3噸柴油動(dòng)力貨車(chē)（傳動(dòng)軸、離合器及操縱機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)）
3噸柴油動(dòng)力貨車(chē)（傳動(dòng)軸、離合器及操縱機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)）,柴油,動(dòng)力,貨車(chē),傳動(dòng)軸,離合器,操縱,機(jī)構(gòu),設(shè)計(jì)
外文資料譯文
離合器如何工作
如果您駕駛手動(dòng)變速器的汽車(chē)，您可能會(huì)驚訝地發(fā)現(xiàn)它不僅僅有一個(gè)離合器。也會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)人們擁有的自動(dòng)變速器的汽車(chē)離合器。事實(shí)上，有很多離合器可能就是你每天看到或者是使用的東西：許多無(wú)繩鉆頭，有一個(gè)離合器， 鏈鋸有離心式離合器，甚至一些yo- yos有一個(gè)離合器。
Clutch Image Gallery 離合器圖像廊
示意圖顯示，汽車(chē)離合器的位置。 看到更多的離合器的圖像 。
在這篇文章中，您將了解為什么你需要一個(gè)離合器，如何離合器在您的汽車(chē)工程，并找出一些有趣的，也許令人驚訝，離合器的地方可以找到。
.離合器是有用的裝置，有兩個(gè)旋轉(zhuǎn)軸。 在這些裝置，其中的軸通常是驅(qū)動(dòng)馬達(dá)或滑輪，和其它軸的驅(qū)動(dòng)器的另一個(gè)設(shè)備 在演練中，舉例來(lái)說(shuō)，一軸驅(qū)動(dòng)馬達(dá)和其他驅(qū)動(dòng)器一鉆夾頭。 離合器連接兩槽，使他們可以被鎖在一起，自旋在相同的速度，或脫鉤和自旋以不同的速度。
在一個(gè)汽車(chē)?yán)?，你需要一個(gè)離合器，因?yàn)榘l(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)旋轉(zhuǎn)的所有時(shí)間，但汽車(chē)的輪子不。 在為了讓車(chē)停止殺死該引擎，車(chē)輪必須斷開(kāi)從發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)有點(diǎn)。 離合器使我們能夠順利進(jìn)行旋轉(zhuǎn)引擎，以一個(gè)非紡傳輸通過(guò)控制它們之間的延誤。
了解如何離合器工程，它有助于知道一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)關(guān)于摩擦 ，這是一個(gè)措施是何等的難，以幻燈片的對(duì)象之一，另一。 摩擦所帶來(lái)的高峰和低谷是的一部分，每一個(gè)表面-甚至很光滑表面仍然有微觀的高峰和低谷 。這些較大的高峰和低谷，就越難是幻燈片的對(duì)象。 您可以了解更多關(guān)于摩擦在如何剎車(chē)的工作。離合器工程，因?yàn)橹g的摩擦離合器板和飛輪。 我們將研究如何在這些零件的攜手合作，在未來(lái)的一節(jié)。
飛車(chē)輪，離合器片和摩擦
在汽車(chē)的離合器，飛輪連接到發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)，離合器板連接到傳輸。你可以看到什么，這看起來(lái)像在這個(gè)數(shù)字以下。
當(dāng)您的腳是關(guān)閉的踏板，彈簧推動(dòng)壓力板對(duì)離合器的光盤(pán)，這反過(guò)來(lái)又對(duì)壓力機(jī)飛輪。 這鎖引擎?zhèn)鬏斴斎胼S，使他們自旋在相同的速度。
金額武力的離合器可容納取決于對(duì)之間的摩擦離合器片和飛輪，有多少力量的彈簧了對(duì)壓力板。 摩擦力在離合器工程就像座中描述的摩擦節(jié)如何剎車(chē)的工作 ，除了彈簧壓力機(jī)對(duì)離合器板，而非重量迫切塊進(jìn)入地面。
當(dāng)離合器踏板的壓力，電纜或液壓活塞推動(dòng)關(guān)于釋放交岔路口，按投擲出軸承對(duì)中膜片彈簧。 As the middle of the diaphragm spring is pushed in, a series of pins near the outside of the spring causes the spring to pull the pressure plate away from the clutch disc (see below).作為中膜片彈簧是推在了一系列引腳附近以外的彈簧，彈簧的原因撤出的壓力板脫離離合器。
注意：彈簧在離合器板。這些彈簧的幫助，以隔離傳輸?shù)臎_擊，離合器從事。這通常是工程設(shè)計(jì)不錯(cuò)，但它確實(shí)有幾個(gè)缺點(diǎn)。
常見(jiàn)問(wèn)題
從20世紀(jì)50年代至70年代，你可以指望得到五萬(wàn)和七萬(wàn)英里之間從您的汽車(chē)的離合器。 .離合器現(xiàn)在可以去年多八點(diǎn)零萬(wàn)英里如果您使用他們輕輕地和他們保持良好。如果沒(méi)有照顧，離合器就可以開(kāi)始打破三五萬(wàn)英里。 卡車(chē)是一貫超載或經(jīng)常拖重物也可以有問(wèn)題，相對(duì)較新的離合器。
最常見(jiàn)的問(wèn)題與離合器是摩擦材料對(duì)光盤(pán)磨損。 摩擦材料對(duì)離合器光盤(pán)是非常相似的摩擦材料對(duì)港口及機(jī)場(chǎng)發(fā)展策略的一盤(pán)式制動(dòng)器 ，或鞋一鼓式制動(dòng)器 -時(shí)間后，它穿了。當(dāng)大部分或所有的摩擦材料是走了，離合器將開(kāi)始滑移，并最終將不會(huì)傳送任何權(quán)力，從發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)到車(chē)輪 。
