步進(jìn)電機(jī)控制的柱坐標(biāo)機(jī)械手及回轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)含21張CAD圖-獨(dú)家.zip
步進(jìn)電機(jī)控制的柱坐標(biāo)機(jī)械手及回轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)含21張CAD圖-獨(dú)家.zip,步進(jìn),電機(jī),控制,坐標(biāo),機(jī)械手,回轉(zhuǎn),機(jī)構(gòu),設(shè)計(jì),21,CAD,獨(dú)家
目 錄
第1章 調(diào)研背景 1
第2章 調(diào)研的目的和意義 2
2.1 調(diào)研的目的 2
2.2 調(diào)研的意義 2
第3章 機(jī)械手的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域及結(jié)構(gòu) 3
3.1 機(jī)械手的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域 3
3.2 機(jī)械手的結(jié)構(gòu) 3
第4章 機(jī)械手行業(yè)分析及發(fā)展趨勢 5
4.1 外資進(jìn)入動態(tài)分析 5
4.2 市場競爭主體結(jié)構(gòu) 5
4.3 技術(shù)發(fā)展趨勢 6
第5章 總結(jié)與思考 8
I
第1章 調(diào)研背景
此次調(diào)研,是以機(jī)器人(機(jī)械手)結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)的方法為背景。大家都知道機(jī)器人在我們工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中的使用已經(jīng)有相當(dāng)長的一段時(shí)間了,但是機(jī)器人技術(shù)到目前為止依然是一個(gè)相當(dāng)熱門的,不算成熟的,有很大發(fā)展空間的技術(shù)。針對各種各樣的功能需求設(shè)計(jì)出特定的機(jī)器人,用以完成單一的或者簡單的組合機(jī)械動作是現(xiàn)在最為常見的一種機(jī)器人設(shè)計(jì)方向。我們這次設(shè)計(jì)的也是這樣的一類,用來取放圖書的機(jī)器人,或者稱之為機(jī)械手更為直接。
用于再現(xiàn)人手的功能的技術(shù)裝置稱為機(jī)械手(也叫機(jī)器人,下面關(guān)于產(chǎn)品現(xiàn)狀中有提到)。機(jī)械手是模仿著人手的部分動作,按給定程序、軌跡和要求實(shí)現(xiàn)自動抓取、搬運(yùn)或操作的自動機(jī)械裝置。在工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中應(yīng)用的機(jī)械手被稱為工業(yè)機(jī)械手。
取放物機(jī)械手在工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中很常見,常見的分類有:按驅(qū)動方式可分為液壓式、氣動式、電動式、機(jī)械式機(jī)械手;按適用范圍可分為專用機(jī)械手和通用機(jī)械手兩種;按運(yùn)動軌跡控制方式可分為點(diǎn)位控制和連續(xù)軌跡控制機(jī)械手等。
機(jī)械手一般分為三類:第一類是不需要人工操作的通用機(jī)械手。它是一種獨(dú)立的不附屬于某一主機(jī)的裝置。它可以根據(jù)任務(wù)的需要編制程序,以完成各項(xiàng)規(guī)定的操作。它的特點(diǎn)是具備普通機(jī)械的性能之外,還具備通用機(jī)械、記憶智能的三元機(jī)械。第二類是需要人工才做的,稱為操作機(jī)。它起源于原子、軍事工業(yè),先是通過操作機(jī)來完成特定的作業(yè),后來發(fā)展到用無線電訊號操作機(jī)來進(jìn)行探測月球等。工業(yè)中采用的鍛造操作機(jī)也屬于這一范疇。第三類是用專用機(jī)械手,主要附屬于自動機(jī)床或自動線上,用以解決機(jī)床上下料和工件送。這種機(jī)械手在國外稱為“Mechanical Hand”,它是為主機(jī)服務(wù)的,由主機(jī)驅(qū)動;除少數(shù)以外,工作程序一般是固定的,因此是專用的。在國外,目前主要是搞第一類通用機(jī)械手,國外稱為機(jī)器人。
9
第2章 調(diào)研的目的和意義
2.1 調(diào)研的目的
