畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)_十字頭零件的機(jī)械加工工藝規(guī)程及工裝夾具設(shè)計(jì)

畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)_十字頭零件的機(jī)械加工工藝規(guī)程及工裝夾具設(shè)計(jì),畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì),十字頭,零件,機(jī)械,加工,工藝,規(guī)程,工裝,夾具,設(shè)計(jì) 任務(wù)書 一． 設(shè)計(jì)題目： 設(shè)計(jì)如下十字頭的機(jī)械加工工藝規(guī)程及工藝裝備設(shè)計(jì) 十字頭 二、原始數(shù)據(jù)和技術(shù)要求： 生產(chǎn)類型：成批生產(chǎn) 三、設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容與要求： 1、毛坯圖1張（A4幅面）； 2、制定零件的機(jī)械加工工藝規(guī)程，填寫機(jī)械加工工藝過(guò)程卡片及所有工序的機(jī)械加工工序卡片1套； 3、設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書1份。 四、進(jìn)度安排： 序號(hào) 內(nèi)容 時(shí)間（天） 1 領(lǐng)取設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)書，熟悉資料，搜集設(shè)計(jì)資料 1 2 分析零件圖及加工要求 0.5 3 選擇毛坯的種類及制造方法，確定毛坯尺寸，繪制毛坯圖 1 4 選擇加工方法，擬訂工藝路線 2 5 進(jìn)行工序設(shè)計(jì)和工藝計(jì)算 4 6 編寫課程 設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書 1.5 機(jī)械加工工藝過(guò)程卡片 產(chǎn)品型號(hào) 零件圖號(hào) 產(chǎn)品名稱 十字頭 零件名稱 十字頭 共 1 頁(yè) 第 1 頁(yè) 材 料 牌 號(hào) HT200 毛 坯 種 類 鑄鐵 毛坯外形尺寸 每毛坯件數(shù) 每 臺(tái) 件 數(shù) 備 注 工 序 號(hào) 工 名 序 稱 工 序 內(nèi) 容 車 間 工 段 設(shè) 備 工 藝 裝 備 備注 1 鑄造 鑄造，清理 2 熱處理 時(shí)效 3 車 粗車φ85外圓保證尺寸φ88±0.10 CA6140 專用夾具、游標(biāo)卡尺、車刀、 4 銑 粗銑φ85頂面 X62W 游標(biāo)卡尺、硬質(zhì)合金銑刀 5 銑 粗,精銑底平面 X62W 游標(biāo)卡尺、硬質(zhì)合金銑刀 6 鉆、攻 鉆、攻4×M6螺紋孔 Z4012 專用夾具、φ5鉆頭、M6絲錐 7 擴(kuò) 擴(kuò)φ20孔 Z4012 專用夾具、游標(biāo)卡尺、φ20鉆頭 8 銑 銑十字頭 X62W 硬質(zhì)合金銑刀、游標(biāo)卡尺 9 鏜 粗鏜φ65內(nèi)孔 T618 游標(biāo)卡尺、開(kāi)式自鎖夾緊鏜刀 10 鏜 粗鏜、半精鏜、精鏜φ20內(nèi)孔 T618 專用夾具、內(nèi)徑千分尺、車刀 11 車 挖2-φ24環(huán)槽 CA6140 專用夾具、內(nèi)徑千分尺、車刀 12 車 精車φ85外圓 CA6140 專用夾具、游標(biāo)卡尺、車刀 13 去毛刺 去各部分銳邊毛刺 鉗工臺(tái) 平板銼 14 終檢 終檢 檢驗(yàn)臺(tái)上 15 16 設(shè) 計(jì)（日 期） 校 對(duì)（日期） 審 核（日期） 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化（日期） 會(huì) 簽（日期） 韓永鋒 標(biāo)記 處數(shù) 更改文件號(hào) 簽 字 日 期 標(biāo)記 處數(shù) 更改文件號(hào) 簽 字 日 期 機(jī)械加工工序卡片 產(chǎn)品型號(hào) 零件圖號(hào) 產(chǎn)品名稱 十字頭 零件名稱 十字頭 共 12 頁(yè) 第 1 頁(yè) 車間 工序號(hào) 工序名稱 材 料 牌 號(hào) 1 粗車 HT200 毛 坯 種 類 毛坯外形尺寸 每毛坯可制件數(shù) 每 臺(tái) 件 數(shù) 鑄造 設(shè)備名稱 設(shè)備型號(hào) 設(shè)備編號(hào) 同時(shí)加工件數(shù) 車床 CA6140 夾具編號(hào) 夾具名稱 切削液 專用夾具 工位器具編號(hào) 工位器具名稱 工序工時(shí) (分) 準(zhǔn)終 單件 4.517 82.07 工步號(hào) 工 步 內(nèi) 容 工 藝 裝 備 主軸轉(zhuǎn)速 切削速度 進(jìn)給量 切削深度 進(jìn)給次數(shù) 工步工時(shí) r/min m/min mm/r mm 機(jī)動(dòng) 輔助 1 安裝 專用夾具 0 0 0 0 2 粗車φ85外圓,保證尺寸如圖 專用夾具、游標(biāo)卡尺、90度車刀 268 59 1.0 2.5 1 0.52 1.26 設(shè) 計(jì)（日 期） 校 對(duì)（日期） 審 核（日期） 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化（日期） 會(huì) 簽（日期） 機(jī)械加工工序卡片 產(chǎn)品型號(hào) 零件圖號(hào) 產(chǎn)品名稱 十字頭 零件名稱 十字頭 共 12 頁(yè) 第 2 頁(yè) 車間 工序號(hào) 工序名稱 材 料 牌 號(hào) 2 銑φ85上平面 HT-200 毛 坯 種 類 毛坯外形尺寸 每毛坯可制件數(shù) 每 臺(tái) 件 數(shù) 鑄造 設(shè)備名稱 設(shè)備型號(hào) 設(shè)備編號(hào) 同時(shí)加工件數(shù) 銑床 X62W 夾具編號(hào) 夾具名稱 切削液 工位器具編號(hào) 工位器具名稱 工序工時(shí) (分) 準(zhǔn)終 單件 1.45 68.7 工步號(hào) 工 步 內(nèi) 容 工 藝 裝 備 主軸轉(zhuǎn)速 切削速度 進(jìn)給量 切削深度 進(jìn)給次數(shù) 工步工時(shí) r/min m/min mm/r mm 機(jī)動(dòng) 輔助 1 安裝 大平面 0 0 0 0 2 銑φ85上平面 大平面、游標(biāo)卡尺、硬質(zhì)合金銑刀 1272 120 0.2 3.5 1 1.45 2.27 設(shè) 計(jì)（日 期） 校 對(duì)（日期） 審 核（日期） 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化（日期） 會(huì) 簽（日期） 機(jī)械加工工序卡片 產(chǎn)品型號(hào) 零件圖號(hào) 產(chǎn)品名稱 十字頭 零件名稱 十字頭 共 12 頁(yè) 第 3 頁(yè) 車間 工序號(hào) 工序名稱 材 料 牌 號(hào) 3 銑φ85下平面 HT200 毛 坯 種 類 毛坯外形尺寸 每毛坯可制件數(shù) 每 臺(tái) 件 數(shù) 鑄造 設(shè)備名稱 設(shè)備型號(hào) 設(shè)備編號(hào) 同時(shí)加工件數(shù) 銑床床 X62W 夾具編號(hào) 夾具名稱 切削液 粗銑下面夾具 工位器具編號(hào) 工位器具名稱 工序工時(shí) (分) 準(zhǔn)終 單件 0.8 62.9 工步號(hào) 工 步 內(nèi) 容 工 藝 裝 備 主軸轉(zhuǎn)速 切削速度 進(jìn)給量 切削深度 進(jìn)給次數(shù) 工步工時(shí) r/min m/min mm/r mm 機(jī)動(dòng) 輔助 1 安裝 一面兩孔定位、 0 0 0 0 2 粗銑、精銑φ80下平面保證如圖 硬質(zhì)合金銑刀、游標(biāo)卡尺 954 150 0.12 3.5 2 3.5 2.27 設(shè) 計(jì)（日 期） 校 對(duì)（日期） 審 核（日期） 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化（日期） 會(huì) 簽（日期） 機(jī)械加工工序卡片 產(chǎn)品型號(hào) 零件圖號(hào) 產(chǎn)品名稱 十字頭 零件名稱 十字頭 共 12 頁(yè) 第 4 頁(yè) 車間 工序號(hào) 工序名稱 材 