shall be eighteen years old next year. be about to do sth 結(jié)構(gòu) ：意為“剛要做某事”、“馬上要做某事”強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間之緊迫性。 e.g. We are about to discuss this problem. 我們將馬上討論這個(gè)問(wèn)題。 be to do sth 結(jié)構(gòu)： 表示按計(jì)劃、安排、規(guī)定將實(shí)施某事或表示注定會(huì)發(fā)生某事。 e.g. When is the train to leave. All these things are to be answered for. 及物動(dòng)詞與不及物動(dòng)詞 英語(yǔ)中按動(dòng)詞后可否直接跟賓語(yǔ)，可把動(dòng)詞分成及物動(dòng)詞與和及物動(dòng)詞。 1.及物動(dòng)詞： 字典里詞后標(biāo)有vt. 的就是及物動(dòng)詞。及物動(dòng)詞后必須跟有動(dòng)作的對(duì)象（即賓語(yǔ)），可直接跟賓語(yǔ)。see 看見 (vt.) +賓語(yǔ) I can see a boy. 2.不及物動(dòng)詞：字典里詞后標(biāo)有vi. 的就是不及物動(dòng)詞。不及物動(dòng)詞后不能直接跟有動(dòng)作的對(duì)象（即賓語(yǔ)）。若要跟賓語(yǔ)，必須先在其后添加上某個(gè)介詞，如to,of ,at后方可跟上賓語(yǔ)。 具體每個(gè)動(dòng)詞后究竟加什么介詞就得背動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)了，如listen to,look at….. 3. 賓語(yǔ)（動(dòng)作的對(duì)象）：是名詞或代詞，或相當(dāng)于名詞的詞或短語(yǔ)（如動(dòng)名詞）。其它詞不看作動(dòng)作的對(duì)象呢。 4.舉例：“看” (1)see 看見 (vt.) +賓語(yǔ) I can see a boy. (2)look 看 (vi.) x賓語(yǔ)(即不能直接加賓語(yǔ)). Look! She is singing. Look carefully! (注意：carefully 是副詞，不是名詞，故不作賓語(yǔ)喲) (3)look at 看…….+賓語(yǔ) Look at me carefully! (me是代詞，作賓語(yǔ)了) 連系動(dòng)詞 連系動(dòng)詞本身有一定的詞義,但不能獨(dú)立作謂語(yǔ),必須與表語(yǔ)一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)。 表語(yǔ)通常由名詞、形容詞,或相當(dāng)于名詞或形容詞的詞或短語(yǔ)等充當(dāng),說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)是什么或怎么樣。 一、 連系動(dòng)詞的類型有： 1. "存在"類:表示存在或具有某種特征或狀態(tài).這類連系動(dòng)詞強(qiáng)調(diào)"存在"。常見的有:be(是),look(看起來(lái)),feel(摸上去),seem(似乎是),appear(似乎、顯得),prove(證明是),smell(聞起來(lái)),taste(嘗起來(lái)),sound(聽起來(lái))等。例如: The story sounds true. Those oranges taste good. 2. "持續(xù)"類:表示某種情況或狀態(tài)的持續(xù)。這類連系動(dòng)詞強(qiáng)調(diào)"持續(xù)"。常見的有:remain(依然),keep(保持),stay(保持),continue(繼續(xù)、仍舊),stand(處于某狀況或情形)等。例如: Why don't you put the meat in the fridge? It will stay fresh for several days. It's already ten in the morning. The store remains closed. What's the matter? 3. "變化"類:表示由一種情況或狀態(tài)變化成另一種情況或狀態(tài)。這類連系動(dòng)詞強(qiáng)調(diào)"變化"后的情況或狀態(tài).常見的有:become(變成), turn(變成), grow(變得), go(變得)等。例如: Put the fish in the fridge, or it will go bad in hot weather. 二、注意事項(xiàng) 1. 有些連系動(dòng)詞通常不用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)中。如:feel, taste等詞。例如: -Do you like the material? -Yes, it feels very soft. 2. 一般情況下,連系動(dòng)詞主要跟形容詞或分詞作表語(yǔ)。例如: Be careful when you cross this very busy street. If not, you may get run over by a car. 3. 能跟名詞作表語(yǔ)的連系動(dòng)詞常見的有:be, become, appear, seem, prove, remain和turn等.注意:turn后跟(表示主語(yǔ)身份的)名詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí),不加冠詞。例如: Twenty years later, he turned teacher. The population growth in China remains a problem. 4. 連系動(dòng)詞也可跟不定式(to do / to be),常見的有:appear, seem, remain, prove, look等。例如: Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains to be seen whether they will enjoy it. On the long journey, Peter proved to be a most interesting guide. We all had a wonderful time. 終止性動(dòng)詞與延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞 終止性動(dòng)詞指不會(huì)持續(xù)一段時(shí)間的動(dòng)作,即動(dòng)作在瞬間或短時(shí)間內(nèi)完成。 例如:get arrive 這類動(dòng)詞不與一段時(shí)間連用 終止性動(dòng)詞:表示不能延續(xù)的動(dòng)作,即動(dòng)作發(fā)生后立即結(jié)束。如:begin,arrive, borrow, ...終止性動(dòng)詞的肯定式是不能持續(xù)的,所以不能和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用,而終止性的否定式就可以和表一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ). 一、延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞和終止性動(dòng)詞的概念 英語(yǔ)中，動(dòng)詞按其動(dòng)作發(fā)生的方式、動(dòng)作發(fā)生過(guò)程的長(zhǎng)短，可分為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞和終止性動(dòng)詞。 延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞表示能夠延續(xù)的動(dòng)作，這種動(dòng)作可以延續(xù)下去或產(chǎn)生持久影響。如：learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay等。 終止性動(dòng)詞也稱非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞、瞬間動(dòng)詞或短暫性動(dòng)詞，表示不能延續(xù)的動(dòng)作，這種動(dòng)作發(fā)生后立即結(jié)束。