調(diào)研目的主要是針對特定市場或特定產(chǎn)品而進(jìn)行的,它包括調(diào)研涉及到的各個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)點(diǎn)。而這次針對圖書館智能化的調(diào)研是分為兩大類,一類是整個(gè)圖書館管理系統(tǒng)的自動化,還有一個(gè)就是關(guān)于智能機(jī)器人在圖書館中的使用情況。我們的著重點(diǎn)在于機(jī)器人的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì),那么關(guān)于取放物機(jī)器人的內(nèi)容應(yīng)當(dāng)有所偏重。
因此,此次調(diào)研工作應(yīng)達(dá)到以下目的:
(1)了解現(xiàn)在市場上或者學(xué)界是否已經(jīng)有了自動取放書機(jī)器人(機(jī)械手)這一類產(chǎn)品或設(shè)想;
(2)了解現(xiàn)代圖書館自動化系統(tǒng)所做的工作內(nèi)容;
(3)主要針對所做課題涉及到的取放物機(jī)器人(機(jī)械手)的設(shè)計(jì)方法、思路進(jìn)行探索;
(4)接合所做課題,詳細(xì)了解相關(guān)產(chǎn)品的用途和結(jié)構(gòu),以期有所啟發(fā)。
(5)為開題報(bào)告的撰寫理清思路,做好鋪墊。
2.2 調(diào)研的意義
隨著信息技術(shù)的發(fā)展,我們校園圖書館的許多工作都用上了計(jì)算機(jī)來進(jìn)行管理,像文獻(xiàn)檢索、借還書、分編、期刊借閱等等。這儼然已經(jīng)完全實(shí)現(xiàn)了圖書館自動化的全覆蓋,我想這也就是在九十年代中期那一個(gè)高潮過去之后,我國的圖書館自動化沒有較大的發(fā)展的原因吧。
然而,在電子圖書不斷的沖擊下,紙質(zhì)圖書依然屹立不倒,這說明紙質(zhì)圖書仍然是電子書無法替代的。因此,圖書的管理仍然是圖書館工作的重點(diǎn)。在眾多的圖書館工作中,圖書歸架是最基本的工作之一。
為降低圖書館管理的成本,提高圖書館的自動化程度,我們想到使用機(jī)器人裝置來代替人工勞動,著重解決我們圖書館內(nèi)圖書流動、歸架自動化程度低的問題,將圖書館自動化從書籍借閱、管理的自動化擴(kuò)展到圖書歸架的自動化,甚至實(shí)現(xiàn)整個(gè)流程的自動化、智能化,把圖書管理員從枯燥、繁重的體力勞動中解脫出來。
第3章 機(jī)械手的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域及結(jié)構(gòu)
3.1 機(jī)械手的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域
機(jī)械手是最早出現(xiàn)的工業(yè)機(jī)器人,也是最早出現(xiàn)的現(xiàn)代機(jī)器人,它可代替人的繁重勞動以實(shí)現(xiàn)生產(chǎn)的機(jī)械化和自動化,能在有害環(huán)境下操作以保護(hù)人身安全,因而廣泛應(yīng)用于機(jī)械制造、冶金、電子、輕工和原子能等部門。目前,社會上的機(jī)械手產(chǎn)品種類繁多,用途各異。如今,在我們生產(chǎn)生活的各個(gè)領(lǐng)域使用機(jī)械手已經(jīng)非常普遍了。
在工業(yè)制造領(lǐng)域:主要讓機(jī)器人在機(jī)械制造業(yè)中代替人完成大批量、高質(zhì)量要求的工作,如汽車制造、艦船制造及某些家電產(chǎn)品的制造等?;さ刃袠I(yè)自動化生產(chǎn)線中的點(diǎn)焊、弧焊、噴漆、切割、電子裝配及物流系統(tǒng)的搬運(yùn)、包裝等工作,也有部分是由機(jī)器人完成的。
軍事領(lǐng)域中:主要讓機(jī)器人執(zhí)行一些自動的偵察與控制任務(wù),尤其是一些相對較為危險(xiǎn)的任務(wù),比如,無人偵察機(jī)、拆除炸彈的機(jī)器人及掃雷機(jī)器人等。機(jī)器人還可以代替士兵去完成那些不太復(fù)雜的工程及后勤任務(wù),從而使戰(zhàn)士從繁重的工作中解脫出來,去從事更加重要的工作。
娛樂領(lǐng)域:機(jī)器人在娛樂領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用十分廣泛,比如,機(jī)器人足球大賽、機(jī)器人彈鋼琴和機(jī)器人寵物等。