料 牌 號(hào) 4 鉆孔，攻絲 HT200 毛 坯 種 類 毛坯外形尺寸 每毛坯可制件數(shù) 每 臺(tái) 件 數(shù) 鑄造 設(shè)備名稱 設(shè)備型號(hào) 設(shè)備編號(hào) 同時(shí)加工件數(shù) 立式鉆床 Z4120 夾具編號(hào) 夾具名稱 切削液 粗銑N面夾具 工位器具編號(hào) 工位器具名稱 工序工時(shí) (分) 準(zhǔn)終 單件 8 80.53 工步號(hào) 工 步 內(nèi) 容 工 藝 裝 備 主軸轉(zhuǎn)速 切削速度 進(jìn)給量 切削深度 進(jìn)給次數(shù) 工步工時(shí) r/min m/min mm/r mm 機(jī)動(dòng) 輔助 1 安裝 V形塊、壓板 0 0 0 0 2 鉆2-φ5孔 V形塊、壓板、φ5鉆頭 681.4 15 0.27 3.5 1 0.4 1.34 3 攻2-M6螺紋孔 M6絲錐 90.85 2 0.2 1 0.4 1.34 設(shè) 計(jì)（日 期） 校 對(duì)（日期） 審 核（日期） 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化（日期） 會(huì) 簽（日期） 機(jī)械加工工序卡片 產(chǎn)品型號(hào) 零件圖號(hào) 產(chǎn)品名稱 十字頭 零件名稱 十字頭 共 12 頁(yè) 第 5 頁(yè) 車間 工序號(hào) 工序名稱 材 料 牌 號(hào) 5 擴(kuò)孔 HT-200 毛 坯 種 類 毛坯外形尺寸 每毛坯可制件數(shù) 每 臺(tái) 件 數(shù) 鑄造 設(shè)備名稱 設(shè)備型號(hào) 設(shè)備編號(hào) 同時(shí)加工件數(shù) 立式鉆床 Z4120 1 夾具編號(hào) 夾具名稱 切削液 一面兩孔夾具 工位器具編號(hào) 工位器具名稱 工序工時(shí) (分) 準(zhǔn)終 單件 2.56 72.62 工步號(hào) 工 步 內(nèi) 容 工 藝 裝 備 主軸轉(zhuǎn)速 切削速度 進(jìn)給量 切削深度 進(jìn)給次數(shù) 工步工時(shí) r/min m/min mm/r mm 機(jī)動(dòng) 輔助 1 安裝 專用夾具、 0 0 0 0 2 擴(kuò)孔φ20 φ20擴(kuò)孔鉆 397.5 15 0.27 2.5 1 0.2 1.34 設(shè) 計(jì)（日 期） 校 對(duì)（日期） 審 核（日期） 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化（日期） 會(huì) 簽（日期） 機(jī)械加工工序卡片 產(chǎn)品型號(hào) 零件圖號(hào) 產(chǎn)品名稱 十字頭 零件名稱 十字頭 共 12 頁(yè) 第 6 頁(yè) 車間 工序號(hào) 工序名稱 材 料 牌 號(hào) 6 鉆孔、攻絲 HT200 毛 坯 種 類 毛坯外形尺寸 每毛坯可制件數(shù) 每 臺(tái) 件 數(shù) 鑄造 設(shè)備名稱 設(shè)備型號(hào) 設(shè)備編號(hào) 同時(shí)加工件數(shù) 銑床 X62W 夾具編號(hào) 夾具名稱 切削液 工位器具編號(hào) 工位器具名稱 工序工時(shí) (分) 準(zhǔn)終 單件 2.51 62.73 工步號(hào) 工 步 內(nèi) 容 工 藝 裝 備 主軸轉(zhuǎn)速 切削速度 進(jìn)給量 切削深度 進(jìn)給次數(shù) 工步工時(shí) r/min m/min mm/r mm 機(jī)動(dòng) 輔助 1 安裝 0 0 0 0 2 粗銑35x35的平面保證如圖 硬質(zhì)合金銑刀、游標(biāo)卡尺 954 150 0.12 3.5 2 3.5 2.27 設(shè) 計(jì)（日 期） 校 對(duì)（日期） 審 核（日期） 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化（日期） 會(huì) 簽（日期） 機(jī)械加工工序卡片 產(chǎn)品型號(hào) 零件圖號(hào) 產(chǎn)品名稱 十字頭 零件名稱 十字頭 共 12 頁(yè) 第 7 頁(yè) 車間 工序號(hào) 工序名稱 材 料 牌 號(hào) 7 鏜孔 HT200 毛 坯 種 類 毛坯外形尺寸 每毛坯可制件數(shù) 每 臺(tái) 件 數(shù) 鑄造 設(shè)備名稱 設(shè)備型號(hào) 設(shè)備編號(hào) 同時(shí)加工件數(shù) 鏜床 T618 夾具編號(hào) 夾具名稱 切削液 工位器具編號(hào) 工位器具名稱 工序工時(shí) (分) 準(zhǔn)終 單件 3.1 63.93 工步號(hào) 工 步 內(nèi) 容 工 藝 裝 備 主軸轉(zhuǎn)速 切削速度 進(jìn)給量 切削深度 進(jìn)給次數(shù) 工步工時(shí) r/min m/min mm/r mm 機(jī)動(dòng) 輔助 1 安裝 V形塊 0 0 0 0 2 鏜φ65孔 游標(biāo)卡尺、開(kāi)式自鎖夾緊鏜刀 1272 100 0.2 2.5 1 0.08 1.34 設(shè) 計(jì)（日 期） 校 對(duì)（日期） 審 核（日期） 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化（日期） 會(huì) 簽（日期） 機(jī)械加工工序卡片 產(chǎn)品型號(hào) 零件圖號(hào) 產(chǎn)品名稱 十字頭 零件名稱 十字頭 共 12 頁(yè) 第 8 頁(yè) 車間 工序號(hào) 工序名稱 材 料 牌 號(hào) 8 鏜孔 HT200 毛 坯 種 類 毛坯外形尺寸 每毛坯可制件數(shù) 每 臺(tái) 件 數(shù) 鑄造 設(shè)備名稱 設(shè)備型號(hào) 設(shè)備編號(hào) 同時(shí)加工件數(shù) 鏜床 T618 夾具編號(hào) 夾具名稱 切削液 工位器具編號(hào) 工位器具名稱 工序工時(shí) (分) 準(zhǔn)終 單件 4.8 63.23 工步號(hào) 工 步 內(nèi) 容 工 藝 裝 備 主軸轉(zhuǎn)速 切削速度 進(jìn)給量 切削深度 進(jìn)給次數(shù) 工步工時(shí) r/min m/min mm/r mm 機(jī)動(dòng) 輔助 1 安裝 0 0 0 0 2 粗鏜φ20孔 游標(biāo)卡尺、開(kāi)式自鎖夾緊鏜刀 1017.6 80 0.5 3 1 0.06 1.34 3 精樘φ20孔 游標(biāo)卡尺、開(kāi)式自鎖夾緊鏜刀 1017.6 80 0.15 0.5 1 0.14 1.34 設(shè) 計(jì)（日 期） 校 對(duì)（日期） 審 核（日期） 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化（日期） 會(huì) 簽（日期） 機(jī)械加工工序卡片 產(chǎn)品型號(hào) 零件圖號(hào) 產(chǎn)品名稱 十字頭 零件名稱 十字頭 共 12 頁(yè) 第 9 頁(yè) 車間 工序號(hào) 工序名稱 材 料 牌 號(hào) 9 挖環(huán)槽 HT200 毛 坯 種 類 毛坯外形尺寸 每毛坯可制件數(shù) 每 臺(tái) 件 數(shù) 鑄造 設(shè)備名稱 設(shè)備型號(hào) 設(shè)備編號(hào) 同時(shí)加工件數(shù) 普通車床 C6140 夾具編號(hào) 夾具名稱 切削液 工位器具編號(hào) 工位器具名稱 工序工時(shí) (分) 準(zhǔn)終 單件 1.6 62.63 工步號(hào) 工 步 內(nèi) 容 工 藝 裝 備 主軸轉(zhuǎn)速 切削速度 進(jìn)給量 切削深度 進(jìn)給次數(shù) 工步工時(shí) r/min m/min mm/r mm 機(jī)動(dòng) 輔助 1 安裝 0 0 0 0 2 粗車φ24環(huán)形槽 1043 82 0.5 2 1 0.16 0.8 設(shè) 計(jì)（日 期） 校 對(duì)（日期） 審 核（日期） 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化（日期） 會(huì) 簽（日期） 機(jī)械加工工序卡片 產(chǎn)品型號(hào) 零件圖號(hào) 產(chǎn)品名稱 十字頭 零件名稱 十字頭 共 12 頁(yè) 第 10 頁(yè) 車間 工序號(hào) 工序名稱 材 料 牌 號(hào) 10 車外圓 HT200 