帶式輸送機傳動裝置設計【二級圓柱斜齒輪減速器】【T=1300N.m V=0.78m-s D=320mm 】【說明書+CAD+SOLIDWORKS】

帶式輸送機傳動裝置設計【二級圓柱斜齒輪減速器】【T=1300N.m V=0.78m-s D=320mm 】【說明書+CAD+SOLIDWORKS】,二級圓柱斜齒輪減速器,T=1300N.m V=0.78m-s D=320mm ,說明書+CAD+SOLIDWORKS,帶式輸送機傳動裝置設計【二級圓柱斜齒輪減速器】【T=1300N.m,V=0.78m-s,輸送 帶式輸送機設計說明書 班級： 姓名: 學號： 機械設計課程設計任務書 設計帶式運輸機的傳動裝置。 工作條件： 1、 每天一班制工作，每年工作300天，使用年限10年，大修期3年； 2、 連續(xù)單向回轉(zhuǎn)，工作時有輕微振動，運輸帶速度允許誤差±5%； 3、 生產(chǎn)廠可加工7~8級精度的齒輪； 4、 動力來源為三相交流電； 5、 批量生產(chǎn)。 傳動裝置簡圖： 設計任務： 1、傳動裝置設計計算 2、減速器繪圖 （1）手工繪制減速器裝配草圖（A1）； （2）減速器計算機三維造型； （3）計算機生成減速器工程圖：裝配圖（A1）、齒輪零件圖（A3）、軸零件圖（A3）。 原始數(shù)據(jù)： 數(shù)據(jù)編號 數(shù)據(jù)編號 學號 姓名 學號 姓名 運輸機工作軸轉(zhuǎn)矩T(N.m) 1300 運輸帶工作拉力F(N) 運輸帶工作速度v(m/s) 0.78 運輸帶工作速度v(m/s) 卷筒直徑D(mm) 320 卷筒直徑D(mm) 2傳動裝置的總體設計 2.1 擬定傳動方案 機器一般由原動機、傳動裝置、工作機和控制系統(tǒng)四部分。如圖２－１所示的帶式運輸機，其原動機為電動機，傳動裝置為二級展開式圓柱齒輪減速器，工作機為卷筒與輸送帶，各部件用聯(lián)軸器連接并安裝在機架上。傳動裝置在原動機與工作機之間傳遞運動和動力，并改變運動的形式、速度大小和轉(zhuǎn)矩大小。傳動裝置一般包括傳動件和支撐件兩部分。合理的傳動方案，要滿足工作機的性能要求，適應工作條件。工作可靠。此外傳動裝置還應結(jié)構簡單、尺寸緊湊、加工方便、成本低廉、傳動效率高和使用維護方便。 如圖2-1 所示帶式運輸機傳動方案，已知輸送帶的有效拉力F=1300N，輸送帶線速度v=0.78m/s,卷筒直徑d=320mm,載荷平穩(wěn)，常溫下連續(xù)運轉(zhuǎn)，工作環(huán)境有灰塵，電源為三相交流電，電壓380V。①選擇合適的電動機；②計算傳動裝置的總傳動比，并分配各級傳動比；③計算傳動裝置各軸的運動和動力參數(shù)。 圖2-1 傳動裝置簡圖 2.2 電動機選擇 2.2.1 電動機容量確定 對于載荷比較穩(wěn)定、長期連續(xù)運行運輸機，只要所選電動機的額定功率Ped等于或大于所需的電動機工作功率Pd,即Ped≥Pd, 電動機就能完全工作。 工作機的有效功率為 Pw = Fv/1000 =(1300N×0.78m/s)/1000 =1.014KW 設η1、η2、η3、η4分別為聯(lián)軸器、滾動軸承、齒輪傳動及帶傳動的效率，則總效率為 NΣ=η1η23η32η4=0.99×0.983×0.972×0.96 =0.84 電動機所需的工作功率為 Pd=Pw/ηΣ = 1.014KW/0.84= 1.21KW 據(jù)《機械設計——課程設計手冊》P258頁表10.2.1，選Ped=1.5KW 確定電動機的額定功率Ped≥Pd 2.2.2 電動機轉(zhuǎn)速確定 按表推薦的傳動比合理范圍，二級圓柱齒輪減速器傳動比i′Σ= 8～40，工作機卷筒的轉(zhuǎn)速為 nw=60×1000v/πd = 60×1000×0.78/(3.14×320)=46.6r/min 所以電動機轉(zhuǎn)速的可選范圍為 nd= i′Σnw=(8～40)×46.6 r/min = (372.8～1864) r/min 根據(jù)電動機類型、容量、轉(zhuǎn)速，由《機械設計——課程設計指導書》表10.2.1或有關于手冊，選定電動機型號為Y90L-4，選用同步轉(zhuǎn)速1500 r/min，額定功率1.5KW，轉(zhuǎn)速1400r/min 2.3.3 電動機技術參數(shù) 表2-1 電動機轉(zhuǎn)速 電動機型號 額定功率/kw 滿載轉(zhuǎn)速/(r/min) Y900L-4 1.5 1400 2.2 2.2 2.3 傳動比分配 2.3.1 傳動裝置總傳動比確定 傳動裝置的總傳動比iΣ由電動機滿載轉(zhuǎn)速和工作機主軸轉(zhuǎn)速nw確定，即 ｉΣ＝nm/ｎw = 1400/46.6 =30.04 2.3.2 帶傳動傳動比 帶傳動的傳動比要小于齒輪減速其的傳動比，取帶的傳動比 2.3.3 兩級圓柱齒輪減速器傳動比 則齒輪減速器的傳動比 2.3.3.1 高速級齒輪傳動比 對展開式二級圓柱齒輪減速器，可取iⅠ=（1.3～1.5）iⅡ，為使兩極大齒輪直徑相近，取 iⅠ=1.35iⅡ 所以 2.3.3.2 低速級齒輪傳動比 iⅡ= i / iⅠ= 12.51/4.11 = 3.04 2.4 傳動裝置運動和動力參數(shù)計算 Ⅰ軸為小帶輪軸，Ⅱ軸為大帶輪軸即減速器輸入軸， Ⅲ軸為減速器中間軸， Ⅳ軸為減速器輸出軸。 2.4.1 各軸轉(zhuǎn)速 Ⅰ軸 nⅠ=　nm　= 1400r /min Ⅱ軸 nⅡ= nⅠ/iv=1400 r/min/2.4= 583.33 r/min Ⅲ軸 nⅢ= nⅡ/ iⅠ=583.33r/min/4.11 =141.9r/min Ⅳ軸 = /iⅡ=141.9r/min/3.04 =46.68r/min 卷筒軸 nw= =46.68 r/min 2.4.2 各軸輸入功率 Ⅰ軸 PⅠ= Pdη1=1.21KW×0.99=1.198KW Ⅱ軸 PⅡ= pⅠη2η4=1.198KW×0.98×0.96=1.127KW Ⅲ軸 PⅢ= pⅡη2η3=1.127KW×0.98×0.97=1.071KW Ⅳ軸 = PⅢη2η3=1.071KW×0.98×0.97=1.018KW 卷筒軸 P卷= η2η1=1.018KW×0.98×0.99=0.988KW 2.4.3 各軸輸入轉(zhuǎn)矩 電動機的輸入轉(zhuǎn)矩Td為 Td=9.55×106Pd/nm=9.55×106×(1.21KW/1400r/min) =0.83×104 N·mm 所以： Ⅰ軸 TⅠ= Tdη1=8253.9N·mm×0.99=0.82×104 N·mm Ⅱ軸 TⅡ= TⅠη2η4 iV=8200 N·mm×0.98×0.96×2.5 =1.85×104 N·mm Ⅲ軸 TⅢ= TⅡη2η3 iI=1.85×104×0.98×0.97×4.11 =7.23×104 N·mm Ⅳ軸 = TⅢη2η3 iⅡ=7.23×104×0.98×0.97×3.04 =2.09×105 N·mm 卷筒軸 T卷=η1η2=2.09×105 N·mm×0.98×0.99 =2.03×105 N·mm 2.4.4 運動和動力參數(shù) 各軸運動和動力參數(shù)匯總表 軸名 功率P/KW 轉(zhuǎn)矩T/(N·mm) 轉(zhuǎn)速n/(r/min) Ⅰ軸 1.198 8300 1400 Ⅱ軸 1.127 18500 583.3 Ⅲ軸 1.071 72300 141.9 Ⅳ軸 1.018 209000 46.68 卷筒軸 0.988 203000 46.68 3 傳動零件設計計算 3.1 V帶傳動設計 3.1.1 確定計算功率和V帶型號 根據(jù)給定的工作條件，查表得工作情況系數(shù)=1.1， ∴=1.1W V帶截面型號選擇 由額定功率和轉(zhuǎn)速查圖并驗證后，選Z型V帶 3.1.2 確定帶輪基準直徑并驗算帶速 根據(jù)型號查表選擇：=90mm> 根據(jù)傳動比確定從動輪直徑:=225mm 據(jù)表選取最接近的標準直徑為=224mm 驗算帶速v V帶傳動帶速為 =6.594m/s<25m/s，帶速適宜 3.1.3 確定帶傳動中心距和帶的基準長度并驗算包角 初定中心距 , 得219.8≤≤628(mm), 初定中心距=500mm 帶的基準長度初值 =1502mm 查表確定基準長度=1600mm 實際中心距 =547.5mm 安裝時應保證的中心距a在下面的范圍內(nèi)： 523.5==595.5(mm) 校核小帶輪包角 =166°,大于120°，合格 3.1.4 計算帶的根數(shù) 查表得： 長度系數(shù)=0.99，包角系數(shù)=0.96 單根帶基本額定功率=0.28kW，單根帶額定功率增量=0.02kW =4.66，取V帶根數(shù)Z=5 3.1.5 計算單根V帶初拉力的最小值 查表得,帶單位長度質(zhì)量 q=0.06kg/m 初拉力 =49.37N 3.1.6 計算壓軸力 軸上壓力 =488.8N 3.1.7 V帶輪設計（略） 3.2 高速級斜齒圓柱齒輪傳動設計 3.2.1 選擇精度等級、材料及齒數(shù) ，，， 材料：大小齒輪采用的材料為45號鋼，并經(jīng)過調(diào)質(zhì)和表面淬火，硬度為，閉式傳動，精度選為7級，初選材料螺旋角使用期10年，每年工作300天，每天8小時。 