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Study on the Technology of the Coal Mining Safety Monitoring System
Abstract
New development and application of the wireless radio frequency make the application of the RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) technology become more and more extensively, and combining the characteristics of RFID technology with the mine, we established an underground safety monitoring system with integrality, real-time and flexibility, which could automatically alarm when dangers happen and enhance the search and rescue efficiency. The system could manage the harm-gas concentration, planning arrangement of workers, access control for the works passing in and out laneway, distribution of laneway personnel and workers’ data, realize the informationization and visualization of the underground management, and enhance the mining production management level and the work safety level of the mine.
Keywords: RFID, Safety monitoring system, E-tag, Reader-writer
Mining accidents often happened in China in recent years, and except for mine owners’ weak safety and legal consciousness, the lagged safety establishments and the imperfect managements of the mining personnel and equipments were the important causes. Through analyzing several extra serious accidents in the near period, following common problems generally existed (Qiu, 2007, P.28-29), (1) the information communication between the ground personnel and the underground was not timely, (2) ground personnel could not dynamically grasp the underground personnel’s distribution and operation situation, and could not exactly position underground personnel, (3) once the mine accident happened, the efficiency of rescue was low, and the effect was worse. Therefore, it is very important and urgent to exactly and quickly carry out the coal mining safety monitoring function (Liu, 2004, P.22-25 & Guo, 2005), effectively manage the miners, and ensure the high-efficiency operation of the rescue.
The coal mining personnel and vehicle safety monitoring system proposed in the article can track, monitor and position the harmful gases, personnel and vehicles in the mine real time, and offer dynamic information about the mine laneway network, personal position, vehicle position, dangerous region and corresponding clews for ground personnel. If the accident happens, the system also can inquire about the personnel distribution, the personnel quantity, the personnel withdrawal line to offer scientific references for the accident rescue from the monitoring computer. At the same time, the mangers can utilize the daily attendance function in the system to implement attendance management for miners.
1. Introduction of the RFID technology
RFID (Zhou, 2006 & Nadeem Raza, 1999) is a sort of non-contact automatic identification technology, and it can automatically identify the objective by the radio frequency signals, quickly track the goods and exchange data. The identification work needs not human operation, and can work under various severe environments. RFID technology can identify high-speed objects and identify multiple tags simultaneously, and the operation is quick and simple. RFID technology was generated in the Second World War, and it is the successor of the traditional code technology, and its major core part is the E-tag, and the identification system could read the information stored in the E-tag through the radio waves emitted by the reader-writer from a few centimeters to a few meters, and identify the identity of the goods, people and objects represented by the E-tag.
1.1 Composing of RFID system
RFID systemis generally composed by E-tag, reader-writer and computer communication network(Simson Garfinekel, 2005).
1.1.1 E-tag
E-tag stores correlative information of the identified objects, and it is usually put on the identified objects, and the information stored by it can be read and written by the radio frequency reader-writer through the non-contact mode.
1.1.2 Reader-writer
The reader-writer is the equipment which can be used to read and write the information of the E-tag by the radio frequency technology. The tag information read by the reader-writer can be managed and transmitted by the computer network system.
1.1.3 Computer communication network
In the RFID system, the computer communication network is generally used to manage the data and complete the function of communication transmission. The reader-writer can connect with the computer communication network by the standard interface to realize the communication and data transmission.
1.2 Work principle of RFID system
RFID technology is a sort of non-contact information transfer mode realized by the radio frequency signals through space coupling (alternating magnetic field or electromagnetic field), and it identifies the objective through the transferred information. Its work principle can be described as follows (Klaus Finkenzeller, 2003): reader-writer emits energy in one region, form the electromagnetic field, and the size of the region is decided by the work frequency and antenna size, and when the E-tag passes this region, the system checks the signal of the reader-writer and stores the electromagnetic wave energies emitted by the reader-writer to be the electric energy needed by the tag, and the tag transmits the interior information to the reader-writer by the form of the radio wave, and the reader-writer accepts the data of the E-tag, encodes and implement fault check to judge the validity of the data, and transfers the data to the computer communication network for the data processing.