毛 坯 種 類 毛坯外形尺寸 每毛坯可制件數(shù) 每 臺(tái) 件 數(shù) 鑄造 設(shè)備名稱 設(shè)備型號(hào) 設(shè)備編號(hào) 同時(shí)加工件數(shù) 車床 C6140 夾具編號(hào) 夾具名稱 切削液 工位器具編號(hào) 工位器具名稱 工序工時(shí) (分) 準(zhǔn)終 單件 1.6 62.63 工步號(hào) 工 步 內(nèi) 容 工 藝 裝 備 主軸轉(zhuǎn)速 切削速度 進(jìn)給量 切削深度 進(jìn)給次數(shù) 工步工時(shí) r/min m/min mm/r mm 機(jī)動(dòng) 輔助 1 裝夾 2 半精車φ85外圓 363.4 80 0.7 1 1 2.26 0.72 3 精車φ85外圓 715.5 90 0.4 2 1 0.2 0.8 設(shè) 計(jì)（日 期） 校 對(duì)（日期） 審 核（日期） 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化（日期） 會(huì) 簽（日期） 機(jī)械加工工序卡片 產(chǎn)品型號(hào) 零件圖號(hào) 產(chǎn)品名稱 十字頭 零件名稱 十字頭 共 12 頁(yè) 第 11 頁(yè) 車間 工序號(hào) 工序名稱 材 料 牌 號(hào) 11 去除銳邊毛剌 HT200 毛 坯 種 類 毛坯外形尺寸 每毛坯可制件數(shù) 每 臺(tái) 件 數(shù) 鑄造 設(shè)備名稱 設(shè)備型號(hào) 設(shè)備編號(hào) 同時(shí)加工件數(shù) 夾具編號(hào) 夾具名稱 切削液 工位器具編號(hào) 工位器具名稱 工序工時(shí) (分) 準(zhǔn)終 單件 1.6 62.63 工步號(hào) 工 步 內(nèi) 容 工 藝 裝 備 主軸轉(zhuǎn)速 切削速度 進(jìn)給量 切削深度 進(jìn)給次數(shù) 工步工時(shí) r/min m/min mm/r mm 機(jī)動(dòng) 輔助 1 安裝 0 0 0 0 2 設(shè) 計(jì)（日 期） 校 對(duì)（日期） 審 核（日期） 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化（日期） 會(huì) 簽（日期） 機(jī)械加工工序卡片 產(chǎn)品型號(hào) 零件圖號(hào) 產(chǎn)品名稱 十字頭 零件名稱 十字頭 共 12 頁(yè) 第 12 頁(yè) 車間 工序號(hào) 工序名稱 材 料 牌 號(hào) 13 終檢入庫(kù) 毛 坯 種 類 毛坯外形尺寸 每毛坯可制件數(shù) 每 臺(tái) 件 數(shù) 鑄造 設(shè)備名稱 設(shè)備型號(hào) 設(shè)備編號(hào) 同時(shí)加工件數(shù) 夾具編號(hào) 夾具名稱 切削液 工位器具編號(hào) 工位器具名稱 工序工時(shí) (分) 準(zhǔn)終 單件 工步號(hào) 工 步 內(nèi) 容 工 藝 裝 備 主軸轉(zhuǎn)速 切削速度 進(jìn)給量 切削深度 進(jìn)給次數(shù) 工步工時(shí) r/min m/min mm/r mm 機(jī)動(dòng) 輔助 1 按圖示尺寸進(jìn)行檢查 各種量具 2 防銹入庫(kù) 設(shè) 計(jì)（日 期） 校 對(duì)（日期） 審 核（日期） 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化（日期） 會(huì) 簽（日期） 13 參考文獻(xiàn)： [1] 藍(lán)恭謙.精密型材校直液壓機(jī)國(guó)內(nèi)外現(xiàn)狀及其發(fā)展趨勢(shì)[Ｊ].鍛壓機(jī)械.1991(4):48-52. [2] 王漢功，趙文轉(zhuǎn).修復(fù)工程學(xué)[M].北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社2000.1.1.202 [3] 譚偉.校直工藝的現(xiàn)狀調(diào)查[Ｊ].渝州: 渝州大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(自然科學(xué)版).1997.14(1):18～21. [4] 欽明浩,柯尊忠,張向軍等.精密矯直機(jī)中軸類零件矯直工藝?yán)碚撗芯縖Ｊ].北京:機(jī)械工程學(xué)報(bào).1997.33(2):48～53. [5] 崔甫.矯直原理與矯直機(jī)械[Ｍ].北京:冶金工業(yè)出版社.2002. [6] 機(jī)械加工工藝辭典編委會(huì)，丁年雄主編.機(jī)械加工工藝辭典北京:學(xué)苑出版社.1990.7. 1-63 [7] 崔甫 施東成.矯直機(jī)壓彎量汁算法的探討[J].冶金設(shè)備．1999 [8] 劉鴻文 主編 材料力學(xué)[M] 北京：高等教育出版社.2004.65-85 [9] 徐芝綸 編彈性力學(xué)[M].北京;高等教育出版社.1981. 12-126 [10] 成大先 編.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)[M].北京：化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社，2002 [11] 崔甫.矯直理論與參數(shù)計(jì)算[Ｍ].北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,1994.12-19 [12] 丁曙光.精校機(jī)自動(dòng)檢測(cè)系統(tǒng)中數(shù)據(jù)處理方法的研究[J].機(jī)械科學(xué)與技[13] 張利平.液壓氣動(dòng)系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)[Ｍ].北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,1997.6. [14] 張君安.機(jī)電一體化系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)[M] 北京：兵器工業(yè)出版社.1997 [15] Makhnenko V I，Shekera V M，hortunatova N' N，Shkatov A S·Ershov yayuko. The efficiency of pulsed loading in the straightening of thin-walled welded structures by the electrohvdrauiic pulsed method. Automatic Welding vo1.33, no.5:7一II .May 1980 [16] 蔡春源 主編.機(jī)電液設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)(中).北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社. 1997 [17] 馮奇斌,呂國(guó)強(qiáng).精密校直機(jī)微機(jī)檢測(cè)系統(tǒng)的研究[Ｊ].北京:機(jī)械工藝師.2000.(9):36～37. 