選用小齒輪齒數(shù) 得，取。 3.2.2 按齒面接觸強度設計 ①試選。 ②小齒輪傳遞扭矩。 ③查《機械設計》表10.7 取齒寬系數(shù)。 ④查《機械設計》表10.6， 材料的彈性影響系數(shù)。 ⑤查《機械設計》圖10.30 選取區(qū)域系數(shù)。 ⑥查《機械設計》圖10.26 ⑦查《機械設計》圖10.21e得，大小齒輪。 ⑧應力循環(huán)次數(shù) （ ⑨查《機械設計》圖10.19 得接觸疲勞壽命系數(shù) ⑩計算疲勞許用應力 取失效率為1%，安全系數(shù)S=1。 許用接觸應力 ，取 計算 ① = ②計算圓周速度 ③計算齒寬及模數(shù) ④計算縱向重合度 ⑤計算載荷系數(shù) 查《機械設計》表10.2得 根據(jù)，7級精度，查《機械設計》圖10.8[5] 得動載系 查《機械設計》表10.4[5]得，7級精度 考慮齒輪為7級精度，取 查《機械設計》圖10.13 得 由于，查《機械設計》表10.3[5]得 ⑥= ⑦計算模數(shù) 3.2.3 按齒根彎曲強度設計 ①計算載荷系數(shù) ②根據(jù)縱向重合度，查《機械設計》圖10.28查得螺旋角影響系數(shù) ③計算當量齒數(shù) ④取齒形系數(shù)查《機械設計》表10.5得 查取應力校正系數(shù)由表10.5[5]查得 ⑤計算彎曲疲勞許用應力 查《機械設計》圖10.20d得 查《機械設計》圖10.18得彎曲疲勞壽命系數(shù) ⑥取彎曲疲勞安全系數(shù)S=1.4 ⑦計算大小齒輪的 ，并加以比較。 小齒輪的數(shù)值大 對比計算結(jié)果，由齒面接觸疲勞強度計算的法面模數(shù)與由齒根彎曲疲勞強度計算的法面模數(shù)相差不大，取標準值，取分度圓直徑 。 取 取 3.2.4 齒輪幾何尺寸計算 ①計算中心距 圓整取 ②按圓整后中心距修正螺旋角 角改變不多，故參數(shù)不必修正。 ③計算大小齒輪的分度圓直徑 ④計算齒寬 圓整后 3.2.5 齒輪結(jié)構設計 高速級大斜齒輪剖面結(jié)構圖 3.3 低速級直齒圓柱齒輪傳動設計 3.3.1 選擇精度等級、材料及齒數(shù) ，，， 材料：大小齒輪采用的材料為45號鋼，并經(jīng)過調(diào)質(zhì)和表面淬火，硬度為 閉式傳動，精度7級，初選材料螺旋角使用期10年，每年工作300天，每天8小時。 選用小齒輪齒數(shù) ，得，取 3.3.2 按齒面接觸強度設計 參數(shù)查詢 ①試選載荷系數(shù)。 ②小齒輪傳遞扭矩。 ③查《機械設計》表10.7 取齒寬系數(shù)。 ④查《機械設計》表10.6 得材料的彈性影響系數(shù)。 ⑤查《機械設計》圖10.30 選取區(qū)域系數(shù)。 ⑥查《機械設計》圖10.26 得 ⑦查《機械設計》圖10.21e 得大小齒輪 ⑧應用循環(huán)系數(shù) ⑨查《機械設計》圖10.19 得接觸疲勞壽命系數(shù) ⑩計算疲勞許用應力 取失效率為1%，安全系數(shù)S=1 許用接觸應力 ，取 計算 ① ②計算圓周速度 ③計算齒寬及模數(shù) ④計算載荷系數(shù) 查《機械設計》表10.2 得 根據(jù)V=0.258/s，7級精度，查《機械設計》圖10.8 得動載系數(shù) 查《機械設計》表10.4得，7級精度 考慮齒輪為7級精度，取 查《機械設計》圖10.13 得 由于 ，查《機械設計》表10.3 得 ⑤計算縱向重合度 ⑥ ⑦計算模數(shù) 3.3.3 按齒根彎曲強度設計 ①計算載荷系數(shù) ②根據(jù)縱向重合度，查《機械設計》圖10.28 得螺旋角影響系數(shù) ③計算當量齒數(shù) ④查取齒形系數(shù)由《機械設計》表10.5查得 查取應力校正系數(shù)《機械設計》表10.5查得 ⑤計算彎曲疲勞許用應力 查《機械設計》圖10.20e 得 查《機械設計》圖10.18 得彎曲疲勞壽命系數(shù) ⑥取彎曲疲勞安全系數(shù)S=1.4 ⑦計算大小齒輪的 ，并加以比較。 小齒輪的數(shù)值大 對比計算結(jié)果，由齒面接觸疲勞強度計算的法面模數(shù)與由齒根彎曲疲勞強度計算的法面模數(shù)相差不大，取標準值，取分度圓直徑 。 取 取 3.3.4 齒輪幾何尺寸計算 ①計算中心距 取 ②按圓整后中心距修正螺旋角 角改變不多，故參數(shù)不必修正。 ③計算大小齒輪的分度圓直徑 ④計算齒寬 圓整后 3.3.5 齒輪結(jié)構設計 低速級大斜齒輪剖面結(jié)構圖 3.4 運輸帶速度誤差校核 帶的大小帶輪直徑=90mm，據(jù)表選取最接近的標準直徑為=224mm 減速器高速級; , 則： 減速器低速級：， 則： 總傳動比為 帶速v=1400/31.15=44.94在允許誤差內(nèi)。 4 軸系設計 4.1 滾動軸承潤滑與密封選擇 滾動軸承采用油潤滑，密封元件選用封油墊片和擋油環(huán)。 4.2 鑄鐵減速器箱體結(jié)構尺寸（列表） 表3-3 箱體參數(shù)統(tǒng)計表 名稱 符號 計算公式 結(jié)果 箱座壁厚 8 箱蓋壁厚 8 箱蓋凸緣厚度 12 箱座凸緣厚度 12 箱座底凸緣厚度 20 地腳螺釘直徑 M14 地腳螺釘數(shù)目 查手冊 4 軸承旁聯(lián)接螺栓直徑 M10 機蓋與機座聯(lián)接螺栓直徑 =（0.5~0.6） M8 軸承端蓋螺釘直徑 =（0.4~0.5） M8 視孔蓋螺釘直徑 =（0.3~0.4） M6 定位銷直徑 =（0.7~0.8） 6 ，，至外機壁距離 查《機械設計課程設計指導書》表11-2 26 24 22 ，至凸緣邊緣距離 查《機械設計課程設計指導書》表11-2 25 15 外機壁至軸承座端面距離 =++（8~12） 56 大齒輪頂圓與內(nèi)機壁距離 >1.2 18 齒輪端面與內(nèi)機壁距離 > 16 機座肋厚 、m1 軸承端蓋外徑 +（5~5.5） 90 70 60 4.3 軸設計 4.3.1 高速軸設計 輸入軸上的功率、轉(zhuǎn)速和轉(zhuǎn)矩 由上可知，， 4.3.1.1 估算軸的最小直徑 初步確定軸的最小直徑 材料為45鋼，正火處理。根據(jù)《機械設計》表11.3，取， 于是 由于鍵槽的影響，故 4.3.1.2 初選滾動軸承 由于選用的是斜齒輪傳動，受軸向力的影響，則選用角接觸球軸承，由于最小軸徑為12.87mm，則減速器輸入軸的軸承的內(nèi)徑選為20mm，型號為：7204C 4.3.1.3 軸的結(jié)構設計 軸的結(jié)構設計圖如下，直徑尺寸和長度尺寸如圖所示： 4.3.1.4 軸的彎扭合成強度計算（略） 4.3.2 中間軸設計 輸入軸上的功率、轉(zhuǎn)速和轉(zhuǎn)矩 由上可知，， 4.3.2.1 估算軸的最小直徑 初步確定軸的最小直徑 材料為45鋼，正火處理。根據(jù)《機械設計》表11.3，取， 于是 由于鍵槽的影響，故 4.3.2.2 初選滾動軸承 由于選用的是斜齒輪傳動，受軸向力的影響，則選用角接觸球軸承，由于最小軸徑為20.16mm，根據(jù)軸的裝配結(jié)構則減速器輸入軸的軸承的內(nèi)徑選為25mm，型號為：7205C 4.3.2.3 軸的結(jié)構設計 軸的結(jié)構設計圖如下，直徑尺寸和長度尺寸如圖所示： 4.3.2.4 軸的彎扭合成強度計算（略） 4.3.3 低速軸設計 輸出軸上的功率、轉(zhuǎn)速和轉(zhuǎn)矩 由上可知，， 4.3.3.1 估算軸的最小直徑 初步確定軸的最小直徑 材料為45鋼，正火處理。根據(jù)《機械設計》表11.3，取，于是 ， 由于鍵槽影響，故 4.3.3.2 選擇彈性柱銷聯(lián)軸器 聯(lián)軸器的計算轉(zhuǎn)矩，查《機械設計》表10.1，取，則： 按照計算轉(zhuǎn)矩應小于聯(lián)軸器公稱轉(zhuǎn)矩的條件，查《機械設計——課程設計手冊》P188頁，選用LH2型彈性柱銷聯(lián)軸器，其公稱轉(zhuǎn)矩為315N.m 。半聯(lián)軸器的孔徑 ，半聯(lián)軸器與軸配合的轂孔長度82mm。 