醫(yī)療領(lǐng)域:機(jī)器人主要用來輔助護(hù)士進(jìn)行一些日常的工作,比如,幫助醫(yī)生運(yùn)送用藥品及自動監(jiān)測病房內(nèi)的空氣質(zhì)量,等等。宜用機(jī)器人還可以協(xié)助醫(yī)生完成一些難度較高的手術(shù),例如,眼部手術(shù)、腦部手術(shù)等。美國還發(fā)明了一種可以進(jìn)入人體血管的微型機(jī)器人,幫助醫(yī)生在病人的血管內(nèi)滅殺病毒。
3.2 機(jī)械手的結(jié)構(gòu)
機(jī)械手主要由手部、運(yùn)動機(jī)構(gòu)和控制系統(tǒng)三大部分組成。手部是用來抓持工件的部件,根據(jù)被抓持物件的形狀、尺寸、重量、材料和作業(yè)要求而有多種結(jié)構(gòu)形式,如夾持型、托持型和吸附型等。運(yùn)動機(jī)構(gòu),使手部完成各種轉(zhuǎn)動、移動或復(fù)合運(yùn)動來實(shí)現(xiàn)規(guī)定的動作,改變被抓持物件的位置和姿勢。運(yùn)動機(jī)構(gòu)的升降、伸縮、旋轉(zhuǎn)等獨(dú)立運(yùn)動方式,稱為機(jī)械手的自由度 。為了抓取空間中任意位置和方位的物體,需有6個(gè)自由度。自由度是機(jī)械手設(shè)計(jì)的關(guān)鍵參數(shù)。自由度越多,機(jī)械手的靈活性越大,通用性越廣,其結(jié)構(gòu)也越復(fù)雜。一般專用機(jī)械手有2~3個(gè)自由度。
工業(yè)機(jī)械手由執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)、驅(qū)動機(jī)構(gòu)和控制機(jī)構(gòu)三部分組成。
1.執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)
(1)手部:既直接與工件接觸的部分,一般是回轉(zhuǎn)型或平動型。手部多為兩指;根據(jù)需要分為外抓式和內(nèi)抓式兩種;也可以用負(fù)壓式或真空式的空氣吸盤和電磁吸盤。
(2)腕部:是連接手部和臂部的部件,并可用來調(diào)節(jié)被抓物體的方位,以擴(kuò)大機(jī)械手的動作范圍,并使機(jī)械手變的更靈巧,適應(yīng)性更強(qiáng)。手腕有獨(dú)立的自由度。有回轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動、上下擺動、左右擺動。一般腕部設(shè)有回轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動再增加一個(gè)上下擺動即可滿足工作要求,有些動作較為簡單的專用機(jī)械手,為了簡化結(jié)構(gòu),可以不設(shè)腕部,而直接用臂部運(yùn)動驅(qū)動手部搬運(yùn)工件。
(3)臂部:手臂部件是機(jī)械手的重要握持部件。它的作用是支撐腕部和手部(包括工作或夾具),并帶動他們做空間運(yùn)動。臂部運(yùn)動的目的:把手部送到空間運(yùn)動范圍內(nèi)任意一點(diǎn)。如果改變手部的姿態(tài),則用腕部的自由度加以實(shí)現(xiàn)。因此,一般來說臂部具有三個(gè)自由度才能滿足基本要求,即手臂的伸縮、左右旋轉(zhuǎn)、升降運(yùn)動。
(4)行走機(jī)構(gòu) 有的工業(yè)機(jī)械手帶有行走機(jī)構(gòu),我國的正處于仿真階段。
2.驅(qū)動機(jī)構(gòu)
驅(qū)動機(jī)構(gòu)是工業(yè)機(jī)械手的重要組成部分。根據(jù)動力源的不同, 工業(yè)機(jī)械手的驅(qū)動機(jī)構(gòu)大致可分為液壓、氣動、電動和機(jī)械驅(qū)動等四類。采用液壓機(jī)構(gòu)驅(qū)動機(jī)械手,結(jié)構(gòu)簡單、尺寸緊湊、重量輕、控制方便。
3.控制系統(tǒng)分類
在機(jī)械手的控制上,有點(diǎn)動控制和連續(xù)控制兩種方式。大多數(shù)用插銷板進(jìn)行點(diǎn)位控制,也有采用可編程序控制器控制、微型計(jì)算機(jī)控制,采用凸輪、磁盤磁帶、穿孔卡等記錄程序。主要控制的是坐標(biāo)位置,并注意其加速度特性。
第4章 機(jī)械手行業(yè)分析及發(fā)展趨勢
4.1 外資進(jìn)入動態(tài)分析
從企業(yè)性質(zhì)來看,外資企業(yè)以全行業(yè)60%的企業(yè)數(shù)量占有了93.3%的市場份額,可見外資企業(yè)在中國工業(yè)機(jī)器人行業(yè)中遙遙領(lǐng)先。
2007年不同性質(zhì)企業(yè)的市場集中度
4.2 市場競爭主體結(jié)構(gòu)