英文原文： SHAFT AND GEAR DESIGN Abstract: The important position of the wheel gear and shaft can' t falter in traditional machine and modern machines. The wheel gear and shafts mainly install the direction that delivers the dint at the principal axis box. The passing to process to make them can is divided into many model numbers, useding for many situations respectively. So we must be the multilayers to the understanding of the wheel gear and shaft in many ways Key words : Wheel gear ; Shaft In the force analysis of spur gears, the forces are assumed to act in a single plane .We shall study gears in which the forces have three dimensions.The reason for this, in the case of helical gears, is that the teeth are not parallel to the axis of rotation. And in the case of bevel gears, the rotational axes are not parallel to each other. There are also other reasons, as we shall learn.Helical gears are used to transmit motion between parallel shafts. The helix angle is the same on each gear, but one gear must have a right-hand helix and the other a left-hand helix. The shape of the tooth is an involute helicoid. If a piece of paper cut in the shape of a parallelogram is wrapped around a cylinder, the angular edge of the paper becomes a helix. If we unwind this paper, each point on the angular edge generates an involute curve. The surface obtained when every point on the edge generates an involute is called an involute helicoid. The initial contact of spur-gear teeth is a line extending all the way across the face of the tooth. The initial contact of helical gear teeth is a point, which changes into a line as the teeth come into more engagement. In spur gears the line of contact is parallel to the axis of the rotation; in helical gears, the line is diagonal across the face of the tooth. It is this gradual of the teeth and the smooth transfer of load from one tooth to another, which give helical gears the ability to transmit heavy loads at high speeds. Helical gears subject the shaft bearings to both radial and thrust loads. When the thrust loads become high or are objectionable for other reasons, it may be desirable to use double helical gears. A double helical gear (herringbone) is equivalent to two helical gears of opposite hand, mounted side byside on the same shaft. They develop opposite thrust reactions and thus cancel out the thrust load. When two or more single helical gears are mounted on the same shaft,the hand of the gears should be selected so as to produce the minimum thrust load Crossed-helical, or spiral, gears are those in which the shaft centerlines are neither parallel nor intersecting. The teeth of crossed-helical fears have point contact with each other, which changes to line contact as the gears wear in. For this reason they will carry out very small loads and are mainly for instrumental applications, and are definitely not recommended for use in the transmission of power There is on difference between a crossed heli cal gear and a helical gear until they are mounted in mesh with each other. They are manufactured in the same way. A pair of meshed crossed helical gears usually have the same hand; that is , a right-hand driver goes with a right-hand driven. In the design of crossed-helical gears, the minimum sliding velocity is obtained when the helix angle are equal. However, when the helix angle are not equal, the gear with the larger helix angle should be used as the driver if both gears have the same hand Worm gears are similar to crossed helical gears. The pinion or worm has a small number of teeth, usually one to four, and since they completely wrap around the pitch cylinder they are called threads. Its mating gear is called a worm gear, which is not a true helical gear. A worm and worm gear are used to provide a high angular-velocity reduction between nonintersecting shafts which are usually at right angle. The worm gear is not a helical gear because its face is made concave to fit the curvature of the worm in order to provide line contact instead of point contact. However, a disadvantage of worm gearing is the high sliding velocities across the teeth, the same as with crossed helical gears Worm gearing are either single or double enveloping. A single-enveloping gearing is one in which the gear wraps around or partially encloses the worm. . A gearing in which each element partially encloses the other is, of course, a double-enveloping worm