如open, close, finish, begin, come, go, arrive, reach, get to, leave, move, borrow,buy等。 二、延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的用法特征 1.延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞可以用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，其完成時(shí)態(tài)可與表示"段時(shí)間"的狀語(yǔ)連用。表示"段時(shí)間"的短語(yǔ)有：for two years, during the past three years, since last year, how long等。如：I have learned English since I came here.自從我來(lái)到這兒就學(xué)英語(yǔ)了。 2.延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞不能與表示短暫時(shí)間的"點(diǎn)時(shí)間"狀語(yǔ)連用。如：It raind at eight yesterday morning.(誤) rain為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，而at eight表示"點(diǎn)時(shí)間"，前后顯然矛盾。如果用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞表示一瞬間的動(dòng)作，可以借助come, begin, get等終止性動(dòng)詞來(lái)表示。上句可改為：It began to rain at eight yesterday morning.(正)又如： -When did you get to know Jack? -Two years ago. -Then you've known each other for more than two years. -That's right. 三、終止性動(dòng)詞的用法特征 1.終止性動(dòng)詞可用來(lái)表示某一動(dòng)作完成，因此可用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。如： The train has arrived.火車到了。 Have you joined the computer group?你加入電腦小組了嗎？ 2.終止性動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作極其短暫，不能持續(xù)。因此，不可與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用(只限肯定式)。如： (1)他死了三年了。 誤：He has died for three years. 正：He has been dead for three years. 正：He died three years ago. 正：It is three years since he died. 正：Three years has passed since he died. (2)他來(lái)這兒五天了。 誤：He has come here for five days. 正：He has been here for five days. 正：He came here five days ago. 正：It is five days since he came here. 正：Five days has passed since he came here. (1)、(2)句中的die、come為終止性動(dòng)詞，不能與表示"段時(shí)間"的狀語(yǔ)連用。那么，應(yīng)如何正確表達(dá)呢？可以采用下面的四種方法： (1)將句中終止性動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換為相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，如上面兩例中的第一種正確表達(dá)方式。下面列舉幾例：leave→be away, borrow→keep, buy→have, begin/start→be on, die→be dead, move to→live in, finish→be over, join→be in/be a member of, open sth.→keep sth. open, fall ill→be ill, get up→be up, catch a cold→have a cold。 (2)將句中表示"段時(shí)間"的狀語(yǔ)改為表示過(guò)去確定時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)，如下面兩例中的第二種正確表達(dá)方式。 (3)用句型"It is+段時(shí)間+since..."表達(dá)原意，如上面兩例中的第三種正確表達(dá)方式。 (4)用句型"時(shí)間+has passed+since..."表達(dá)原意，如上面兩例中的第四種正確表達(dá)方式。 3.終止性動(dòng)詞可用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)否定式中，成為可以延續(xù)的狀態(tài)，因而可與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。如： He hasn't left here since 1986. I haven't heard from my father for two weeks. 4.終止性動(dòng)詞的否定式與until/till連用，構(gòu)成"not+終止性動(dòng)詞+until/till ..."的句型，意為"直到……才……"。如： You can't leave here until I arrive.直到我到了，你才能離開這里。 I will not go to bed until I finish drawing the picture tonight.今天晚上直到我畫完畫，我才上床睡覺。 5.終止性動(dòng)詞可以用于when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中，但不可以用于while引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中。when表示的時(shí)間是"點(diǎn)時(shí)間"(從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用終止性動(dòng)詞)，也可以是"段時(shí)間"(從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞)。而while表示的是一個(gè)較長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間或過(guò)程，從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。如： When we reached London, it was twelve o'clock. (reach為終止性動(dòng)詞) Please look after my daughter while/when we are away. (be away為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)) 6.終止性動(dòng)詞完成時(shí)不可與how long連用(只限于肯定式)。如： 誤：How long have you come here? 正：How long have you been here? 正：When did you come here? 終止性動(dòng)詞不用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài),若是進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)形式應(yīng)譯成將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)的意思。 