1.3 Technical characteristics of RFID
1.3.1 Data read and write
RFID reader can read the data to the database without contact, and process multiple tags once, and write the logistic processing state into the tag for the logistic processing in the next stage.
1.3.2 Miniaturized and diverse form
RFID will not be limited by the size or form when it reads data, so it needs not to use the paper with fixed size or print quality to fit for the precision. In addition, E-tag of RFID can be applied in different products by small size, so we can more flexibly control the production of the products, especially the application on the production line.
1.3.3 Anti-pollution
RFID possesses strong anti-pollution nature for water, oil or drugs. And in the dark or polluted environment, RFID also can read data.
1.3.4 Repetitive use
Because RFID is electric data which can be written repetitively, so the tag can be used repetitively.
1.3.5 Penetrability
If RFID is covered by the paper, wood, plastics or non-metal or non-transparent materials, it can communicate through these materials except for the irons or other metals.
1.3.6 Big memory capacity of data
The data capacity will be extended with the development of the memory scale, and the quality of the material carried by the goods is larger, the requirement of the capacity for the volume label also increase, and RDID will not be restrained.
1.3.7 System safety
The system stores the data from the central computer to the work piece which will largely enhance the safety of the system.
1.3.8 Data safety
The checkout method or the cycle redundancy checkout method will be used to ensure the data veracity stored in the radio frequency tag.
2. Total design and work principle of the monitoring system
2.1 System design
Except for fulfilling the function requirements, the design project should fully consider the stability,reliability,anti-jamming ability, fault-tolerance ability and abnormity protection, so the total design of the system should be embodied in following aspects.
(1) The design could effectively identify and monitor underground personnel, and realize the humanization,informationization and automatization.
(2) The design could effectively offer personnel’s passing in and out, attendance and monitoring and relative management information, and once the accident happens, the design could ensure the normal implementation of the rescue.
(3) The design of the system could possess the natures of safety, maintenance and expansion.
(4) The design could effectively test the concentration of harmful gases and quickly react.
2.2 System work principle
The underground station equipment emits the encrypted information to the exterior by the antenna and forms certain signal emission region. The RFID cards carried by the workers will be activated when they enter into the emission region, and the information carried with the encrypted objective identification are emitted by the emission module, and the substation equipment will receive these signals and abstract the objective identification code, and transmit the code to the ground computer system to complete the function of the system. When the concentration of the harmful gases achieves certain value, the gas sensor of the substation equipment transmits the information to the A/D converter, and after the information are converted, they are transmitted to the monitoring network to realize the test and monitoring.
3. Composing and structure of the system
The safety monitoring system includes the ground part and the underground part .The products in the system adopt the sap hanging design (Tan, 2007) to ensure the normally and continually running of the system in the severe environment and offer power supply for 1~3 hours after power-down.
The underground part and the ground part adopt the RS-485 serial interface standard communication and the RS-232 standard serial interaction to connect with the transmission network. The data conversion interface is mainly composed by the power supply board, signal conversion board and safety bolt, and it is placed on the mouth of the mine, and it is mainly used to ensure the information exchange between the underground monitoring points and the ground monitoring center, so the system needs not the RFID and A/D converter. Figure 3 is the exchange of the communication signals between the ground and the underground.
3.1 Underground part
The underground part is the core part of the monitoring system, and it includes the fieldbus and a series of substations which are used to monitor and control the personnel. The fieldbus is the network which connects the substation and transmits information. Some substations are used to position the underground workers and equipments real time. The positioning mode of the personnel and equipments is the signal strength monitoring method, and when the E-tag carried by one worker is near certain positioning station, the signals acquired by the station are strong, so we can judge the position of the tag, and when the E-tag is in the superposition region of two stations, the signal strengths of two station will be different, and we can judge the position of the tag by comparing the strengths of the signals. Other substations are mainly composed by sensor, A/D converter, micro-controller and RFID module, and they can monitor the harmful gases real time and acquire the transmission of the information, and when the concentration of the harmful gases exceeds the safety value, the ground work platform and the underground fixed monitor point emit the alarm simultaneously. The substation in the underground part adopts the wire communication, the serial interface and the RS-232 serial data interface standard, and the bus transmission and the serial interface are used for the future expansion of the system function.