gearing. The important difference between the two is that area contact exists between the teeth of doubleenveloping gears while only line contact between those of single-enveloping gears. The worm and worm gear of a set have the same hand ofhelix as for crossed helical gears, but the helix angles are usually quite different The helix angle on the worm is generally quite large, and that on the gear very small Because of this, it is usual to specify the lead angle on the worm, which is the complement of the worm helix angle, and the helix angle on the gear; the two angles are equal for a 90-deg. Shaft angle When gears are to be used to transmit motion between intersecting shaft, some of bevel gear is required. Although bevel gear are usually made for a shaft angle of 90 deg. They may be produced for almost any shaft angle. The teeth may be cast, milled, or generated. Only the generated teeth may be classed as accurate. In a typical bevel gear mounting, one of the gear is often mounted outboard of the bearing. This means that shaft deflection can be more pronounced and have a greater effect on the contact of teeth. Another difficulty, which occurs in predicting the stress in bevel-gear teeth, is the fact the teeth are tapered. Straight bevel gears are easy to design and simple to manufacture and give very good results in service if they are mounted accurately and positively. As in the case of squr gears, however, they become noisy at higher values of the pitch-line velocity In these cases it is often go od design practice to go to the spiral bevel gear, which is the bevel counterpart of the helical gear. As in the case of helical gears, spiral bevel gears give a much smoother tooth action than straight bevel gears, and hence are useful where high speed are encountered. It is frequently desirable, as in the case of automotive differential applications, to have gearing similar to bevel gears but with the shaft offset. Such gears are called hypoid gears because their pitch surfaces are hyperboloids of revolution The tooth action between such gears is a combination of rolling and sliding along a straight line and has much in common with that of worm gears A shaft is a rotating or stationary member, usually of circular cross section, having mounted upon it such elementsas gears, pulleys, flywheels, cranks, sprockets, and other power-transmission elements. Shaft may be subjected to bending, tension, compression, or torsional loads, acting singly or in combination with one another. When they are combined, one may expect to find both static and fatigue strength tobe important design considerations, since a single shaft may be subjected to static stresses, completely reversed, and repeated stresses, all acting at the same time The word "shaft" covers numerous variations, such as axles and spindles. Anaxle is a shaft, wither stationary or rotating, nor subjected to torsion load. A shirt rotating shaft is often called a spindle. When either the lateral or the torsional deflection of a shaft must be held to close limits, the shaft must be sized on the basis of deflection before analyzing the stresses. The reason for this is that, if the shaft is made stiff enough so that the deflection is not too large, it is probable that the resulting stresses will be safe. But by no means should the designer assume that they are safe; it is almost always necessary to calculate them so that he knows they are within acceptable limits Whenever possible, the power-transruission elements, such as gears or pullets, should be located close to the supporting bearings, This reduces the bending moment, and hence the deflection and bending stress. Although the von Mises-Hencky-Goodman method is difficult to use in design of shaft, it probably comes closest to predicting actual failure. Thus it is a good way of checking a shaft that has already been