當(dāng)離合器踏板的壓力，電纜或液壓活塞推動(dòng)關(guān)于釋放交岔路口，按投擲出軸承對(duì)中膜片彈簧。作為中膜片彈簧是推在了一系列引腳附近以外的彈簧，彈簧的原因撤出的壓力板脫離離合器。
照片禮貌卡羅萊納州的野馬
Clutch plate 離合器板
注意：彈簧在離合器板。 這些彈簧的幫助，以隔離傳輸?shù)臎_擊，離合器從事。
這通常是工程設(shè)計(jì)不錯(cuò)，但它確實(shí)有幾個(gè)缺點(diǎn)。 我們將看看共同離合器的問(wèn)題和其他用途離合器在以下各節(jié)。
離合器只穿著，而離合器光盤(pán)和飛輪是紡紗以不同的速度。 當(dāng)他們鎖定兩者合計(jì)，摩擦材料是舉行緊緊對(duì)飛輪，和他們自旋的同步。 它的，只有當(dāng)離合器光盤(pán)是滑倒對(duì)飛輪表示戴上發(fā)生。因此，如果您是類(lèi)型的司機(jī)看多的離合器很多了，那么您的離合器會(huì)更快的。
有時(shí)，問(wèn)題不在于下滑，但與堅(jiān)持。 如果您的離合器將不會(huì)公布得當(dāng)，它將繼續(xù)把輸入軸。 這可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致磨削，或完全防止您的汽車(chē)從進(jìn)入齒輪。
· 破碎或拉伸離合器電纜 -電纜的需求額正確的緊張局勢(shì)，以推拉有效。
· 漏泄或有缺陷的奴隸和/或主離合器氣瓶 -泄漏保持氣瓶從建設(shè)必要數(shù)額的壓力。
· 空氣中的液壓線 -空氣影響水力以空間流體需要建立的壓力。
· misadjusted的聯(lián)系 -當(dāng)您的腳打踏板，聯(lián)系傳達(dá)錯(cuò)誤的金額武力。
· 輸錯(cuò)離合器組件 -并非所有的售后零件的工作與您的離合器。
“硬”離合器也是一種常見(jiàn)的問(wèn)題。 所有離合器需要一些金額以武力壓低充分。 如果您有新聞界的努力，踏板，可能會(huì)有一些錯(cuò)誤的。 堅(jiān)持或有約束力的在踏板的聯(lián)系，電纜，交叉軸，或樞軸球是常見(jiàn)的原因。 有時(shí)堵塞或磨損密封在液壓系統(tǒng)也可能導(dǎo)致硬離合器。
. 另一個(gè)問(wèn)題是相關(guān)的離合器是一個(gè)破舊投擲出軸承 ，有時(shí)被稱(chēng)為離合器釋放軸承 。這關(guān)系到適用的力量，手指的紡紗壓力板釋放離合器。 如果您聽(tīng)到隆隆聲音時(shí)，離合器搞，您可能有一個(gè)問(wèn)題，與投擲出。
離合器的診斷測(cè)試
如果您發(fā)現(xiàn)您的離合器已經(jīng)失效，這是一個(gè)在家的診斷測(cè)試，任何人都可以執(zhí)行：
1. 啟動(dòng)汽車(chē)，設(shè)置停車(chē)休息，并把汽車(chē)在中立的。
2. 與您的汽車(chē)空轉(zhuǎn)，聽(tīng)取了咆哮的噪音，沒(méi)有推動(dòng)離合器英寸，如果你聽(tīng)到的東西，它最有可能的問(wèn)題與傳輸。 如果您沒(méi)有聽(tīng)到噪音，進(jìn)行步驟3 。
3. 與汽車(chē)仍然在中性，開(kāi)始把離合器和聽(tīng)噪音。 如果您聽(tīng)到啁啾的噪音，您按下，它最有可能的離合器釋放，或投擲出軸承。 如果您沒(méi)有聽(tīng)到噪音，進(jìn)行步驟4 。
4. 推動(dòng)離合器的所有方法在地上。 如果您聽(tīng)到尖叫噪音，這可能是試驗(yàn)軸承或襯套。
如果您沒(méi)有聽(tīng)到任何噪音，在這四個(gè)步驟，那么您的問(wèn)題可能是沒(méi)有離合器。 如果您聽(tīng)到噪音，閑置不用離開(kāi)時(shí)，離合器壓，它可能是一個(gè)問(wèn)題，在接觸點(diǎn)之間的交岔路口樞軸球。
各類(lèi)離合器
有許多其他類(lèi)型的離合器在您的汽車(chē)在您的車(chē)庫(kù)。
一．自動(dòng)變速器包含幾個(gè)離合器。 這些離合器進(jìn)行和脫鉤的各套行星齒輪 。 每個(gè)離合器投入使用的議案加壓液壓油。 當(dāng)壓力下降，彈簧導(dǎo)致離合器釋放。均勻間隔的山脊，所謂的樣條線內(nèi)外離合器鎖定到齒輪和離合器的殼。您可以閱讀更多關(guān)于這些離合器在自動(dòng)變速器如何工作 。
二．空調(diào)壓縮機(jī)在汽車(chē)內(nèi)有一個(gè)電磁離合器。 這使得壓縮機(jī)關(guān)閉，甚至，而引擎正在運(yùn)行。 當(dāng)電流流經(jīng)磁場(chǎng)線圈的離合器，離合器從事。 盡快當(dāng)前站，例如當(dāng)您關(guān)閉您的空調(diào)，離合器disengages 。
大部分車(chē)有一個(gè)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)冷卻風(fēng)扇有一個(gè)thermostatically控制粘性離合器 -溫度的流體驅(qū)動(dòng)器，其實(shí)離合器。 這離合器是定位于樞紐的風(fēng)扇，在氣流的未來(lái)，通過(guò)散熱器。 這種類(lèi)型的離合器是有很多像粘性聯(lián)軸器 ，有時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)在所有的四輪驅(qū)動(dòng)車(chē)。 流體在離合器得到較厚，因?yàn)樗郎?，造成風(fēng)扇旋轉(zhuǎn)速度要趕上與發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的旋轉(zhuǎn)。 當(dāng)車(chē)是冷，流體在離合器仍然寒冷及風(fēng)扇轉(zhuǎn)速慢，讓發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)迅速升溫，以適當(dāng)?shù)牟僮鳒囟取?
