【英語論文】狄更斯在《雙城記》中的人道主義思想（英文）

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1、 Dickens’ Humanitarianism in A Tale of Two Cities 狄更斯在<< 雙城記>>中的人道主義思想 Dickens’ Humanitarianism in A Tale of Two Cities Thesis statement: This paper deals with Charles Dickens’ humanitarianism by analyzing the characters in his works through comparison and contr

2、ast. Outline: I. Introduction A. Charles Dickens is the outstanding realistic novelist in the 19th century. His main theme is humanitarianism. B. A Tale of Two Cities uses the French Revolution as the background and it reflects the author’s attitude to the revolution and his humanitarianism.

3、 II. The embodiment of humanitarianism on the characters in A Tale of Two Cities A. The novel expresses the author’s sentimental humanitarianism on Dr. Manettes’ family. 1. Lucie, the golden thread of love, shows great love to her family members and other people. 2. Doctor Manette, the typical

4、 humanitarian, loves his daughter and shows his sympathy to the ordinary people. 3. Charles Darnay, a rebel aristocrat, shows his sympathy to ordinary people. B. This novel advocates the Christian love and self-sacrifice. C. This novel also criticizes the violence and oppression in the society.

5、 1. The Marquis of Evremonde and his brother, two cruel aristocrats, oppress people severely. 2. The Mr. and Mrs. Defarges’, two revolutionaries show great hatred to all the aristocrats. III. Conclusion: This novel expresses the author’s capitalistic humanitarianism. He thinks that it is inevita

6、ble for the revolution to break out, but he disagrees with the cruelty and violence in the revolution. He is the capitalistic reformist in the 19th century.  Abstract: Charles Dickens is the outstanding realistic novelist in the 19th century. And he is also a humanitarian. The main theme of

7、 Dickens’ novels is the humanitarianism and most of his novels reflect this theme. During all these novels, A Tale of Two Cities is the representative work. It uses the French Revolution as the background and it reflects the author’s attitude to the revolution. This paper analyzes his humanitarianis

8、m from the characters in this novel. And according to the comparison and contrast of the characters, we can see his humanitarianism clearly. Key words: Dickens; humanitarianism; A Tale of Two Cities 摘要：狄更斯是19世紀(jì)杰出的批判現(xiàn)實主義小說家，他同時也是一個人道主義者。他小說的主導(dǎo)思想是人道主義。他的很多小說都表現(xiàn)了這一主題。而在他的這些小說中，又以<<雙城記>>為典型代表。

9、<<雙城記>> 是一部以法國大革命為背景的小說，它反映了作者對待革命和人性的看法。本文從他小說中的各種人物分析了他的人道主義思想，通過小說中人物的對比，我們可以很明確地看出他的人道主義思想。 關(guān)鍵詞：人道主義; 狄更斯; 雙城記  Dickens’ Humanitarianism in A Tale of Two Cities I. Introduction Charles Dickens is one of the outstanding realistic novelists in the 19th century. His main theme is

10、 humanitarianism. Humanitarianism, as a trend, begins from the Renaissance and it bases on the abstract and universal humanity. Humanitarians start from humanity and set up their ideological system. So the start point is not only their beginning, but also their theoretical basis. The humanitarians b

11、elieve that human beings are all kind and the morality can be improved. They advocate that human beings should use the emotion and humanitarianism as the weapon to educate people. And they understand the society from rationality and emotion. And Dickens’ humanitarianism sets up on the humanity, whic

12、h is also his start point. He emphasizes the “ human love ” which is one of the most important points. He does not agree with the revolution, which he thinks is cruel and just one-way of human revenge. He dreams to use the morality to educate the society and then improve the villain. We can analyze

13、his humanitarianism according to his representative work—A Tale of Two Cities. A Tale of Two Cities is one of Dickens’ serious works. It uses the French Revolution as the background and it reflects the author’s attitude to the revolution and his humanitarianism. This work embodies the author’s mat

14、ure thought and deep thinking. The author reviews the reasons of the French Revolution from the viewpoint of humanitarianism to warn the rulers of the England in such a period when the social classes conflict seriously with each other. On the one hand, the author expresses his great anger to aristoc

15、rats, his sympathy to the sufferings of the public and the inevitability and justice for the revolution to break out; on the other hand, he uses the bloody scene to describe the cruelty of the revolution, and the failure to achieve the poor man’s ideal which the revolution intends to pursue. And the