designed or of discovering why a particular shaft has failed in service. Furthermore, there are a considerable number of shaft-design problems in which the dimension are pretty well limited by other considerations, such as rigidity, and it is only necessary for the designer to discover something about the fillet sizes, heat-treatment, and surface finish and whether or not shot peening is necessary in order to achieve the required life and reliability Because of the similarity of their functions, clutches and brakes are treated together. In a simplified dynamic representation of a friction clutch, or brake two in ertias 11 and 12 traveling at the respective angular velocities Wl and W2, one of which may be zero in the case of brake, are to be brought to the same speed by engaging the clutch or brake. Slippage occurs because the two elements are running at different speeds and energy is dissipated during actuation, resulting in a temperature rise. In analyzing the performance of these devices we shall beinterested in the actuating force, the torque transmitted, the energy loss and the temperature rise. The torque transmitted is related to the actuating force, the coefficient of friction, and the geometry of the clutch or brake. This is problem in static, which will have to be studied separately for eath geometric configuration. However, temperature rise is related to energy loss and can be studied without regard to the type of brake or clutch because the geometry of interest is the heat-dissipating surfaces. The various types of clutches and brakes may be classified as fllows 1. Rim type with internally expanding shoes 2. Rim type with externally contracting shoes 3。 Band type 4. Disk or axial type 5． Cone type 6. Miscellaneous type The analysis of all type of friction clutches and brakes use the same general procedure. The following step are necessary 1. Assume or determine the distribution of pressure on the frictional surfaces 2. Find a relation between the maximum pressure and the pressure at any point 3. Apply the condition of statical equilibrium to find (a) the actuating force, (b) the torque, and (c) the support reactions Miscellaneous clutches include several types, such as the positive-contact clutches, overload-release clutches, overrunning clutches, magnetic fluid clutches, and others. A positive-contact clutch consists of a shift lever and two jaws. The greatest differences between the various types of positive clutches are concerned with the design of the jaws. To provide a longer period of time for shift action during engagement, the jaws may be ratchet-shaped, or gear-tooth-shaped. Sometimes a greatmany teeth or jaws are used, and they may be cut either circumferentially, so that they engage by cylindrical mating, or on the faces of the mating elements Although positive clutches are not used to the extent of the frictional-contact type, they do have important applications where synchronous operation is required Devices such as linear drives or motor-operated screw drivers must run to definite limit and then come to a stop. An overload-release type of clutch is required for these applications. These clutches are usually spring-loaded so as to release at a predetermined toque. The clicking sound which is heard when the overload point is reached is considered to be a desirable signal An overrunning clutch or coupling permits the driven member of a machine to "freewheel" or "overrun" because the driver is stopped or because another source of power increase the speed of the driven. This type of clutch usually uses rollers or balls mounted between an outer sleeve and an inner member having flats machined around the periphery. Driving action is obtained by wedging the rollers between the sleeve and the flats. The clutch is therefore equivalent to a pawl and ratchet with an infinite number of teeth Magnetic