3.2 Ground part
The ground part mainly includes the management operation system, and it is the base of the whole safety monitoring system, and its main functions are to complete the information acquirement, real-time processing and storage of the check point. The information from the underground include not only the concentration of the harmful gases, but the information about the underground personnel and equipment, and these large-size data are all stored in the database through compression as the base of the monitoring and controlling.
4. Conclusions
In this article, we applied the RFID technology in the coal mining management, and established an underground safety monitoring system with integrality, real-time and flexibility, which could automatically alarm when dangers happened and enhanced the search and rescue efficiency. The system could manage the harm-gas concentration, planning arrangement of workers, access control for the works passing in and out laneway, distribution of laneway personnel and workers’ data, realize the informationization and visualization of the underground management, and largely enhance the mining production management level and the work safety level of the mine.
The safety monitoring system is based on the safe production of the mine, and the module of RFID is the major equipment, and the wire communication network is the ligament, and the monitoring central PC computer is the central computer management system. The system could improve the safety mechanism for the miners and reduce the cost of the management, and the technology will be the new trend of the mining safe production monitoring.
中文譯文
關(guān)于煤礦安全監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)技術(shù)的研究
前言：無線射頻的新的發(fā)展和運用使得RFID（射頻識別）技術(shù)的應(yīng)用越來越廣泛。同時結(jié)合礦山與RFID技術(shù)的特點，我們建立了一個地下的安全完整的、實時靈活的監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)。這套系統(tǒng)能在發(fā)生危險時自動報警并且提高搜索和救援的效率。該系統(tǒng)可以管理危害氣體的濃度、規(guī)劃工人的安排、進出巷道通過工作的訪問控制、巷道人員的分布和工人的資料，實現(xiàn)地下管理的信息化和可視化，提高礦業(yè)生產(chǎn)管理水平和礦井安全生產(chǎn)水平。
關(guān)鍵詞：射頻識別，安全監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)，電子標(biāo)簽，讀寫器