4.3.3.3 初選滾動軸承 由于選用的是斜齒輪傳動，受軸向力的影響，則選用角接觸球軸承，由于最小軸徑為28.73mm，根據(jù)軸的裝配結(jié)構則減速器輸入軸的軸承的內(nèi)徑選為40mm，型號為：7208C 4.3.3.4 軸的結(jié)構設計 軸的結(jié)構設計圖如下，直徑尺寸和長度尺寸如圖所示： 4.3.3.5 軸的彎扭合成強度計算 4.3.3.6 軸的計算簡圖及徑向支承反力計算 中間軸上小斜齒輪的受力計算如下： 根據(jù)大圓柱齒輪與小圓柱齒輪的作用力與反作用力有： Ft=3607.8N, Fr=1367.96N，F(xiàn)a=1313.2N 水平面內(nèi)受力 4.3.3.7 軸的彎矩圖和扭矩圖 計算水平面內(nèi)彎矩，繪制水平彎矩（MH）圖 Me=131.7N.m 垂直面內(nèi)受力 ME1=81.9N.m N.m 繪制垂直面彎矩（M）圖 ME2=54.3N.m 合成彎矩（M）圖 ME2=102.5N.m ME1=155.1N.m T=390.9N.m 轉(zhuǎn)矩（T）圖 4.3.3.8 軸的彎扭合成強度校核 確定危險截面，校核軸的強度 E截面處受轉(zhuǎn)矩和彎矩最大 =16.8MPa 結(jié)論：軸的結(jié)構滿足強度要求。 4.4 滾動軸承壽命計算 4.4.1 高速軸滾動軸承壽命計算（略） 4.4.2 中間軸滾動軸承壽命計算（略） 4.4.3 低速軸滾動軸承壽命計算 大圓柱齒輪分度圓直徑d＝120.5mm,根據(jù)作用力與反作用力的原理，大斜齒輪所受圓周力Ft=3661.7N,徑向力Fr=1367.9N,軸向力Fa=1313.2N,軸的轉(zhuǎn)速n=46.68r/min,工作中有中等沖擊,工作溫度低于100oC 4.4.3.1 確定滾動軸承徑向力 計算滾動軸承的徑向支反力Fr2, Fr1 水平支反力 得：2426.3N 得：1181.5N 垂直支反力 得：1869.2N 得：782.6N 合成支反力 3186N 3697N 4.4.3.2 確定滾動軸承派生軸向力及軸向力 計算派生軸向力S1和S2 =1211N =1405N 3．求軸承的軸向載荷Fa1和Fa2 =3052N=1211N 軸承1為“壓緊”軸承, 軸承2為“放松”軸承 軸承1: =3052N 軸承2: =1405N 4.4.3.3 確定滾動軸承當量動載荷 =0.38 軸承1: =5888N 軸承2: =3697N 4.4.3.4 校核滾動軸承壽命 計算軸承的壽命 工作溫度低于1000C: ft=1 =40365h>24000h(10年) 4.5 鍵聯(lián)接計算 4.5.1 高速軸鍵聯(lián)接計算 4.5.1.1 尺寸選擇 軸徑，輪轂長度，查手冊，選A型平鍵，其尺寸為 ，，(GB/T 1095-2003) 4.5.1.2 強度校核（略） 4.5.2 中間軸鍵聯(lián)接計算 4.5.2.1 尺寸選擇 軸徑，輪轂長度，查手冊，選A型平鍵，其尺寸為 ，，(GB/T 1095-2003) 4.5.2.2 強度校核（略） 4.5.3 低速軸軸鍵聯(lián)接計算 4.5.3.1 尺寸選擇 連接斜齒輪的鍵： 軸徑，輪轂長度，查手冊，選A型平鍵，其尺寸為 ，，(GB/T 1095-2003) 連接聯(lián)軸器的鍵： 軸徑，輪轂長度，查手冊，選A型平鍵，其尺寸為 ，，(GB/T 1095-2003) 4.5.3.2 強度校核 連接斜齒輪的鍵：材料:45鋼; =150 MPa。輸出軸傳遞的扭矩T=209Nm 根據(jù)普通平鍵的擠壓強度條件： =52.78MPa 則鍵是安全的 連接斜齒輪的鍵：材料:45鋼; =150 MPa。輸出軸傳遞的扭矩T=209Nm 根據(jù)普通平鍵的擠壓強度條件： =46.65MPa 則鍵是安全的 5、減速器箱體設計 5.1 箱體材料選擇 減速器的箱體采用鑄造（HT200）制成，采用剖分式結(jié)構為了保證齒輪佳合質(zhì)量，大端蓋分機體采用配合。 機體有足夠的剛度在機體外加肋，外輪廓為長方形，增強了軸承座剛度。 5.2 油池油量及箱座高度計算（參考教材p234） 油池油量 查《機械設計》234頁，油池中油量的多少，取決于齒輪傳遞功率的大小，對單級傳動，沒傳遞1kw的功率，需要油量為0.35-0.7L，對于多級傳動，須油量按級數(shù)成倍增加。 此次設計的減速器為二級減速器，速度小于12m/s，且每級傳遞的功率為1kw左右，則油量選為1L。 箱座高度計算 箱座高度等于減速器中最大的齒輪半徑加上齒輪齒頂與箱底的直線距離加上底壁厚度加上凸臺厚度，此次設計的減速器箱坐高度為117mm。 6 設計小結(jié) 通過這次的課程設計，我深深體會到，要設計一個機械產(chǎn)品，哪怕機構并不復雜，也不是一件輕松的事情，需要綜合運用學過的一切機械設計方面的知識和理論力學、材料力學、數(shù)學、工程材料等各方面的知識，綜合運用各種先進的繪圖、計算軟件，減少工作量和提高設計效率。我還深刻的體會到，機械的設計不是一項一個兩個人能完成的工作，需要團隊合作，集思廣益，充分調(diào)動大家的積極性，互相鼓勵、互相幫助、互相批評。對于一個新的機械產(chǎn)品，首先必須舍得拿出時間從總體上綜合考慮、分析，參考已有的、成熟的機構，盡可能地考慮到一切可能出現(xiàn)的技術細節(jié)，磨刀不誤砍柴工，只有這樣做了，才能在在接下來的設計中少走彎路，提高效率。這次課程設計，我感覺工作量相當大，每天都是在加班加點地干，對我的體力和毅力是個很大的考驗，這一點上我明白了作為一個優(yōu)秀的設計人員，必須有好的身體和堅韌不拔的精神，看似枯燥無味的工作，堅持到最后就會有巨大的成就感，就會有看到產(chǎn)品成功問世的喜悅感！ 7 參考文獻 [1] 戴曙. 金屬切削機床[M]. 北京：機械工業(yè)出版社，1995 [2]　 陳鐵鳴，王連明. 機械設計. 黑龍江：哈爾濱工業(yè)大學出版社，1998 [3]　 朱龍根. 簡明機械設計手冊. 北京：機械工業(yè)出版社，1979 [4] 畢乘恩，等. 現(xiàn)代數(shù)控機床[M]. 北京：機械工業(yè)出版社，1991 [5]　 成大先. 機械設計手冊. 上海：化學工業(yè)出版社，2004　 [6]　 劉友午，杜文君. 數(shù)字控制機床[M]. 北京：機械工業(yè)出版社，1997 [7]　 賓鴻贊，曾慶福. 機械制造工藝學[M]. 重慶：機械工業(yè)出版社，1991 [8] 張根保，徐宗俊. 先進制造技術[M]. 重慶：重慶大學出版社，1996 [9] 周蘭，等. 現(xiàn)代數(shù)控加工設備[M]. 北京：機械工業(yè)出版社，2005 [10] 李開佛. 機械工業(yè)綜述[M]. 北京：機械工業(yè)出版社，1993 s誰會把上面的引號改成不是這樣的對稱形式的呀？ 5mm =2.0625 39 長春理工大學光電信息學院畢業(yè)設計 Introduction to the common speed reducer Device overview：Reducer is the prime mover and work machine independent closed between the transmission device, used to reduce speed and increase torque, in order to meet the job needs, also used for growth in some occasions, known as the accelerator. When choosing reducer should be according to the selection of working machine conditions, technical parameters, the performance of the engine, the factors such as economy, comparing the gabarite of different types and varieties of reducer, transmission efficiency and carrying capacity, quality, price, etc., choose the most suitable speed reducer. Reducer is a relatively sophisticated machinery, the use of its purpose is to reduce rotation speed, increase torque. Structural characteristics of Reducer is mainly composed of transmission parts (gear or worm), shaft, bearing, box and its accessories. Its basic structure has three parts: 1．