fluid clutch or brake is a relatively new development which has two parallel magnetic plates. Between these plates is a lubricated magnetic powder mixture. An electromagnetic coil is inserted somewhere in the magnetic circuit. By varying the excitation to this coil, the shearing strength of the magnetic fluid mixture may be accurately controlled. Thus any condition from a full slip to a frozen lockup may be obtained Introduciton of Machining Have a shape as a processing method, all machining process for the production of the most commonly used and most important method. Machining process is a process generated shape, in this process, Drivers device on the workpiece material to be in the form of chip removal. Although in some occasions, the workpiece under no circumstances, the use of mobile equipment to the processing, However, the majorityof the machining is not only supporting the workpiece also supporting tools and equipment to complete. Machining know the process has two aspects. Small group of low-cost production. For casting, forging and machining pressure, every production of a specific shape of the workpiece, even a spare parts, almost have to spend the high cost of processing. Welding to rely on the shape of the structure, to a large extent, depend on effective in the form of raw materials. In general, through the use of expensive equipment and without special processing conditions, can be almost any type of raw materials, mechanical processing to convert the raw materials processed into the arbitrary shape of the structure, as long as the external dimensions large enough, it is possible. Because of a production of spare parts, even when the parts and structure of the production batch sizes are suitable for the original casting, Forging or pressure processing to produce, but usually prefer machining Strict precision and good surface finish, Machining the second purpose is the establishment of the high precision and surface finish possible on the basis of Many parts, if any other means of production belonging to the largescale production, Well Machining is a low-tolerance and can meet the requirements of small batch production. Besides, many parts on the production and processing of coarse process to improve its general shape of the surface. It is only necessary precision and choose only the surface machining. For instance, thread, in addition to mechanical processing, almost no other processing method for processing. Another example is the blacksmith pieces keyhole processing, as well as training to be conducted immediately after the mechanical completion of the processing. Primary Cutting Parameters Cutting the work piece and tool based on the basic relationship between the following four elements to fully describe : the tool geometry, cutting speed, feed rate, depth and penetration of a cutting tool. Cutting Tools must be of a suitable material to manufacture, it must be strong, tough hard and wear-resistant. Tool geometry - to the tip plane and cutter angle characteristics - for each cutting process must be correct. Cutting speed is the cutting edge of work piece surface rate, it is inches per minute to show. In order to effectively processing, and cutting speed must adapt to the level of specific parts - with knives. Generally, the more hard work piece material the lower the rate. Progressive Tool to speed is cut into the work piece speed. If the work piece or tool for rotating movement, feed rate per round over the number of inches to the measurement. When the work piece or tool for reciprocating movement and feed rate on each trip through the measurement of inches. Generally, in other conditions, feed rate and cutting speed is inversely proportional to。 