16、n it advocates the author’s opinion that human beings should use the kindness to solve the real problems, use the humanity instead of cruelty and horror to harmonize the conflict, popularize the education and improve our society. In this novel, the author portrays some typical characters that embody

17、 the author’s view. First, he portrays some kind, upright and humane persons, such as Dr. Manette, Lucie Manette, Mr. Lorry, etc. But at the same time, he also portrays some cruel and ferocious persons, such as the Marquis of Evremonde Brothers, Mr. and Mrs. Defarge. He uses these characters to make

18、 a contrast, which clearly expresses his view. II．The embodiment of humanitarianism on the characters in A Tale of Two Cities A. This novel expresses the author’s sentimental humanitarianism on Dr Manette, his daughter Lucie and his son-in-law Charles Darnay. Dickens

19、’ humanitarianism is sentimental. Most of his works are sentimental which are expressed by the sympathy and mercy to the ordinary man’s destiny. In A Tale of Two Cities, Dickens’ capitalistic humanitarianism is embodied on Dr. Manette and his family members, the special capitalistic family, in the p

20、eriod of French Revolution. Before the revolution, they are persecuted by the aristocrats. But when the revolution breaks out, they also suffer the hopeless situation. So when they treat this period and the revolution, on the one hand, they hate the aristocrats and on the other hand, they are shamed

21、 to associate with the proletarians. They intend to seek a peaceful and harmonious life, which regards love as their tie in the revolution. This family embodies the author’s humanitarianism very well. In A Tale of Two Cities, Lucie is the representative of the capitalistic sentimental figures. Firs

22、t, she links the whole family with love. Like Mrs. Defarge, their families are persecuted by the Marquis of Evremond and his brother, so they have the similar sufferings. But the most different thing is that Lucie is not like Mrs. Defarge .She is the golden thread of love, she links the two hateful

23、families together, which symbolizes the effects of dispelling hatred with love. At the beginning of the novel, after a long separation with her father, Lucie, the filial girl nearly fainted when she knows that her father is still alive. And when she sees her father, she feels very surprised and sad.

24、 She loves her father and wants to share his sorrow and sufferings. And her golden curly hair recalled her father’s memory. Her father remembers her according to the golden hair, and when the white hair and golden hair mingled, this warms our readers and even lights her father, which symbolizes the

25、freedom of her father. At last, Lucie uses her love to recall her father’s dead heart, and she takes care of her father in daily life, makes her father forget his past life in the prison and resume his life, job, rest and happiness. She is also a virtuous wife. She arranges the housework well wh

26、en they are in Paris. She loves her husband. When she knows her husband is in danger, she leaves England and goes to Paris to try her best to rescue her husband, even kneels down to Mrs. Defarge to plead for her mercy. When Charles Darnay is arrested again, she goes to the prison and stands there ev

27、eryday for two hours for her husband to see her. She is an angel .She is full of kindness in her heart. She is the golden thread of love that unites the whole family with love. Second, Lucie not only loves her family members, but also shows great love to other people. When she gives evidence on the

28、 court where Darnay is on trial for the first time, they are only strangers, but Lucie gives great love and sympathy to this stranger. Her appearance fully proves her sympathy: His daughter had one of her hands drawn through his arm, as she sat by him, and the other pressed upon it. She had dra

29、wn closer to him, in her dread of the scene, and in her pity for the prison. Her forehead had been strikingly expressive of an engrossing terror and companion that saw nothing but the peril of the accused. This has been so very noticeable, so very powerful and naturally shown, that starers who had h

30、ad no pity for were touched by her. (Charles Dickens, 1994:74) And when she has to say something detrimental to Charles Darnay, she even cries out, although he is a stranger to her. And from these we can see how kind she is. She is magic. She has great influence on others. And the author also e

31、mphasizes this characteristic of Lucie on her attitude to Sydney Carton. Sydney Carton is a clerk but he is very gloomy in his heart. Lucie knows this and she is very surprised and saddened at this. Then she shows great love to him. When she married, she tells her husband to help him: “I think

32、Charles, Poor Carton deserves more consideration and respect than you expressed for him, tonight.” “I would ask you, dearest. To be very generous with him always and very lenient on his faults when he is not by. I would ask you to believe that he has a heart he very very seldom reveals, an