gear, shaft and bearing combination Pinion and shaft made of an organic whole, gear shaft, this structure is used in the gear shaft and the diameter of the diameter of the weather related, if the diameter of the shaft is d, the gear tooth root circle diameter for df, when df - d 6 ~ 7 mn or less, this structure should be adopted. And when df - d > 6 ~ 7 mn, separated with gear and shaft for the two parts of the structure, such as low speed shaft and large gear. The gear and shaft circumferential fixed flat linkage, shaft parts shaft shoulder, shaft sleeve and bearing cover is used as the axial fixation. Two shaft adopts the deep groove ball bearings. This combination, the less used to bear radial load and axial load. When the axial load is larger, should adopt angular contact ball bearing, taper roller bearing and deep groove ball bearing and thrust bearing of composite structures. Bearing is the use of the gear rotates splashing through the thin oil, lubrication. Box medium oil pool of the lubricating oil, the rotation gear splash splash into the lid on the inner wall of the inner flow box side groove to points, through the oil flow into the bearing. Nu when oiled gear circumferential speed 2 m/s, or less grease lubricated bearings should be adopted, in order to avoid possible wash it splashing through the thin oil lubricating grease, the oil retaining ring can be used to separate it. To prevent loss of lubricating oil and dust into the trunk, between bearing end cover and outrigger shaft equipped with sealing element. 2． body Enclosure is the important part in the reducer parts. It is the base of the transmission parts, should have sufficient strength and rigidity. Cabinet is usually made of grey cast iron, for overloading or cast steel casing impact load reducer can also be used. Monomer production reducer, in order to simplify the process, to reduce the cost, can use steel plate welded box. Gray cast iron has good casting and vibration reduction performance. To facilitate the shafting parts installation and disassembly, made along the axis line horizontal split-casing box body. On the box cover and the lower box body with a bolt connection into a whole. The connecting bolt of the bearing should be close to the bearing hole, and the bearing seat at the side of convex set, should have enough supporting material surface, in order to place the connecting bolt, and to ensure that the wrench to tighten bolts need to space. In order to ensure the body has enough stiffness, plus support rib near the bearing hole. In order to ensure the stability and reduce as much as possible on the basis of speed reducer in the mechanical processing of base plane of the area, the case base is generally not used the complete plane. 3． reducer fittings In order to guarantee the normal work of the speed reducer, in addition to combination of gear, shaft, bearing and the structure design of box body is to give enough attention, also should be considered as reducer oil lubricating oil pool, oil discharge, check the oil level height, processing, maintenance when assembling and disassembling of the box cover and the box of accurate positioning, loading auxiliary parts and components, such as reasonable selection and design. 1) inspection to check the meshing condition of transmission parts, and to infuse lubricating oil contents, should be set in the appropriate location of the box body inspection hole. Inspection hole is located in the top lid can be observed directly on the gear mesh part. Normally, inspection hole of cover plate on the box cover with screws. 