煤礦事故往往發(fā)生在中國近幾年，除了礦業(yè)主的安全和法律意識薄弱，滯后的安全機構(gòu)和采礦的人員和設(shè)備的不完善管理人員是重要原因。通過分析近期內(nèi)一些十分嚴(yán)重的事故，一般存在以下常見問題：（1）地面人員和地下人員之間的信息溝通不及時；（2）地面人員不能動態(tài)地掌握井下人員的分布和操作情況，并且不能掌握地下人員的確切位置；（3）一旦煤礦事故發(fā)生，救援效率低，效果較差。因此，準(zhǔn)確、迅速實施煤礦安全監(jiān)控職能非常重要和緊迫，有效管理礦工，并確保救援高效率的運作。
文章中提出的煤炭采礦人員和車輛安全監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)可以跟蹤、監(jiān)視和定位在礦井實時的有害氣體，人員和車輛以及提供有關(guān)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的礦井巷道，個人的定位，車輛的位置，危險區(qū)域的動態(tài)信息和地面人員相應(yīng)線索。如果發(fā)生意外，該系統(tǒng)還可以查詢有關(guān)人員的分配，人員數(shù)量，人員撤離路線，以提供從事故救援監(jiān)視計算機科學(xué)依據(jù)。同時，管理人員可以利用系統(tǒng)的日常考勤功能實施礦工考勤管理。
RFID技術(shù)簡介
射頻識別是一種非接觸式自動識別技術(shù)進行排序，可以自動識別的無線電頻率信號的目標(biāo)，迅速跟蹤貨物和交換數(shù)據(jù)。身份查驗工作無須人工操作，并能在各種嚴(yán)峻的環(huán)境下工作。RFID技術(shù)可識別高速對象和多個標(biāo)簽同時識別，操作簡單快捷。RFID技術(shù)是產(chǎn)生于第二次世界大戰(zhàn)，它是在繼承傳統(tǒng)的編碼技術(shù)，其主要的核心部分是電子標(biāo)簽，識別系統(tǒng)可以讀取電子標(biāo)簽存儲通過無線電波的資料排放的讀者從幾厘米到數(shù)米的作家，并確定貨物的身份，人民和電子標(biāo)簽代表的對象。
1.1 RFID的系統(tǒng)組成
射頻識別系統(tǒng)通常由電子標(biāo)簽，讀寫器和計算機通訊網(wǎng)絡(luò)組成。
1.1.1電子標(biāo)簽
電子標(biāo)簽存儲相關(guān)信息確定的對象，它通常是在確定的目標(biāo)付諸表決，并通過它儲存的信息可以讀取和射頻讀寫器寫入通過非接觸模式。
1.1.2讀寫器
讀寫器是一個可以用來讀取和寫入射頻技術(shù)的電子標(biāo)簽信息的設(shè)備。標(biāo)簽上的信息的讀寫器讀取都可以處理，由計算機網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)傳輸。
1.1.3計算機通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)
在RFID系統(tǒng)，計算機通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)一般是用來管理數(shù)據(jù)和完整的通信傳輸功能。該讀寫器可以通過連接標(biāo)準(zhǔn)接口的計算機通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)，實現(xiàn)通訊和數(shù)據(jù)傳輸。
1.2 RFID的工作原理系統(tǒng)
RFID技術(shù)是一種非接觸式信息傳遞的通過空間耦合交變磁場或電磁場（射頻信號實現(xiàn)方式排序），并通過傳輸?shù)男畔⒋_定的目標(biāo)。它的工作原理可描述如下：在一個區(qū)域讀寫器發(fā)出的能量，形成電磁場，以及區(qū)域的大小取決于工作頻率和天線尺寸，當(dāng)電子標(biāo)簽通過此區(qū)域，系統(tǒng)檢查了讀寫器和存儲電磁波由讀寫器發(fā)出的信號能量是由標(biāo)記電能需要，和標(biāo)記的內(nèi)部信息傳遞給讀者，作家的對無線電波的形式，讀者，作家接受了電子標(biāo)簽的數(shù)據(jù)，編碼并實施故障檢查判斷數(shù)據(jù)的有效性，并傳送數(shù)據(jù)，為數(shù)據(jù)處理計算機通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)。標(biāo)簽進入磁場后，接收解讀器發(fā)出的射頻信號，憑借感應(yīng)電流所獲得的能量發(fā)送出存儲在芯片中的產(chǎn)品信息（Passive Tag，無源標(biāo)簽或被動標(biāo)簽），或者主動發(fā)送某一頻率的信號（Active Tag，有源標(biāo)簽或主動標(biāo)簽）；解讀器讀取信息并解碼后，送至中央信息系統(tǒng)進行有關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)處理。