33、d that there are wounds in it. My dear, I have seen it bleeding.” “My husband, it is so. I fear he is not to be reclaimed, there is scarcely a hope that anything in his character or fortunes is reparable now. But I’m sure that he is capable of good things, gentle things. Even magnanimous

34、things.” “And, O My dearest love! Remember how strong we are in our happiness and how weak he is in his misery!”(Charles Dickens, 1994:254) This is Lucie. When she enjoys her happiness, she always thinks carefully about others’ sadness. She shows great love to her family members, to her friend

35、s, to all the other people around her. They all center on this golden thread of love. So Lucie is the representative figure of Charles Dickens’ humanitarianism. Because of her love, she recalls her father’s memory, recovers her father’s wound and brings happiness for her family. Because of her love,

36、 care and trust, she changes the whole life of the desperate clerk Sydney Carton and makes him face his life again. Also because of her love, she saves her husband’s life. She has the magic power. She is an angel. Charles Dickens is a capitalistic humanitarian. He advocates the justice and humanity

37、 and at the same time, he is also an idealist. He hopes that our society will become better and he thinks that love and kindness can guide people to the lightness. Dr. Manette is the typical humanitarian. His experiences embody the author’s theme. Dr Manette is the center of the family. When he was

38、young, he was full of sympathy. So when he experienced the atrocity of the Marquis of Evremonde, he felt that it was a burden for him to keep quiet on this thing, so he wrote a letter to the King of France. Then he was put into the prison for 18 years by the Marquis of Evremonde. This action reflect

39、s his humanitarianism. When he gets out of the prison, he knows nothing and recognizes nobody. Owing to his daughter’s love, he recovers. He loves his daughter and the person whom his daughter loves. The most moving thing is that he hates the Marquis of Evremonde, but when he knows his daughter love

40、s Charles Darnay, the descendant of the Marquis of Evremonde, he constrains the great hatred and accepts Darnay’s marriage with Lucie .In this novel, the author does not write out the sorrow Dr. Manette suffers, but describes it indirectly. When Darnay expresses his love for Lucie to Dr. Manette, th

41、ere is a struggle on Dr. Manette’s face, which seems doubt and dread. But Dr. Manette accepts Darnay, he said that everything against the man his daughter really loves should be obliterated for her sake. She is everything to him, more to him than suffering, more to him than wrong, more to him. And a

42、fter the marriage, the doctor relapses into confusion. He begins to make shoes; he remembers nothing and recognizes nobody. We can see what he suffers in his heart. But when he knew Darnay is put into the prison, he takes his daughter to Paris and tries his best to rescue him. He said his pain, his

43、sufferings have given him the power to gain news of Charles and he knows he can help Charles out of all danger. He said “As my beloved child was helpful in restoring me to myself; I will be helpful now in restoring the dearest part of herself to her; by the aid of Heaven I will do it!”(Charles Dicke

44、ns, 1994:333) And even in the terrors of the bloody revolution, the doctor walks with a steady head, he never flinches, he is confident in his power and he has never doubted that he would save Lucie’s husband at last. And at last, he uses his own power to make Charles out of the prison. According t

45、o the description of Dr. Manette, we can see he is a noble man. He treats everyone equally. He uses his way to save his family and other people. Dr. Manette is another typical figure of the author’s humanitarianism. Charles Darnay is a rebel youth in aristocrats. He hates and criticizes his family.

46、 When he talks to his uncle, he said “We have done wrong, and are reaping the fruit of wrong.”(Charles Dickens, 1994:147) We can see that he is not satisfied about the situation. He sympathizes with the public and he feels uneasy for his social position. When his uncle looks at the house, he said th

47、e house to his eyes is fair enough, but seen in integrity under the sky and by the daylight, it is just a crumbling tower of waste, mismanagement, extortion, debt and oppression. And if this house becomes his, he would put the house into some hands better qualified to free it slowly from the weight

48、that drags it down, and so the miserable people who can not leave it may in another generation suffer less. And he also did what he said. He gives up all the heritages and the title, and earns money by working as a French teacher. Before the revolution, he had told the Gabelle to compassionate the p

49、ublic and reduce the tax. We can know it from this novel: he had oppressed no man, he had imprisoned no man; he was so far from having harshly exacted payment of his dues, that he had relinquished them of his own will, thrown himself on a world with no flavor in it, won his own private place th

50、ere, and earned his own bread. Monsieur Gabelle had held the impoverished and involved estate on written instructions, to spare the people, to give them what little there was to give-----such fuel as the heavy creditors would let them have in winter, and such produce as could be saved from the same