許多汽車(chē)有限支路的差異，或粘性耦合器，這兩項(xiàng)研究使用離合器，以幫助增加牽引。 一車(chē)輪的旋轉(zhuǎn)速度比其他，這使汽車(chē)難以處理。 該滑差速器彌補(bǔ)認(rèn)為，借助其離合器。 當(dāng)一個(gè)車(chē)輪的旋轉(zhuǎn)速度比其他情況下，離合器從事緩慢下來(lái)，并配合其他3 。 駕駛超過(guò)水坑的水或冰補(bǔ)丁也可以自旋您的輪子。 .您可以了解更多關(guān)于差別和粘性偶合器在如何差距的工作 。
氣體動(dòng)力鏈鋸和雜草吃有離心式離合器 ，使連鎖店或字串可以停止紡紗您不需要關(guān)掉引擎。 這些離合器的工作，自動(dòng)通過(guò)使用離心力。 .輸入連接到發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)曲軸。 輸出可驅(qū)動(dòng)鏈條，皮帶或軸。 作為輪換，每分鐘增加，加權(quán)武器移出，并迫使離合器進(jìn)行 。離心式離合器，也經(jīng)常發(fā)現(xiàn)在草坪割草機(jī)，卡丁車(chē)，輕便摩托車(chē)和迷你自行車(chē)。 甚至一些yo-yos制造與離心離合器。
汽車(chē)空調(diào)壓縮機(jī)具有磁性離合器
分析所有類(lèi)型的摩擦離合器和剎車(chē)使用相同的一般程序。下列步驟是必要的：
?假設(shè)或確定分布?jí)毫?duì)摩擦表面。
?尋找關(guān)系最大壓力和壓力，在任何一點(diǎn)
?申請(qǐng)條件的靜力平衡，以尋找（一）驅(qū)動(dòng)力， （二）轉(zhuǎn)矩，及（三）支持的反應(yīng)。
雜項(xiàng)離合器包括幾種類(lèi)型，如正面接觸式離合器，超負(fù)荷釋放離合器，超越離合器，磁流體離合器等。
離合器安裝
如果你是一名賽車(chē)手，你知道離合器是發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)和變速器之間至關(guān)重要的聯(lián)系。如果您沒(méi)有安裝或調(diào)整正確，您可能失去馬力和磨損離合器過(guò)早。 為了幫助您正確的，循環(huán)的軌道雜志安裝了離合器在一個(gè)賽車(chē)向您展示它如何的要做工作。
第一步，在安裝我們的離合器是要重視7 -6.3英寸按鈕飛輪向flexplate對(duì)后面的曲軸和扭矩到的地方。其次，離合器大會(huì)是放在一起。 這特別是離合器大會(huì)是一個(gè)7 -6 .3英寸， 3盤(pán)委員會(huì)P ro系列一套從四分之一碩士。 里面包含三個(gè)獨(dú)立的離合器光碟及隨之而來(lái)的浮子光盤(pán)是夾心一起內(nèi)房屋和離合器封面（同時(shí)作為一個(gè)壓力板）是在前面。 三個(gè)離合器光碟設(shè)計(jì)，與二月底光盤(pán)去的每一側(cè)與大會(huì)中心在光盤(pán)中。 年底光碟需要安裝的，所以花鍵中心向外擴(kuò)展，來(lái)自中東。 該中心光盤(pán)可以面對(duì)任何方向。組裝離合器，然后放置于螺栓延長(zhǎng)從按鈕飛輪。 大會(huì)面前的是螺栓的地方，精簡(jiǎn)環(huán)也下滑到釘。年底一輸入軸從一歲的傳輸，可切斷用來(lái)作為對(duì)齊工具。 我們插入此路線的工具，通過(guò)離合器大會(huì)進(jìn)入試點(diǎn)關(guān)系到年底曲軸和舉行，它為本，而螺栓舉行離合器大會(huì)是扭轉(zhuǎn)下跌。
與離合器大會(huì)在地方清拆之間的投擲出軸承和前排的傳輸需要進(jìn)行檢查。 如果沒(méi)有足夠的清關(guān)時(shí)， bellhousing是螺栓上，它將推動(dòng)了離合器的封面和部分釋放離合器。 檢查這關(guān)， bellhousing首先需要加以螺栓在地方。接下來(lái)，我們采取測(cè)量，從外邊緣的bellhousing向投擲出軸承。 在為了得到一個(gè)準(zhǔn)確的測(cè)量，投擲出軸承的需要，被關(guān)押在正常經(jīng)營(yíng)的立場(chǎng)，反對(duì)離合器涵蓋的范圍。 第二，測(cè)量從前方的表面，傳輸房屋向外界（前）的軸承保持是采取。 該bellhousing到投擲出軸承的測(cè)量需求，以大于家臣在前面的傳輸。 如果不是，那么家臣將推動(dòng)了投擲出軸承，部分釋放離合器和創(chuàng)造延誤。 這個(gè)結(jié)果在1匹馬力的損失。
在我們的情況下，關(guān)是關(guān)閉的一個(gè)第八的一英寸。 清拆應(yīng)介于0.063和0.125英寸。以正確的通關(guān)，我們需要以消除3 shims （在第十六- -一英寸每個(gè)）之間的投擲出軸承及液壓釋放房屋。 三sixteenths英寸，我們所取得的消除shims給我們的十六分之一- -一英寸的清關(guān)之用。bellhousing是螺栓，然后回到對(duì)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)和測(cè)量奪回來(lái)驗(yàn)證適當(dāng)?shù)那尻P(guān)之用。
現(xiàn)在，您的新離合器是安裝和調(diào)整了很多關(guān)，所以沒(méi)有機(jī)會(huì)延誤。 沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)任何延誤，是指沒(méi)有損失的馬力。 按照指引，我們?cè)诖碎g強(qiáng)調(diào)，你將永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)有問(wèn)題對(duì)您的離合器。
7
畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)（ 論 文 ）任 務(wù) 書(shū)
學(xué)生姓名
專(zhuān)業(yè)班級(jí)
指導(dǎo)教師
課題類(lèi)型
設(shè)計(jì)（論文）題目
3噸柴油動(dòng)力貨車(chē)設(shè)計(jì)(傳動(dòng)軸、離合器及操縱機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì))
主要研
究?jī)?nèi)容
貨車(chē)的基本參數(shù)為：選用柴油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)，最高車(chē)速為95Km/h，最小轉(zhuǎn)彎半徑≤5.5米，乘員人數(shù)2人，擋位數(shù)4+1，載重量為3噸。