從企業(yè)規(guī)模來看,隨著國內(nèi)自動化技術(shù)的進(jìn)步和市場巨大需求的拉動,國內(nèi)已經(jīng)形成了一批在工業(yè)機(jī)器人(機(jī)械手)和自動化成套設(shè)備領(lǐng)域卓有建樹的企業(yè)。代表企業(yè)新松機(jī)器人(SZ.300024)、智云股份(SZ.300097)、天奇股份(SZ.002009)、首鋼莫托曼和昆船集團(tuán)公司等。其它仍然為中小型企業(yè)共同競爭的格局(注塑機(jī)機(jī)械手寧波偉立),但是中型企業(yè)以79.4%的市場份額占領(lǐng)了我國工業(yè)機(jī)器人行業(yè)的絕對主導(dǎo)地位。
2007年不同規(guī)模企業(yè)的市場集中度
4.3 技術(shù)發(fā)展趨勢
隨著計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)的不斷向智能化方向發(fā)展,機(jī)器人應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域的不斷擴(kuò)展和深化以及在系統(tǒng)(FMS、CIMS)中的群體應(yīng)用,工業(yè)機(jī)器人也在不斷向智能化方向發(fā)展,以適應(yīng)“敏捷制造”(Agile Manufacturing),滿足多樣化、個(gè)性化的需要,并適應(yīng)多變的非結(jié)構(gòu)環(huán)境作業(yè),向非制造領(lǐng)域進(jìn)軍。
(1)感覺功能
感覺功能方面將實(shí)現(xiàn)多傳感器信息的融合,以檢測多變的外部環(huán)境,做出判斷和決策,其實(shí)質(zhì)類似于人的五官和身體的綜合感覺功能,包括視覺、觸覺、力覺、滑覺、接近覺、壓覺、聽覺、味覺、臭覺、溫覺等。研究包括各類傳感信息的采集及融合處理、傳感器與驅(qū)動器一體化技術(shù)、感覺功能繼承模塊等。
(2)控制智能化
由引導(dǎo)教向NC,離線編程發(fā)展,進(jìn)而發(fā)展到進(jìn)一步應(yīng)用。隨著系統(tǒng)化、集成化生產(chǎn)的發(fā)展,基于PC的開放式控制系統(tǒng)將機(jī)器人控制和車間一級控制的發(fā)展方向,國外專家預(yù)測,2007年它將占30%。
(3)移動功能的智能化
為解決長距離搬運(yùn)作業(yè)、大作業(yè)對象、多作業(yè)對象及極限作業(yè)等問題,需開發(fā)自主移動系統(tǒng)(包括滑動、滾動、行走、爬行、跳躍、飛行等)。
(4)系統(tǒng)應(yīng)用與集成化
支持以人為核心的生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng),實(shí)現(xiàn)生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)中機(jī)器人群體協(xié)調(diào)功能、群智能和多機(jī)通訊協(xié)議,開發(fā)能理解人的意志的“同事機(jī)器人”。國外專家預(yù)測,2000你后有可能IMS要走向MA(R)S(多智能體系統(tǒng)),而該系統(tǒng)中的“同事機(jī)器人”(Cobot)將成為操作人員不可或缺的伙伴。圍繞著各種機(jī)器人與人共存的諸多課題,正在興起一門新學(xué)科“軟機(jī)器人學(xué)”。
(5)安全可靠性
由于大量不確定因素的存在,要實(shí)現(xiàn)智能化的安全可靠性,機(jī)器人必須具有對各種意外情況的應(yīng)變能力,及時(shí)采取預(yù)防措施和安全對策,包括硬件級、軟件級、應(yīng)用級和人機(jī)系統(tǒng)級的自診斷和自修復(fù)故障。
(6)微型化
向微型化發(fā)展,開發(fā)毫米級機(jī)器人,用于微加工、醫(yī)學(xué)、宇宙和海洋開發(fā)等領(lǐng)域。就使用性和成本來看,毫米級最可行。
(7)多傳感器信息融合與配置技術(shù)
①機(jī)器人的傳感器配置和融合技術(shù)在水泥生產(chǎn)過程控制和污水處理自動控制系統(tǒng)中的應(yīng)用,包括面向工藝過程的多傳感器融合和配置技術(shù);采用智能傳感器的現(xiàn)場總線技術(shù);面向工藝要求的新型傳感器研制。
②機(jī)電一體化智能傳感器