一套完整的RFID系統(tǒng), 是由閱讀器(Reader)與電子標(biāo)簽(TAG)也就是所謂的應(yīng)答器(Transponder)及應(yīng)用軟件系統(tǒng)三個部份所組成, 其工作原理是Reader發(fā)射一特定頻率的無線電波能量給Transponder, 用以驅(qū)動 Transponder電路將內(nèi)部的數(shù)據(jù)送出，此時 Reader便依序接收解讀數(shù)據(jù), 送給應(yīng)用程序做相應(yīng)的處理。
以RFID卡片閱讀器及電子標(biāo)簽之間的通訊及能量感應(yīng)方式來看大致上可以分成, 感應(yīng)偶合(Inductive Coupling) 及后向散射偶合(Backscatter Coupling)兩種, 一般低頻的RFID大都采用第一種式, 而較高頻大多采用第二種方式。
閱讀器根據(jù)使用的結(jié)構(gòu)和技術(shù)不同可以是讀或讀/寫裝置，是RFID系統(tǒng)信息控制和處理中心。閱讀器通常由耦合模塊、收發(fā)模塊、控制模塊和接口單元組成。閱讀器和應(yīng)答器之間一般采用半雙工通信方式進行信息交換，同時閱讀器通過耦合給無源應(yīng)答器提供能量和時序。 在實際應(yīng)用中，可進一步通過Ethernet或WLAN等實現(xiàn)對物體識別信息的采集、處理及遠程傳送等管理功能。應(yīng)答器是RFID系統(tǒng)的信息載體，目前應(yīng)答器大多是由耦合原件（線圈、微帶天線等）和微芯片組成無源單元。
1.3 RFID的技術(shù)特點
1.3.1數(shù)據(jù)讀取和寫入
RFID讀取器可以讀取數(shù)據(jù)到數(shù)據(jù)庫中沒有接觸，一旦和處理多個標(biāo)簽，并寫入了下一階段物流處理標(biāo)簽的物流處理的狀態(tài)。
1.3.2小型化和多樣化的形式
RFID將不會受到大小或形式時，它讀取數(shù)據(jù)有限，因此無須使用固定大小的文件或打印質(zhì)量以適應(yīng)精度。此外，電子標(biāo)簽的RFID可以應(yīng)用在不同產(chǎn)品體積小，所以我們可以更靈活地控制生產(chǎn)線產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)，特別是應(yīng)用程序。
1.3.3反污染
RFID技術(shù)具有強大的抗水，污染性質(zhì)，石油或毒品。而在黑暗或污染環(huán)境，RFID還可以讀取數(shù)據(jù)。
1.3.4重復(fù)使用
由于RFID是電子數(shù)據(jù)，可重復(fù)寫入，所以標(biāo)簽可以重復(fù)使用。
1.3.5滲透性
如果RFID是由紙張，木材，塑料或非金屬或非透明材料覆蓋，它可以進行交流，除了為這些鐵桿或其他金屬材料。
1.3.6數(shù)據(jù)存儲容量大
數(shù)據(jù)容量將擴大與記憶力的開發(fā)，以及由所運貨物的材料質(zhì)量越大，該卷的容量的要求，標(biāo)簽也增加，RDID不會受到限制。
1.3.7系統(tǒng)安全
該系統(tǒng)由中央計算機存儲的數(shù)據(jù)，工件將在很大程度上提高系統(tǒng)的安全。
1.3.8數(shù)據(jù)安全
結(jié)帳方式或循環(huán)冗余校驗方法將被用于確保數(shù)據(jù)的準(zhǔn)確性在無線電頻率標(biāo)簽儲存。
二、總的設(shè)計和工作原理監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)
2.1系統(tǒng)設(shè)計
除履行的功能需求，設(shè)計項目應(yīng)充分考慮穩(wěn)定性，可靠性，抗干擾能力，容錯能力和異常保護，因此該系統(tǒng)的總設(shè)計應(yīng)體現(xiàn)在以下幾個方面。
（1）設(shè)計可以有效地識別和監(jiān)測地下人員，實現(xiàn)人性化，信息化和自動化。
（2）設(shè)計可以有效地提供人員的傳遞和輸出，出勤和監(jiān)測及相關(guān)管理信息，一旦事故發(fā)生，設(shè)計可確保救援的正常實施。
（3）該系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計可具有本質(zhì)安全，維護和擴展。
（4）設(shè)計可以有效地測試了有害氣體的濃度，并迅速作出反應(yīng)。
2.2系統(tǒng)工作原理