參照相應(yīng)車(chē)型的整體布局參數(shù)（網(wǎng)上可以查到，如慶鈴系列輕型貨車(chē)等）、東風(fēng)3噸輕型貨車(chē)實(shí)物（車(chē)輛與交通實(shí)驗(yàn)室整車(chē)陳列間內(nèi)）和其他有關(guān)車(chē)型（到院資料室查閱），完成貨車(chē)的傳動(dòng)軸、離合器及操縱機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)。
主要技
術(shù)指標(biāo)(或研究目標(biāo))
完成貨車(chē)的傳動(dòng)軸、離合器及操縱機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)，完成總和不少于3張零號(hào)圖紙的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)圖、裝配圖和零件圖，其中應(yīng)包含用計(jì)算機(jī)繪制（或手工繪制）的具有中等難度的1號(hào)圖紙一張以上。
按要求格式獨(dú)立撰寫(xiě)不少于12000字的設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū)，應(yīng)有中英文摘要（摘要不少于400字），全部用計(jì)算機(jī)打?。ň幣乓蟮胶幽峡萍即髮W(xué)教務(wù)處網(wǎng)站查：《河南科技大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）指導(dǎo)手冊(cè)》），查閱與課題相關(guān)的文獻(xiàn)資料15篇以上，獨(dú)立完成總量10000以上印刷符號(hào)與本人題目相關(guān)的外文資料譯文。
進(jìn)度計(jì)劃
（6~7周）全組集體討論，確定總體方案。每個(gè)學(xué)生確定自己的設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容與繪圖數(shù)量。在進(jìn)行調(diào)研、搜集、分析資料的基礎(chǔ)上，完成開(kāi)題報(bào)告（4月14日交）。
（8~9周） 整理本設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容的相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)資料，進(jìn)行必要的理論計(jì)算，擬出說(shuō)明書(shū)草稿，搜集相關(guān)外文資料并翻譯。
（10~11周）完成主要總圖設(shè)計(jì)。（5月5日下午至少完成一張零號(hào)草圖）。
（12~13周）完成零、部件圖設(shè)計(jì)，并完成機(jī)繪圖。（5月23日下午之前完成）。
（14~15周）按要求整理、編寫(xiě)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū)。
（ 16周）整理圖紙及全部設(shè)計(jì)文件，準(zhǔn)備上交。（6月13日下午四點(diǎn)交全部設(shè)計(jì)資料）
（17周）審閱、評(píng)閱設(shè)計(jì)資料，答辯，評(píng)定成績(jī)。
主要參
考文獻(xiàn)
汽車(chē)構(gòu)造； 汽車(chē)?yán)碚摚?
汽車(chē)設(shè)計(jì)； 汽車(chē)車(chē)身結(jié)構(gòu)與設(shè)計(jì)；
車(chē)身造型； 汽車(chē)車(chē)型手冊(cè)；
有關(guān)汽車(chē)行業(yè)雜志。 機(jī)械零件設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)
研究所（教研室）主任簽字： 年 月 日
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）開(kāi)題報(bào)告
（學(xué)生填表）
課題名稱(chēng)
3噸柴油動(dòng)力貨車(chē)（傳動(dòng)軸、離合器及操縱機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)）
學(xué)生姓名
曹殿波
專(zhuān)業(yè)班級(jí)
車(chē)輛043班
課題類(lèi)型
工程設(shè)計(jì)
指導(dǎo)教師
李水良/ 馬心坦
職稱(chēng)
副教授
課題來(lái)源
1. 設(shè)計(jì)（或研究）的依據(jù)與意義
隨著汽車(chē)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速、功率的不斷提高和汽車(chē)電子技術(shù)的高速發(fā)展，人們對(duì)離合器的要求也越來(lái)越高。離合器作為汽車(chē)主要傳動(dòng)系的組成部分必然也得與時(shí)俱進(jìn)，從傳統(tǒng)的推片式彈簧離合器結(jié)構(gòu)正逐步向拉片式膜片彈簧離合器發(fā)展，傳統(tǒng)的操縱機(jī)構(gòu)正向自動(dòng)操縱的形式發(fā)展。因此，提高離合器的可靠性和延長(zhǎng)其使用壽命，增加離合器傳遞轉(zhuǎn)矩的能力和簡(jiǎn)化操縱機(jī)構(gòu)變成發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。
? 國(guó)家適時(shí)出臺(tái)《汽車(chē)零部件再制造試點(diǎn)管理辦法》更是對(duì)節(jié)能減排這一工作方針的具體實(shí)施。汽車(chē)零部件再制造對(duì)推進(jìn)我國(guó)循環(huán)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和加快資源節(jié)約型社會(huì)建設(shè)意義重大。據(jù)資料顯示，美國(guó)汽車(chē)再制造是世界最大的再制造市場(chǎng)，其范圍已覆蓋發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)、傳動(dòng)裝置、離合器、起動(dòng)機(jī)、空調(diào)壓縮機(jī)等，產(chǎn)業(yè)規(guī)模已超過(guò)750億美元。但是在我國(guó)這樣的再循環(huán)建設(shè)可以說(shuō)還在起步階段，像離合器等報(bào)廢了一般走進(jìn)廢鐵回收站買(mǎi)點(diǎn)小錢(qián)，對(duì)資源是一種巨大的浪費(fèi)，也很可能對(duì)生態(tài)造成污染和破壞。同時(shí)我們也得看出解決的最終辦法就是提高科研能力，生產(chǎn)的離合器既要符合發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)功率和轉(zhuǎn)速的要求，還要滿足結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單、質(zhì)量小、制造工藝好等等。科技創(chuàng)新是關(guān)鍵。