終止性動(dòng)詞和延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞辨析 王嵩 英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以分為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞和終止性動(dòng)詞。這兩種動(dòng)詞在每年中考英語(yǔ)試題中出現(xiàn)率較高，筆者將其歸納分類，供同學(xué)們學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)參考。一、延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞 延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作不但可以延續(xù)，而且可以產(chǎn)生持久的影響。常見的這類動(dòng)詞有：be，have，keep，know，learn，lie，live，read，sing，sleep，stand，stay，wait，walk，watch等。延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的用法很廣，但常見于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中的句子中，且常與for，how，long，since等引導(dǎo)的表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)從句連用。例如：1．I have learned more than 1，000 Chinese words since I came to China．自從來(lái)到中國(guó)，我已經(jīng)學(xué)會(huì)了l，000多個(gè)漢字。2．We have lived in Linqing since we came here．自從來(lái)到這兒，我們就一直住在臨清。3．I have kept the picture for about three years．這張畫我保存了大約三年。 二、終止性動(dòng)詞 終止性動(dòng)詞又稱為瞬間動(dòng)詞或非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，它表示的動(dòng)作不能延續(xù)，也就是說(shuō)動(dòng)作一旦發(fā)生就立即結(jié)束，并產(chǎn)生某種結(jié)果。常見的這類動(dòng)詞有：accept，arrive，become，begin，borrow，break，buy，catch，close，come，die，end，fall，finish，get，give，go，join，leave，put，reach，receive，shut，start，stop等。 終止性動(dòng)詞用在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)要注意下面三點(diǎn)： （一）終止性動(dòng)詞可直接用來(lái)表示某一動(dòng)作的完成。例如：1．They have reached Shanghai．他們已經(jīng)到達(dá)了上海。2．Has he gone to London? 他已經(jīng)到倫敦去了嗎? （二）終止性動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作極其短暫，不能持續(xù)，所以，在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中一般不能和以since，for等引導(dǎo)的表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。例如：1．那老人已經(jīng)死了一周了。The old man has died for a week．(誤)2．他三天前就已經(jīng)來(lái)這兒了。He has come here since three days ago．(誤)在以上兩句中，die和come都是終止性動(dòng)詞，可用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，但不能與以since或for引導(dǎo)的表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。那么，上面兩個(gè)句子應(yīng)該怎樣譯成英語(yǔ)呢?請(qǐng)看下面四種譯法：1．把終止性動(dòng)詞改為延續(xù)性的動(dòng)詞。例如：①The old man has been dead for a week．②He has been here since three days ago．2．把原句中的一段時(shí)間改為表示“過(guò)去”的時(shí)間，時(shí)態(tài)由現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)改變成一般過(guò)去時(shí)。例如：①The old man died a week ago．②He came here three days ago．3．用“It is+時(shí)間+since…”句式。例如：①It is／has been a week since the old man died．②It has been／is three days since he came here．4．用“多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間+has passed+since…”句式。例如：①A week has passed since the old men died．②Three days had passed since he came here． (三)有關(guān)特殊終止性動(dòng)詞的用法。 1．在while(表示一段時(shí)間)引導(dǎo)的從句里，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不能使用終止性動(dòng)詞，但可以把while改成when，這樣，從句里的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞就可以使用終止性動(dòng)詞了。因?yàn)閣hen既可以表示時(shí)間的“點(diǎn)”，又可以表示時(shí)間的“段”。例如：While he got to America．he found his English Was very poor．(誤)When he got t0 America．he found his English was very poor．(正) 2．終止性動(dòng)詞的否定式與until連用時(shí)，意為“直到……才／不到什么時(shí)間不……”等。例如：Don’t get off until the bus stops．車未停穩(wěn)，切勿下車。 3．終止性動(dòng)詞不可以與how long引導(dǎo)的句式連用。例如：How long have you borrowed the magazine?(誤)When did you borrow the magazine?(正)How long have you kept the magazine?(正) 終止性動(dòng)詞與延緩性動(dòng)詞的用法區(qū)別 上海市中國(guó)中學(xué) 黃文英 英語(yǔ)中的動(dòng)詞，是學(xué)習(xí)中的重點(diǎn)，又是難點(diǎn)。英語(yǔ)中的動(dòng)詞有多種分類法。根據(jù)其有無(wú)含義，動(dòng)詞可分為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞和助動(dòng)詞；根據(jù)動(dòng)詞所表示的是動(dòng)作還是狀態(tài)，可以分為行為動(dòng)詞和狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞；根據(jù)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作能否延緩，分為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞和終止性動(dòng)詞。 可以表示持續(xù)的行為或狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞，叫做“延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞”，也叫“持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞”，如：be, keep, have, like, study, live, etc. 