地鐵站設(shè)備發(fā)射的加密信息到外部的天線，形成一定的信號發(fā)射區(qū)。這種RFID卡由工人將被激活時，將進入發(fā)射區(qū)，并與目標(biāo)識別加密攜帶的信息是由發(fā)射模塊發(fā)射和變電站設(shè)備將接收這些信號，抽象的目標(biāo)識別代碼，發(fā)送代碼到地面計算機系統(tǒng)完成系統(tǒng)的功能。當(dāng)有害氣體的濃度達到一定值時，對變電站設(shè)備的氣體傳感器的信息傳輸?shù)紸 / D轉(zhuǎn)換器，轉(zhuǎn)換后的信息，他們傳送到監(jiān)測網(wǎng)絡(luò)，實現(xiàn)了測試和監(jiān)測。
三、該系統(tǒng)的組成和結(jié)構(gòu)
安全監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)包括地面部分和地下部分。
該系統(tǒng)采用了SAP的產(chǎn)品掛設(shè)計，以確保為1?3小時后正常，在不斷的惡劣環(huán)境并提供電源系統(tǒng)運行斷電。
地下部分和地上部分采用了RS - 485串行接口標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的通信與RS - 232標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的串行交互連接與傳輸網(wǎng)絡(luò)。數(shù)據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)換接口，主要是由組成的電源板，信號轉(zhuǎn)換板和安全螺栓，它是在礦井口的人選，而主要是用來確保監(jiān)測點之間的地下和地面監(jiān)測信息交流中心，因此系統(tǒng)并不需要RFID技術(shù)和A / D轉(zhuǎn)換器。圖3是與地面和地下的通信信號交流。
3.1地下部分
地下部分是監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)的核心部分，它包括現(xiàn)場總線和一組用于監(jiān)測和控制人員變電站系列?，F(xiàn)場總線是變電站網(wǎng)絡(luò)的連接和傳遞信息。一些變電站是用于定位的地下工作者和設(shè)備的實時性。人事定位模式和設(shè)備是信號強度監(jiān)測方法，當(dāng)電子標(biāo)簽由一個工人站附近進行一定的定位是，通過該站獲得的信號是強烈的，所以我們可以判斷標(biāo)簽的位置，而當(dāng)電子標(biāo)簽中的兩站疊加區(qū)域，兩站的信號強度會有所不同，我們可以通過比較判斷信號的強度，標(biāo)記的位置。其他變電站主要組成由傳感器，A / D轉(zhuǎn)換器，微控制器和RFID模塊，它們可以監(jiān)視有害氣體的實時性和獲取信息的傳輸，當(dāng)有害氣體濃度超過安全值，在當(dāng)?shù)氐墓ぷ髌脚_和地下固定監(jiān)測點同時發(fā)出警報。在地下部分變電站采用有線通信，串行接口與RS - 232串行數(shù)據(jù)接口標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，傳輸總線和串行接口是為將來擴展系統(tǒng)的功能使用。
3.2地面部分
地面部分主要包括管理運作體系，它是整個安全監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)的基礎(chǔ)，其主要職能是完成信息獲取，實時處理和檢查點存儲。從地下不僅包括對有害氣體的濃度，但對地下的人員和設(shè)備的信息，而這些大尺寸的數(shù)據(jù)都存儲在數(shù)據(jù)庫中通過諸如監(jiān)測和控制基地的壓縮信息。
四、結(jié)論
在這篇文章中，我們應(yīng)用在煤炭開采管理的RFID技術(shù)，并設(shè)立了一個地下的安全與完整性監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)，實時性和靈活性，這可能發(fā)生危險時自動報警，提高了搜索和救援效率。該系統(tǒng)可以管理的危害氣體濃度，規(guī)劃安排的工人，為進出巷道工程通過訪問控制，巷道支護人員和工人的數(shù)據(jù)分布，實現(xiàn)信息化和可視化管理的地下，并在很大程度上提高采礦生產(chǎn)管理水平和礦井安全生產(chǎn)水平。
安全監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)是基于對煤礦安全生產(chǎn)，以及RFID模塊是主要的設(shè)備，以及有線通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)是韌帶，以及監(jiān)測中心PC計算機為中心的計算機管理系統(tǒng)。該系統(tǒng)可以改善礦工的安全機制，降低管理成本，該技術(shù)將是采礦安全生產(chǎn)監(jiān)管的新趨勢。
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