關(guān)于萬(wàn)向節(jié)傳動(dòng)軸，它在汽車(chē)上的應(yīng)用很廣泛，據(jù)了解某萬(wàn)向傳動(dòng)軸公司技術(shù)發(fā)展部在2007年共有83個(gè)科技創(chuàng)新項(xiàng)目和63個(gè)QC攻關(guān)項(xiàng)目通過(guò)驗(yàn)收。這些創(chuàng)新項(xiàng)目在新產(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā)、設(shè)備技改、工藝攻關(guān)、管理創(chuàng)新等多個(gè)方面為公司節(jié)約成本300多萬(wàn)元，新增業(yè)務(wù)上千萬(wàn)元。科技創(chuàng)新和項(xiàng)目攻關(guān)作為傳動(dòng)軸公司持續(xù)開(kāi)展的重點(diǎn)工作，多年來(lái)取得了巨大的成績(jī)，目前傳動(dòng)軸公司在微、輕、中、重系列化生產(chǎn)上在國(guó)內(nèi)OEM配套市場(chǎng)上名列前茅，不少科研單位因此也慕名前來(lái)求教。所以對(duì)于科學(xué)發(fā)展，我們一定要以創(chuàng)新的角度來(lái)看問(wèn)題，不斷提高機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造水平，在國(guó)際舞臺(tái)上占有一席之地。
2. 國(guó)內(nèi)外同類(lèi)設(shè)計(jì)（或同類(lèi)研究）的概況綜述
（1）國(guó)內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)情況：根據(jù)市場(chǎng)調(diào)查，我們傳統(tǒng)汽車(chē)離合器的市場(chǎng)需求量仍然在一直增長(zhǎng)，2007年我國(guó)汽車(chē)離合器的產(chǎn)量已經(jīng)突破1000萬(wàn)套。我國(guó)汽車(chē)產(chǎn)量持續(xù)增長(zhǎng)、汽車(chē)保有量的增加、出口市場(chǎng)需求的擴(kuò)張等三大因素繼續(xù)推動(dòng)我國(guó)汽車(chē)離合器行業(yè)繼續(xù)向前發(fā)展，尤其DCT技術(shù)在中國(guó)的發(fā)展，將使我國(guó)摩擦片汽車(chē)離合器行業(yè)獲得新的發(fā)展機(jī)遇。雙質(zhì)量飛輪是我國(guó)傳統(tǒng)汽車(chē)離合器發(fā)展的一方向，目前我國(guó)已經(jīng)有Luk、Excedy等外資企業(yè)開(kāi)始組裝生產(chǎn)雙質(zhì)量飛輪，吉林大華、湖北三環(huán)的雙質(zhì)量飛輪也將于今年進(jìn)入產(chǎn)業(yè)化階段。液力變矩器需求隨著我國(guó)汽車(chē)自動(dòng)檔比重的增加而加大，國(guó)內(nèi)除上海薩克斯早已量產(chǎn)液力變矩器產(chǎn)品外，2007年，廣州優(yōu)達(dá)佳、上海Excedy、南京Valeo等外資企業(yè)相繼開(kāi)始組裝生產(chǎn)液力變矩器。由于我國(guó)AT技術(shù)的本土化存在很大困難，發(fā)展液力變矩器對(duì)國(guó)內(nèi)企業(yè)仍存在很高的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
（2）國(guó)外發(fā)展情況和趨勢(shì)：大眾汽車(chē)最近發(fā)明出比傳統(tǒng)自動(dòng)變速箱更省油，比普通手動(dòng)變速箱響應(yīng)更快——DSG 雙離合器變速箱，它是目前世界上最先進(jìn)的、具有革命性的變速器系統(tǒng)。DSG巧妙地把手動(dòng)變速器的靈活性和傳統(tǒng)自動(dòng)變速器的方便性結(jié)合在一起，采用了雙離合器和6個(gè)前進(jìn)檔的齒輪變速器作為動(dòng)力的傳送部件，實(shí)現(xiàn)更為順暢的換檔，令駕駛者體會(huì)到更強(qiáng)的運(yùn)動(dòng)快感，同時(shí)，卻付出了更低的油耗。同時(shí)電子技術(shù)也進(jìn)入了離合器系統(tǒng)也是趨勢(shì)所在，一種由控制單元（ECU）控制的離合器已經(jīng)應(yīng)用在多款的轎跑車(chē)上。其ECU匯集油門(mén)踏板、發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速傳感器、車(chē)速傳感器等信號(hào)，驅(qū)動(dòng)伺服馬達(dá)機(jī)構(gòu)施行自動(dòng)變速。汽車(chē)變速系統(tǒng)技術(shù)整體上是由手動(dòng)換檔向自動(dòng)換檔發(fā)展，尤其是現(xiàn)階段高速發(fā)展的計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)應(yīng)用于換檔變速系統(tǒng)，使汽立自動(dòng)變速技術(shù)得到了快速的發(fā)展。
（3）遇到的問(wèn)題：如今我們也時(shí)長(zhǎng)聽(tīng)到哪個(gè)公司召回有問(wèn)題的汽車(chē)的消息，比如伊蘭特離合器存在的問(wèn)題：“哨聲”問(wèn)題，原因出自離合器和中心軸連接的花件套所致。有一小批的曾經(jīng)出現(xiàn)過(guò)塑料質(zhì)地的原因。原來(lái)的都是銅質(zhì)地。那一批中間夾了塑料，導(dǎo)致了此類(lèi)問(wèn)題出現(xiàn)。全國(guó)不完全統(tǒng)計(jì)就幾百輛車(chē)子需要更換。
我認(rèn)為有些新技術(shù)雖然發(fā)明出來(lái)了，但是沒(méi)有合適的市場(chǎng)定位，加上人們使用習(xí)慣和觀念的不易接受，暫時(shí)還沒(méi)有用武之地，但是確實(shí)是科學(xué)的進(jìn)步，就我的設(shè)計(jì)課題而言，我認(rèn)為盡量采用技術(shù)成熟價(jià)格合適的產(chǎn)品為上選。
3. 課題設(shè)計(jì)（或研究）的內(nèi)容