2) the ventilator speed reducer is working, the casing temperature, gas expansion pressure, to make overall thermal air free to discharge, to maintain pressure balance inside and outside, not make the lubricating oil or shaft extension along the points box surface seal leakage cracks and other, usually on the top of the box body installed ventilator. 3) bearing cover for the fixed shaft parts of axial position and carry axial load, the bearing hole on both ends with bearing cover closed. Bearing bore of flange type and embedded two kinds. Use hex bolt fixed on the box body, bearing cover is overhang shaft hole, which is equipped with sealing device. Flange type bearing cover has the advantage of tear open outfit, easy to adjust the bearing, but compared with the embedded bearing cover, the number of parts is bigger, the size is bigger, appearance is not smooth. 4) positioning pin every time in order to ensure the container cover, remained bearing hole processing accuracy, should be in before finishing the bearing hole, in the box cover and the box seats on the connecting flange of the locating pin. Placed vertically on both sides of the enclosure on the connecting flange, symmetrical body should be symmetrical arrangement, in order to avoid mistake. 5) oil level indicator to check the oil in the oil pool reducer hight, often maintain oil pool with just the right amount of oil, usually in the box body is convenient for observation, the oil level is relatively stable, installing the oil level indicator. 6) oil drain plug oil change, dirty oil and cleaner emissions, should be in the box seat, at the bottom of the oil pool of the lowest opening oil drain hole location, usually with a screw oil drain plug, oil drain plug and body joint face between gasket shall be leak proof. 7) seal screw for strengthening qi box, usually during assembly on housing subdivision surface coated with sodium silicate or sealant, when remove often due to the cementation close is difficult to open. So often the appropriate placement of the box cover connecting flange, work out ~ 2 screw holes, screwing in enlightening the box with a cylindrical side or flat side box screws. Gyration rev box screws can will cover on top. Small reducer also don't have rev. Cases of screw, when the lid with a screwdriver to pry out of the box cover, and the box can be the same as the size of the screw to the connecting bolt at the flange. Main load Machine with reducer connection work load condition is more complex, has much effect on the speed reducer, is one of the important factors, selection and calculation speed reducer the load state of the work machine (motivation) is the load condition, usually divided into three categories: (1) - even load; (2) - medium impact load; (3) - strong impact load. Design program A, the original design information and data 1． the type of prime mover, specifications, speed, power (or torque), the startup characteristic, short-term overload capacity, the moment of inertia, etc. 2． the type of machine, specifications, use, speed, power (or torque). Working system: the constant load or changing load and variable load load diagram; Rev., braking and short-time overload torque, start frequency; Shock and vibration levels; Direction of rotation, etc. 3．the prime mover for machine and connection way of the reducer, shaft and if there is a radial force and axial force. 4．installation type (reducer and prime mover, the relative position of working machine, vertical and horizontal). 5．transmission ratio and its error is allowed. 6．the size and weight requirements. 7．to the degree of service life, safety and reliability requirements. 8．environmental temperature, dust concentration, air velocity and environmental conditions such as ph value; (if there is a circulating lubrication and cooling conditions, lubrication station) and the limitation on the vibration and noise. 9．to the requirements of operation and control. 