Depth of penetration of a cutting tool - to inches dollars - is the tool to the work piece distance. Rotary cutting it to the chip or equal to the width of the linear cutting chip thickness. Rough than finishing, deeper penetration of a cutting tool depth. Wears of Cutting To01 We already have been processed and the rattle of the countless cracks edge tool we learn that tool wear are basically three forms : flank wear, the former flank wear and V-Notch wear. Flank wear occurred in both the main blade occurred vice blade On the main blade, shoulder removed because most metal chip mandate, which resulted in an increase cutting force and cutting temperature increase, If not allowed to check, That could lead to the work piece and the tool vibration and provide for efficient cutting conditions may no longer exist. Vicebladed on, it is determined work piece dimensions and surface finish. Flank wear size of the possible failure of the product and surface finish are also inferior. In most actual cutting conditions, as the principal in the former first deputy flank before flank wear, wear arrival enough, Tool will be effective, the results are made unqualified parts As Tool stress on the surface uneven, chip and flank before sliding contact zone between stress, in sliding contact the start of the largest, and in contact with the tail of zero, so abrasive wear in the region occurred. This is because the card cutting edge than the nearby settlements near the more serious wear, and bladed chip due to the vicinity of the former flank and lost contact wear lighter. This resultsfrom a certain distance from the cutting edge of the surface formed before the knife point Ma pit, which is usually considered before wear. Under normal circumstances, this is wear cross-sectional shape of an arc. In many instances and for the actual cutting conditions, the former flank wear compared to flank wear light, Therefore flank wear more generally as a tool failure of scale signs. But because many authors have said in the cutting speed of the increase, Maeto surface temperature than the knife surface temperatures have risen faster. but because any form of wear rate is essentially temperature changes by the significant impact. Therefore, the former usually wear in high-speed cutting happen The main tool flank wear the tail is not processed with the work piece surface in contact, Therefore flank wear than wear along with the ends more visible, which is the most common. This is because the local effect, which is as rough on the surface has hardened layer, This effect is by cutting in front of the hardening of t he work piece. Not just cutting, and as oxidation skin, the blade local high temperature will also cause this effect. This partial wear normally referred to as pit sexual wear, but occasionally it is very serious. Despite the emergence of the pits on the Cutting Tool nature is not meaningful impact, but often pits gradually become darker If cutting continued the case, then there cutter fracture crisis If any form of sexual allowed to wear, eventually wear rate increase obviously will be a tool to destroy failure destruction, that will no longer tool for cutting, cause the work piece scrapped, it is good, can cause serious damage machine. For various carbide cutting tools and for the various types of wear, in the event of a serious lapse, on the tool that has reached the end of the life cycle. But for various high-speed steel cutting tools and wear belonging to the non-uniformity of wear, has been found : When the wear and even to allow for a serious lapse, the most meaningful is that the tool can re-mill use, of course, In practice, cutting the time to use than the short time lapse. Several phenomena are one tool serious lapse began features : the most common is the sudden increase cutting force, appeared on the work piece burning ring patterns and an increase in noise. The Effect of Changes in Cutting Parameters on Cutting Temperatures In metal cutting operations heat is ge