貨車(chē)的基本參數(shù)為：用柴油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)，最高車(chē)速為95km/h,最小轉(zhuǎn)彎半徑《5.5米，乘員人數(shù)2人，檔位數(shù)4+1，載重量為3噸。設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容如下：
（1）離合器及操縱機(jī)構(gòu)：采用技術(shù)比較成熟的拉式膜片彈簧離合器和相應(yīng)的帶有助力的液壓式操縱機(jī)構(gòu)。
（2）萬(wàn)向傳動(dòng)軸：根據(jù)前后懸架采用非獨(dú)立式懸架，只需在轉(zhuǎn)向輪附近安裝一個(gè)十字軸式萬(wàn)向節(jié)，傳動(dòng)軸的設(shè)計(jì)注意到運(yùn)動(dòng)干涉，并就是否加入中間支撐機(jī)構(gòu)展開(kāi)分析討論。
參考相應(yīng)車(chē)型的參數(shù)，（網(wǎng)上查到，慶鈴系列輕型貨車(chē)等）、東風(fēng)3噸輕型貨車(chē)實(shí)物（車(chē)輛與交通實(shí)驗(yàn)室整車(chē)陳列室整車(chē)陳列間）和其他有關(guān)車(chē)型，完成貨車(chē)的傳動(dòng)軸、離合器及操縱機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)。要求如下：
（1）圖紙工作量：完成繪制離合器總成1張A0圖紙及其零件圖A1圖紙，傳動(dòng)軸總成1張A1圖紙，手繪離合器操縱機(jī)構(gòu)A0圖紙，總工作量折合不少于3張A0圖紙。
（2）編寫(xiě)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū)，包括：封面、任務(wù)書(shū)、中文摘要、英文摘要、目錄、符號(hào)說(shuō)明、前言、正文、結(jié)論、參考文獻(xiàn)（不少于15篇）、致謝、附錄、封底。內(nèi)容有：設(shè)計(jì)綜述，離合器，轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)軸總成結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)及性能參數(shù)的選擇，主要零、部件的強(qiáng)度計(jì)算。內(nèi)容不少于12000字，中文摘要不少于400字，英文摘要不少于300個(gè)詞。
（3）獨(dú)立完成10000以上印刷符號(hào)的與專(zhuān)業(yè)有關(guān)的外文譯文。
4. 設(shè)計(jì)（或研究）方法
（1）通過(guò)熟悉離合器及操縱機(jī)構(gòu)的結(jié)構(gòu)和工作原理，初步選擇合適的離合器和操縱機(jī)構(gòu)，選擇離合器的主要參數(shù)并優(yōu)化；對(duì)膜片彈簧進(jìn)行強(qiáng)度計(jì)算、基本參數(shù)選擇、材料和制造工藝和優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)；對(duì)扭轉(zhuǎn)減震器進(jìn)行剛度和轉(zhuǎn)矩的計(jì)算；對(duì)操縱機(jī)構(gòu)進(jìn)行受力分析，設(shè)計(jì)合理機(jī)構(gòu)；對(duì)離合器主要零部件的結(jié)構(gòu)：從動(dòng)盤(pán)總成、離合器蓋總成、分離軸承總成進(jìn)行結(jié)構(gòu)和相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)的計(jì)算。
（2）通過(guò)對(duì)萬(wàn)向傳動(dòng)軸結(jié)構(gòu)方案分析，初步確定選用的傳動(dòng)軸類(lèi)型，并對(duì)萬(wàn)向傳動(dòng)進(jìn)行運(yùn)動(dòng)和受力分析，還要通過(guò)討論來(lái)確定是否增加中間支撐結(jié)構(gòu)。
5. 實(shí)施計(jì)劃
（6~7周）全組集體討論，確定總體方案。確定自己的設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容與繪圖數(shù)量。在進(jìn)行調(diào)研、搜集、分析資料的基礎(chǔ)上，完成開(kāi)題報(bào)告。
（8~9周）整理本設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容的相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)資料，進(jìn)行相關(guān)的理論計(jì)算，擬出說(shuō)明書(shū)草稿，搜集相關(guān)外文資料并翻譯。
（10~11周）完成主要總圖設(shè)計(jì)。
(12~13周)完成零、部件圖設(shè)計(jì)，并完成機(jī)繪圖。
（14~15周）按要求整理、編寫(xiě)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū)。
（16周）整理圖紙及全部設(shè)計(jì)文件，準(zhǔn)備上交。
（17周）審閱、評(píng)閱、設(shè)計(jì)資料，答辯，評(píng)定成績(jī)。
工作地點(diǎn)：實(shí)驗(yàn)大樓地下室
指導(dǎo)教師意見(jiàn)
指導(dǎo)教師簽字： 年 月 日
教研室意見(jiàn)
教研室主任簽字： 年 月 日
車(chē)輛與動(dòng)力工程學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū)
How Clucthes Work
If you drive a manual transmission car, you may be surprised to find out that it has more than one clutch. And it turns out that folks with automatic transmission cars have clutches, too. In fact, there are clutches in many things you probably see or use every day: Many cordless drills have a clutch, chain saws have a centrifugal clutch and even some yo-yos have a clutch.