包括具有感知、自主運(yùn)動、自清污(自調(diào)整、自適應(yīng))的機(jī)電一體化傳感器研究;面向工藝要求的運(yùn)動機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)、實(shí)現(xiàn)檢測和清污的自主運(yùn)動;調(diào)節(jié)控制系統(tǒng);機(jī)器人機(jī)構(gòu)和控制技術(shù)在傳感器設(shè)計(jì)中的應(yīng)用。
第5章 總結(jié)與思考
綜合我的所見、所聞、所思,我做的課題也就有了一個(gè)初步的思路了。
首先,我們需要提出自己的問題——圖書館書目歸架工作的勞動效率低、勞動強(qiáng)度大,我們應(yīng)該如何利用我們機(jī)械專業(yè)所學(xué)的知識對這一現(xiàn)狀提出科學(xué)的、可行的解決方法。
其次,我們需要提出具體的解決方案。在查閱資料中,我們先后提出了兩中方案:第一種是通過設(shè)計(jì)一種自動化立體倉庫來解決,跟我們在“昆明中鐵”看到的自動化倉庫是一樣的原理。這是一種宏觀的解決方案,因?yàn)檫@需要對圖書館進(jìn)行全面的結(jié)構(gòu)上的改造,所需資金和時(shí)間都太多了。另一種是進(jìn)行局部的改造,也就是設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)智能機(jī)器人,用它來代替圖書管理員來從事圖書的搬運(yùn)、分類和歸架工作。最后,我們覺得第二種方案更切合實(shí)際,實(shí)現(xiàn)起來也比較容易。
接下來就是分工的問題了,因?yàn)槲覀兘M有兩個(gè)人,我們需要各自負(fù)責(zé)一部分的設(shè)計(jì),最后再總裝起來,以實(shí)現(xiàn)圖書自動歸架的目的。大概討論的方向是我做臂部和立柱的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì),另一個(gè)同學(xué)做手部和腕部的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì),臂部和腕部接合的方式由我們共同商量出方案一起設(shè)計(jì),而走行裝置我們只需要做出簡單的走行小車就可以了。驅(qū)動部分,我們打算采用伺服電機(jī),而傳動部分,由于圖書館的空間有限,機(jī)械手不能做得太大、噪音要盡可能低,并且考慮到圖書不能沾染油污等問題,我們便排出了實(shí)驗(yàn)液氣壓來傳動的想法,暫時(shí)想到的是純機(jī)械傳動。
在我的部分,也就是臂部設(shè)計(jì)中,我需要考慮到圖書的分層擺放,這就需要手臂能夠在一定的范圍內(nèi)上下移動,我想到的解決方案是使用齒輪齒條來實(shí)現(xiàn)此功能。立柱需要實(shí)現(xiàn)定角度的旋轉(zhuǎn),我想到的是通過減速器作中間連接,采用伺服電機(jī)驅(qū)動以獲得精確的位置角度。這樣的總體方案選擇定下來之后,我就能夠進(jìn)行細(xì)節(jié)設(shè)計(jì)了,比如說尺寸選擇,形狀設(shè)計(jì),傳動設(shè)計(jì)等等。
外文原文:
Analysis of the Electrical and Mechanical Technology integration of the status and development trend
Abstract
Electromechanical integration of modern science and technology development is the inevitable result of the Electrical and Mechanical This paper briefly outline the basic technology integration and development background. Reviewed the technical integration of the status of the Electrical and Mechanical, electrical and mechanical integration of technology trends.
Keywords Status electromechanical integration technology products manufacturing technology development trends
Introduction