51、grip in the summer-----and no doubt he had put the fact in plea and proof, for his own safety, so that it could not but appear now. (Charles Dickens, 1994:296) When the revolution breaks out, Gabelle is put into prison, Charles Darnay takes the risk of going back to rescue him for defending hum

52、anity, but he is put into the prison and then sentences to death. But even in this situation, he cares nothing about himself but his wife, his daughter and his father-in-law. And this is the ideal youth in Dickens’ heart. To the author, Darnay’ rebellion to his class, his humanity to the public are

53、full of humanitarianism. So he has a good ending in this novel: When he will be sent to the guillotine, there is another person replacing him and going to the guillotine for him and he is sent to London. B. This novel advocates the Christian love and self-sacrifice. In this novel, the author a

54、lso advocates the self- sacrifice and the Christian love. This is mainly embodied on Sydney Carton, the gloomy clerk and best friend of the Manettes’. Sydney Carton is a clerk in the law firm. In England, he saves Charles Darnay, because of his intelligence. But his life attitude is surprising to u

55、s. He said, “I am a disappointed drudge, sir. I care for no man on earth, and no man on earth cares for me.”(Charles Dickens, 1994:98) From this sentence, we can see how desperate he is! He thinks there is no place for him in the world. But when he finds he loves Lucie, he thinks that he is so degen

56、erate and hopeless, and he has no qualification to love her. So he decides to give her up .He tells Lucie “Be under no apprehension, Miss Manette, of my ever resuming this conversation by so much as a passing word. I will never refer to it again. If I were dead, that could not be surer than it is he

57、nceforth.”(Charles Dickens, 1994:183) And when he knows Lucie’s marriage with Charles Darnay, he still shows great love to her and he decides to sacrifice himself for Lucie’s happiness at any time. He said to Lucie “For you, and for any dear to you, I would do anything. If my career were of that bet

58、ter kind that there was any opportunity or capacity of sacrifice in it, I would embrace any sacrifice for you and for those dear to you.”(Charles Dickens, 1994:184) And Carton achieves his promise to Lucie. For Lucie’s happiness, he replaces Charles Darnay to go to the guillotine. He uses his body t

59、o resist the violence. His sacrifice saves four lives and expresses his great love to Lucie. This novel advocates the Christian love. When he walks on the way to the guillotine, he remembers the solemn words which he had read at his father’s grave “ I am resurrection and the life, saith the Lord: he

60、 that believeth in me, though he were dead, yet shall he live: and whosoever liveth and believeth in me, shall never die.”(Charles Dickens, 1994:464) This sentence gives him strength to walk on the way and makes him bravely face the death. From these descriptions of Sydney Carton, we can see that al

61、though he is a strange man, he is a kind man. And we also can see the author highly praises Sydney Carton’s sacrifice. He hopes everyone can love each other and sacrifice for others. So Sydney Carton is the supreme embodiment of Charles Dickens’ humanitarianism. C. This novel also criticizes the

62、 violence and oppression in the society. In this novel, the author not only expresses his humanitarianism on the love between human beings, but also expresses his view according to his critics to the violence and oppression in that society. The author expresses his opinion on two parts. First, he

63、 criticizes the aristocrats, esp. the representative Marquis of Evremonde. Second, he also criticizes the revolutionaries in the French Revolution. The Marquis of Evremonde brothers are two cruel aristocrats. They oppress the people severely. They have a luxurious life, but their people suffer hung

64、er, cold, nakedness, etc. The Marquis could not swallow his morning chocolate without the aid of four strong men besides the cook, but at the same time, all the people are poor, they have nothing to eat but some leaves, grasses and any such small yielding of the earth. They care for nobody. They nev

65、er treat their people as human beings. They are very cruel and lack of humanity. For seizing others’ wives, they never care about how many lives they kill, but use their own way to reach their aims. When the Marquis’ carriage dashes through streets in an inhumane manner, it kills a poor child, the M

66、arquis never regrets but scolds the adults for not looking after their baby and at the same time, he throws a golden coin out of the carriage. This seems that he breaks a simple thing and paying them money as compensation is enough. Even this, the Marquis does not satisfy about this. He always remembers the period when they had a lot of privileges and the period when he kills a person but need not pay anything. He complains that France in all such thing is changed worse. Their ancestors held the