Clutch Image Gallery
Diagram of car showing clutch location. See more clutch images.
In this article, you'll learn why you need a clutch, how the clutch in your car works and find out some interesting, and perhaps surprising, places where clutches can be found.
Clutches are useful in devices that have two rotating shafts. In these devices, one of the shafts is typically driven by a motor or pulley, and the other shaft drives another device. In a drill, for instance, one shaft is driven by a motor and the other drives a drill chuck. The clutch connects the two shafts so that they can either be locked together and spin at the same speed, or be decoupled and spin at different speeds.
In a car, you need a clutch because the engine spins all the time, but the car's wheels do not. In order for a car to stop without killing the engine, the wheels need to be disconnected from the engine somehow.
The clutch allows us to smoothly engage a spinning engine to a non-spinning transmission by controlling the slippage between them.
To understand how a clutch works, it helps to know a little bit about friction, which is a measure of how hard it is to slide one object over another. Friction is caused by the peaks and valleys that are part of every surface -- even very smooth surfaces still have microscopic peaks and valleys. The larger these peaks and valleys are, the harder it is to slide the object. You can learn more about friction in How Brakes Work.
A clutch works because of friction between a clutch plate and a flywheel. We'll look at how these parts work together in the next section.
Fly Wheels, Clutch Plates and Friction
In a car's clutch, a flywheel connects to the engine, and a clutch plate connects to the transmission. You can see what this looks like in the figure below.
When your foot is off the pedal, the springs push the pressure plate against the clutch disc, which in turn presses against the flywheel. This locks the engine to the transmission input shaft, causing them to spin at the same speed.
Photo courtesy Carolina Mustang
Pressure plate
The amount of force the clutch can hold depends on the friction between the clutch plate and the flywheel, and how much force the spring puts on the pressure plate. The friction force in the clutch works just like the blocks described in the friction section of How Brakes Work, except that the spring presses on the clutch plate instead of weight pressing the block into the ground.
When the clutch pedal is pressed, a cable or hydraulic piston pushes on the release fork, which presses the throw-out bearing against the middle of the diaphragm spring. As the middle of the diaphragm spring is pushed in, a series of pins near the outside of the spring causes the spring to pull the pressure plate away from the clutch disc .This releases the clutch from the spinning engine.
Photo courtesy Carolina Mustang
Clutch plate
Note the springs in the clutch plate. These springs help to isolate the transmission from the shock of the clutch engaging.
This design usually works pretty well, but it does have a few drawbacks. We'll look at common clutch problems and other uses for clutches in the following sections.
Common Problems
From the 1950s to the 1970s, you could count on getting between 50,000 and 70,000 miles from your car's clutch. Clutches can now last for more than 80,000 miles if you use them gently and maintain them well. If not cared for, clutches can start to break down at 35,000 miles. Trucks that are consistently overloaded or that frequently tow heavy loads can also have problems with relatively new clutches.
The most common problem with clutches is that the friction material on the disc wears out. The friction material on a clutch disc is very similar to the friction material on the pads of a disc brake or the shoes of a drum brake -- after a while, it wears away. When most or all of the friction material is gone, the clutch will start to slip, and eventually it won't transmit any power from the engine to the wheels.
The clutch only wears while the clutch disc and the flywheel are spinning at different speeds. When they are locked together, the friction material is held tightly against the flywheel, and they spin in sync. It's only when the clutch disc is slipping against the flywheel that wearing occurs. So, if you are the type of driver who slips the clutch a lot, you'll wear out your clutch a lot faster.
Sometimes the problem is not with slipping, but with sticking. If your clutch won't release properly, it will continue to turn the input shaft. This can cause grinding, or completely prevent your car from going into gear. Some common reasons a clutch may stick are:
· Broken or stretched clutch cable - The cable needs the right amount of tension to push and pull effectively.
· Leaky or defective slave and/or master clutch cylinders - Leaks keep the cylinders from building the necessary amount of pressure.
· Air in the hydraulic line - Air affects the hydraulics by taking up space the fluid needs to build pressure.
· Misadjusted linkage - When your foot hits the pedal, the linkage transmits the wrong amount of force.
· Mismatched clutch components - Not all aftermarket parts work with your clutch.
A "hard" clutch is also a common problem. All clutches require some amount of force to depress fully. If you have to press hard on the pedal, there may be something wrong. Sticking or binding in the pedal linkage, cable, cross shaft, or pivot ball are common causes. Sometimes a blockage or worn seals in the hydraulic system can also cause a hard clutch.
Another problem associated with clutches is a worn throw-out bearing, sometimes called a clutch release bearing. This bearing applies force to the fingers of the spinning pressure plate to release the clutch. If you hear a rumbling sound when the clutch engages, you might have a problem with the throw-out.
Clutch Diagnostic Test
If you find that your clutch has failed, here is an at-home diagnostic test that anyone can perform:
1. Start your car, set the parking break, and put the car in neutral.
2. With your car idling, listen for a growling noise without pushing the clutch in. If you hear something, it's most likely a problem with the transmission. If you don't hear a noise, proceed to step three.