有的表示短暫、瞬間性的動(dòng)詞，叫做“終止性動(dòng)詞”，也可叫“短暫性動(dòng)詞”，或“瞬間性動(dòng)詞”，如die, join, leave, become, return, reach, etc. 終止性動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，不可以用表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)（如：since 和for引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ)）來(lái)修飾，終止性動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，只表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生的因果關(guān)系，不能表示動(dòng)作的延續(xù)，因此不能用表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)來(lái)修飾。 如可以說(shuō)：The Red Cross has already started for the earthquake-stricken area. 但不可說(shuō)：The Red Cross has already started for the earthquake-stricken area for three days. 因?yàn)閟tart是終止性動(dòng)詞, 它所表示的動(dòng)作短促, 當(dāng)紅十字會(huì)出發(fā)時(shí)，start這個(gè)動(dòng)作便結(jié)束了, 不可能延續(xù)兩天。 在十多年的教學(xué)生涯中，發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)生對(duì)于如何解決這對(duì)矛盾不知所措，下面我來(lái)歸納一下解決這對(duì)矛盾的四種方法。 用ago時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)短語(yǔ)來(lái)代替since或for引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)： eg. Mr. Richard has returned from America for two years. (wrong) Mr. Richard has returned from America since two years ago. (wrong) 應(yīng)改為: He returned from America two years ago. 2．用It is… since…復(fù)合句代替簡(jiǎn)單句 eg. It has been/is two years since Mr. Richard returned from America. 注意：以上兩種辦法適用于所有終止性動(dòng)詞。 3．用相應(yīng)的形容詞和副詞代替終止性動(dòng)詞。 eg. Mr. Richard has been back from America for two years. 4．用延緩性動(dòng)詞代替終止性動(dòng)詞。 eg. He has gone to the Internet for six hours. (wrong) 應(yīng)改為:He has been on the Internet for six hours. 但須注意：終止性動(dòng)詞的否定式可以和since 或for 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。因?yàn)榻K止性動(dòng)詞的否定表示的是一種可以延續(xù)的狀態(tài)。 eg. I have heard from my friend in Africa for half a year. (wrong) I haven’t heard from my friend in Africa for half a year.. (right) 此外，終止性動(dòng)詞與延緩性動(dòng)詞在翻譯上也不同，很易混淆。下面我再就終止性動(dòng)詞與延緩性動(dòng)詞的含義問(wèn)題做一歸納： 1. 在連詞since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中， 用終止性動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去時(shí)或用延緩性動(dòng)詞過(guò)去時(shí)，其含義是大不相同的。 A. since所引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中，如果句子謂語(yǔ)是終止性動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去時(shí)， 則從句表示的時(shí)間是從“那一時(shí)刻開始”。 eg. He has studied very hard since he came to our school. 自從他來(lái)校以來(lái)，一貫努力學(xué)習(xí)。 B. 在since所引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中，其謂語(yǔ)是延緩性動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去時(shí)，那么從句所表示的時(shí)間是從延緩性動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作結(jié)束時(shí)算起。 eg. I haven’t heard any noise since I slept. 自從我醒后，沒聽見任何聲音。 介詞for引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，在翻譯時(shí)有兩種不同的情況： A．介詞for引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)和延緩性動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的否定式連用時(shí)，有兩種不同的含義。 eg. He has not lived there for six months. 他不住在那兒已六個(gè)月了。（或： 他住在那兒還不到六個(gè)月。） B．介詞for引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)和終止性動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的否定式連用，只有一種含義。 eg. Mary has not left here for six months. 瑪麗已六個(gè)月沒有離開過(guò)這兒了。 句中含有till 或until 引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ)或從句，從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以是延續(xù)性的，也可以是終止性的，但要注意兩種情況： 如果主句中動(dòng)詞是延續(xù)性的動(dòng)詞，動(dòng)詞肯定或否定都可以，只是含義不同。 eg. He listened to the radio until his father came back. 他聽無(wú)線電一直到他父親回來(lái)為止。 eg. He didn’t listen to the radio until his father came back.. 直到他父親回來(lái)，他才聽無(wú)線電。 如果主句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是終止性動(dòng)詞，則只能用否定式。 eg. Mr. Smith didn’t marry until he was forty- five. (right) 史密斯先生到四十五歲才結(jié)婚。 Mr. Smith married until he was forty-five. (wrong) 20 .