Modern scientific and technological development has greatly accelerated the different disciplines of infiltration and cross-cutting, leading to the area of the project and the transformation of the technological revolution. In the field of mechanical engineering, microelectronics and computer technology and the rapid development of the machinery industry formed by the infiltration of the mechanical and electrical integration, so that the technical structure of industrial machinery, products, functions and composition, mode of production and management system has undergone tremendous changes in the industrial production by the "machinery electrified" has entered a "mechatronics" characteristics of the development stage.
1. Summary of electromechanical integration
Mechanical and electrical integration refers to agencies winner function, dynamic function, information processing and control functions, the introduction of the electronic technology, mechanical devices and electronic design and software combined with the constraints of the system collectively.
So far, the development of electromechanical integration has become a system with a new type of self-discipline, not only with the development of science and technology, will be given new content. But the basic characteristics can be summarized as: mechanical and electrical integration system from the point of view of the integrated use of machinery technology, micro-electronics technology, automatic control technology, computer technology, information technology, sensor monitoring and control technology, power electronics technology, interface technology, Transform information technology and software programming technology, and other groups, according to target and optimize system functions organizational goals, and the layout of the rational allocation of functional modules, in the multi-functional, high quality, high reliability, low power consumption in the sense of achieving specific functional value, and the optimization of the entire system of systems engineering technology. The resulting system function, as a mechanical and electrical or mechanical-electrical integration systems integration products.