3. With the car still in neutral, begin to push the clutch and listen for noise. If you hear a chirping noise as you press, it's most likely the clutch release, or throw-out bearing. If you don't hear a noise, proceed to step four.
4. Push the clutch all the way to the floor. If you hear a squealing noise, it's probably the pilot bearing or bushing.
If you don't hear any noise during these four steps, then your problem is probably not the clutch. If you hear the noise at idle and it goes away when the clutch is pressed, it may be an issue in the contact point between the fork and pivot ball.
Types of Clutches
There are many other types of clutches in your car and in your garage.An automatic transmission contains several clutches. These clutches engage and disengage various sets of planetary gears. Each clutch is put into motion using pressurized hydraulic fluid. When the pressure drops, springs cause the clutch to release. Evenly spaced ridges, called splines, line the inside and outside of the clutch to lock into the gears and the clutch housing. You can read more about these clutches in How Automatic Transmissions Work.
An air conditioning compressor in a car has an electromagnetic clutch. This allows the compressor to shut off even while the engine is running. When current flows through a magnetic coil in the clutch, the clutch engages. As soon as the current stops, such as when you turn off your air conditioning, the clutch disengages.
Most cars that have an engine-driven cooling fan have a thermostatically controlled viscous clutch -- the temperature of the fluid actually drives the clutch. This clutch is positioned at the hub of the fan, in the airflow coming through the radiator. This type of clutch is a lot like the viscous coupling sometimes found in all-wheel drive cars. The fluid in the clutch gets thicker as it heats up, causing the fan to spin faster to catch up with the engine rotation. When the car is cold, the fluid in the clutch remains cold and the fan spins slowly, allowing the engine to quickly warm up to its proper operating temperature.
Many cars have limited slip differentials or viscous couplings, both of which use clutches to help increase traction. When your car turns, one wheel spins faster than the other, which makes the car hard to handle. The slip differential makes up for that with the help of its clutch. When one wheel spins faster than the others, the clutch engages to slow it down and match the other three. Driving over puddles of water or patches of ice can also spin your wheels. You can learn more about differentials and viscous couplings in How Differentials Work.
Gas-powered chain saws and weed eaters have centrifugal clutches, so that the chains or strings can stop spinning without you having to turn off the engine. These clutches work automatically through the use of centrifugal force. The input is connected to the engine crankshaft. The output can drive a chain, belt or shaft. As the rotations per minute increase, weighted arms swing out and force the clutch to engage. Centrifugal clutches are also often found in lawn mowers, go-karts, mopeds and mini-bikes. Even some yo-yos are manufactured with centrifugal clutches.
Clutch install
If you’re a racer, you know that the clutch is the vital linkage between the engine and the transmission. If you don’t have it installed or adjusted correctly, you can lose horsepower and wear out the clutch prematurely. To help you get it right, Circle Track magazine installed a clutch in a racing car to show you how it’s done. With some help from Quarter Master Industries, let’s get to it.
The first step in installing our clutch is to attach the 7?-inch button flywheel to the flexplate on the back of the crankshaft and torque it into place.
Next, the clutch assembly is put together. This particular clutch assembly is a 7-?-inch, three-disc pac Pro Series set from Quarter Master. The inside contains three separate clutch discs and their attendant floater discs that are sandwiched together inside the housing and a clutch cover (same as a pressure plate) that is on the front. The three clutch discs are designed with two end discs that go on each side of the assembly with a center disc in the middle. The end discs need to be installed so the splined center extends outward from the middle. The center disc can face either direction.
The assembled clutch is then placed onto the bolts extending from the button flywheel. Before the assembly is bolted in place, the starter ring is also slipped onto the studs.
The end of an input shaft from an old transmission can be cut off and used as an alignment tool. We insert this alignment tool through the clutch assembly into the pilot bearing on the end of the crankshaft and hold it centered while the bolts holding the clutch assembly are torqued down.
With the clutch assembly in place the clearance between the throw-out bearing and the front of the transmission needs to be checked. If there isn’t enough clearance when the bellhousing is bolted on, it will push on the clutch cover and partially release the clutch. To check this clearance, the bellhousing first needs to be bolted in place.
Next, we take a measurement from the outside edge of the bellhousing to the throw-out bearing. In order to get an accurate measurement, the throw-out bearing needs to be held in the normal operating position against the clutch cover. Second, a measurement from the front surface of the transmission housing to the outside (front) of the bearing retainer is taken. The bellhousing-to-throw-out-bearing measurement needs to be greater than the retainer on the front of the transmission. If it isn’t, then the retainer will push on the throw-out bearing, partially releasing the clutch and creating slippage. This results in a horsepower loss.
In our case, the clearance is off by an eighth of an inch. The clearance should be between .063 and .125 inches.
To correct the clearance, we needed to remove three shims (at a sixteenth-of-an-inch each) between the throw-out bearing and the hydraulic release housing. The three-sixteenths inch we gained by removing the shims gave us one sixteenth-of-an-inch clearance.
The bellhousing is then bolted back on the engine and the measurements are retaken to verify the proper clearance.
Now, your new clutch is installed and adjusted with plenty of clearance so there is no chance of slippage. No slippage means no loss of horsepower. Follow the guidelines we stressed here, and you’ll never have problems with your clutch.
Car air conditioning compressor with magnetic clutch
Clutches are valuable and necessary to a number of applications. For more information on clutches and related topics, check out the links on the following page.
The analysis of all type of friction clutches and brakes use the same general procedure. The following step are necessary:
? Assume or determine the distribution of pressure on the frictional surfaces.
? Find a relation between the maximum pressure and the pressure at any point
? Apply the condition of statical equilibrium to find (a) the actuating force, (b) the torque, and (c) the support reactions.
Miscellaneous clutches include several types, such as the positive-contact clutches, overload-release clutches, overrunning clutches, magnetic fluid clutches, and others.
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