10． the source of material, blank, standard parts and inventory. 11．factory manufacturing capabilities. 12．on volume, cost and price requirements. 13, the delivery date. The article in the first four is a prerequisite, other aspects according to conventional design, such as the design life is generally! "Years. Used for important occasions, reliability should be higher. Second, select the type of gear reducer and installation type Three, set at the beginning of each process methods and parameters Selected performance level, set at the beginning of the main parts of the gear and the material, heat treatment, finishing methods, lubrication, and lubrication oil. Fourth, determine the transmission series According to the total transmission ratio, to determine the transmission series and all levels of the transmission ratio. Five, the initial geometry parameters Early calculate gear transmission center distance (or pitch diameter), modulus and other geometric parameters. Six, the overall design scheme Determine the structure of the reducer, shaft size, span and the bearing model, etc. Seven, check Check the strength of the gear, shaft, key load, calculation of bearing life. Eight, lubrication cooling calculation To determine the speed reducer and accessory Ten, gear carburized depth is determined When necessary for tooth form and tooth to fix quantity calculation process data. Eleven, drawing construction drawing In the design should implement national and industry related standards. Using the classification 1． reducer in use can be divided into two categories, general reducer and special reducer, design, manufacture and use of the two characteristics of each are not identical. 70-80 - s of the 20th century, reducer technology has made great development in the world, and closely integrated with the development of new technology revolution. The main types: gear reducer; Worm gear reducer; Gear - worm reducer; Planetary gear reducer. 2．general reducer has a helical gear reducer (including parallel shaft helical gear reducer, worm gear reducer, bevel gear reducer, etc.), planetary gear reducer, cycloid pin wheel reducer, the worm gear and worm reducer, planetary friction type mechanical stepless variable speed machine, and so on. 1) cylindrical gear reducer Single stage level 2, level 2, level 2 above. Decorate a form: expansion, shunt type, coaxial type. 2) cone gear reducer Used for the input shaft and output shaft position into the intersection. 3) worm gear reducer Is mainly used for transmission ratio > 10 occasions, I drive more compact structure. Its defect is low efficiency. Wide application of Archimedes worm gear reducer. 4) gear - worm reducer If gear drive level at high speed, the structure is compact; If worm transmission at high speed, high efficiency. 5) planetary gear reducer With a range of high transmission efficiency, transmission ratio, transmission power is 12 w ~ 50000 kw, small volume and weight 3．common types of reducer 1) the main characteristics of worm gear and worm reducer is a reverse self-locking function, can have a large reduction ratio, the input shaft and output shaft is not in the same axis, is not in the same plane. But generally larger, transmission efficiency is not high, the accuracy is not high. 2) harmonic reducer harmonic drive is to use the elastic deformation of flexible components controlled to transfer movement and power, small size, high precision, but the disadvantage is that soft wheel life is limited, don't impact resistance, rigidity compared with metal parts. Input speed cannot be too high. 3) planetary gear reducer, its advantage is more compact in structure, return clearance is small, high precision, long service life, rated output torque can do a lot of. But the price a little expensive. Reducer: in short, generally after the machine power in design and manufacture, the rated power will not change, at this time, the greater the speed, the smaller is the torque (or torque); Speed is smaller, the greater the torque. The transmission ratio distribution principle 1． to make the bearing capacity of transmission at all levels are equal; 2． make all levels of transmission gear oil immersion depth is roughly similar in; 3．minimize the reducer for the shape of the size or weight, etc Model selection As far as possible choose close to ideal reduction ratio: Reduction ratio = / servo motor speed reducer output shaft speed Torque calculation: For the life of the reducer, torque calculation is very important, and should pay attention to the maximum torque value of the acceleration (TP), which is super Maximum load torque of reducer. Apply power is usually the servo on market model for power, the applicability of the speed reducer is very high, can remain above 1.2 coefficient of work, but in use can also with their own needs to decide: There are two main points: A. choose servo motor output maximum diameter of axle diameter of axle is not greater than form. B. If the computed torque, rotational speed can meet the normal operation, but in the net output servo have insufficient phenomenon, we can in the motor drive, do current limit control, or on the mechanical shaft torque protection, it is very necessary. Installation method The correct installation, use and maintenance of the reducer, it is an important link in ensure the normal operation of machinery and equipment. When you install reducer, therefore, please be sure to use related matters in strict accordance with the following installation, assembly and use seriously. The first step is to install before confirm the motor and reducer are intact, and strict inspection of motor and reducer connected each part size matches, here is the positioning convex table of the machine, input shaft and gear reducer groove size and tolerance, etc. The second step is to unscrew the gear reducer dustproof holes on flange lateral screw, adjust the clamping ring dustproof holes and side holes to make it align with each other, and insert the socket head screw. After taking the motor shaft key. The third step is to connect the motor and the reducer nature. Connection must be to ensure the output gear reducer input shaft and motor shaft concentricity is consistent, and the outer flange is parallel. Such as concentricity is inconsistent, can lead to broken motor shaft or reducer gear wear and tear. Check the maintenance Different lubricant mixed ban each other. Oil level screw, oil drain plug and the location of the ventilator is determined by the installation position. Their relative position refer to the installation drawing to determine that speed reducer. One, the oil level check Cut off the power supply, prevent to get an electric shock! Waiting for reducer cooling! Remove the oil level screw check filled with oil. Install the oil level screw. Second, the check of oil Cut off the power supply, prevent to get an electric shock! Waiting for reducer cooling! Open the oil plug, pick up sample. Check the oil viscosity index - if oil significantly turbidity, it is recommended that the replacement as soon as possible. To bring oil level screw speed reducer - check the oil level, whether qualified - the installation of oil level screw 3．the oil replacement After cooling oil viscosity increases with difficulty, reducer should be under the running temperature oil change. Cut off the power supply, prevent to get an electric shock! Waiting for reducer cooled down no burning danger! Note: when an oil change speed reducer should still keep warm. Under the oil drain screw one by oil pan. Open the oil level screw, ventilator and oil drain plug. All the oil out. Install drain plug. Injection with brand new oil. Oil shall conform to the installation location. Check the oil level in the oil level screw. Tighten the oil level screw and ventilator. Failure to solve Speed reducer leakage oil cause analysis and solution Analysis of the causes 1．the pressure inside the tank In closed reducer, each pair of gears meshing friction will emit heat, according to the Boyle trails by specific law, as the lengthen of running time, the deceleration box temperature gradually raised, and the reduction volume inside the case, so the pressure increase, in the case of lubricating oil splash, sprinkle on the inner wall of the deceleration box. Because the permeability of oil is strong, the overall pressure, which a seal is lax and the oil bleeding out from where. 2．the structure of the speed reducer design is not reasonable cause oil leakage Such as design of reducer without ventilation hood, pressure reducer can not be achieved, in the pressure more and more high, oil leakage occurs. 3．a(chǎn)mount to much Reducer in the process of operation, oil pool was badly agitation, lubricating oil splash around in the machine, if the amount is overmuch, make a lot of the place such as lubricating oil accumulation in the shaft seal, joint surface and lead to leakage. 4．improper maintenance technology In equipment maintenance, due to the combined surface dirt removal is not complete, or sealant improper selection, seal, not timely replacement of seals, etc way can also cause oil leakage. Treatment scheme Governance using polymer composite materials to repair speed reducer leakage oil, polymer composite materials based on polymer, metal or ceramic powder, fiber and other materials for, under the action of curing agent, curing catalyst of composite materials. All kinds of material in performance from each other each other, to produce synergistic effect, the comprehensive performance is better than the original ingredients of composite materials. Have extremely strong sticky relay, mechanical properties, and chemical corrosion resistance and other performance, and therefore is widely used in metal equipment, mechanical wear, scratches, pits, cracks, leakage, repair such as casting sand holes, and chemistry of chemical storage tank, reaction tank, pipe anti-corrosion protection and restoration. For reducer static seal leakage point can use the ka wah polymer composite materials and technology field leakage of governance, without disassembly, polymer composite materials in the leakage of external governance, save time and effort, the effect is immediate, the product has excellent adhesion, oil resistance, and 350% of the tensile strength, overcome the impact of reducer vibration, well solved for many years for the enterprise is unable to solve the problem. If reducer running in static seal leak, the oil level of emergency repairing adhesive available surface engineering technologies NianDu, so as to achieve the aim of eliminate oil leakage. Development trend 1．high level and high performance. Widely used cylindrical gear carburizing and quenching, grinding, carrying capacity increased by more than 4 times, small volume, light weight, low noise, high efficiency and high reliability. 2．modular combination design. Basic parameters using priority number, size, parts versatility and interchangeability, series of easy to expand and newer, conducive to tissue mass production and reduce cost. 3．style diversification, variant design. To get rid of the traditional single base installation, added a hollow shaft mounted, floating bearing base, motor and reducer one-piece, different types, such as multiple mounting surface