Therefore, the "mechatronics" covered "technical" and "product" two aspects. Only, electromechanical integration technology is based on the technical groups of a comprehensive organic integration of technology, rather than mechanical technology, microelectronic technology, as well as other new technologies simple combination of patchwork. This is the integration of mechanical and electrical machinery and electrical and mechanical electrification formed by the concept of the fundamental differences. Mechanical engineering technology purely technical development to the electrification machinery, it is still traditional mechanical, and its main function is still to replace and enlarge the manual. However, the development of the mechanical and electrical integration, which in addition to the microelectronics devices may replace some mechanical components of the original features, but also to many new features, such as automatic detection, automatic processing of information, automatically records, automatic adjustment and control automatic diagnosis and protection. That the integration of mechanical and electrical products is not only the extension of the hands and limbs, or people's minds and the eyes of the senses, with the characteristics of intelligent integration of mechanical and electrical and mechanical function of electrification in the essential difference between.
2. The development of mechanical and electrical integration
Mechatronics development can be roughly divided into three stages. 20 in the 1960s before the first stage, called the primary stage of this phase. During this period, people consciously or unconsciously use of electronic technology to perfect the preliminary results of the performance of mechanical products. Especially during the Second World War, a war to stimulate the machinery and electronic technologies, the combination of mechanical and electrical military technology to civilian use after the war, the post-war economic recovery has played a positive role. At that time, research and development Judging from the overall situation is still in their own state. Since then the development of electronic technology has not yet reached a certain level, mechanical technology and the integration of electronic technology is still impossible to extensive and in-depth development, and has developed a large number of products can promote.
20th Century 70 ~ 80 for the second stage, known as the flourishing development stage. During this period, computer technology, control technology, communications technology development, and mechanical and electrical integration for the development of the technical basis. Large-scale, ultra-large-scale integrated circuits and the rapid development of micro-computer, mechanical and electrical integration for the development of an adequate material basis. This period is characterized by: ① mechatronics first word was generally accepted in Japan, about the 20th century to the late 1980s in the world a more widely recognized; ② electromechanical integration technologies and products has been greatly development; ③ countries have begun on the mechanical and electrical integration technologies and products give great attention and support.
The late 1990s, and began electromechanical integration technology to intelligent direction of a new stage of in-depth development of mechanical and electrical integration into the period. On the one hand, optical, communication technology into the mechanical and electrical integration, micro-machining technology is the first electromechanical integration Zhanlu feet, there has been the integration of optical and electrical machinery and MEMS integration of new branches; on the other hand on the mechanical-electrical integration system Modeling design, analysis and integration, mechanical and electrical integration system of academic disciplines and development trends have carried out in-depth research. At the same time, artificial intelligence, neural network technology and fiber optic technology, and other fields of the tremendous progress, electromechanical integration technology has opened up a vast world of development. These studies will lead to further establish a complete electromechanical integration and gradually formed the basis of complete scientific system.
China is moving from the 20th century began in the early 1980s in this study and application. State Council set up a leading group and electromechanical integration of the technology as the "863 Program". In the development of "Ninth Five-Year" plan and outline for the development of 2010 to take full account of the international community on the development of mechanical and electrical integration technology trends and the potential impact of this. Many universities, research institutions and some large and medium-sized enterprises on the development and application of the technology to do a lot of work, has achieved positive results, but compared to advanced countries such as Japan are still a considerable gap between.
3. Trends in the development of mechanical and electrical integration
Electromechanical integration, is a mechanical, electronic, optical, control, computer, information, and other cross-integrated multidisciplinary, it dependent on the progress and development of relevant technologies and promote the development and progress. Therefore, electromechanical integration of major development are as follows:
3.1 Intelligent
Intelligent electromechanical integration of the 21st century technological development an important development direction. Builders in electromechanical integration of artificial intelligence research is receiving increasing attention, the robot and CNC machine tool is an important application of the intelligent. Here the word "intelligent" is a description of the machine is in control theory on the basis of absorption artificial intelligence, operations research, computer science, fuzzy mathematics, psychology, physiology and chaotic dynamics, such as new ideas, new methods , the simulation of human intelligence, it is judged reasoning, logical thinking, and independent decision-making ability, in order to get more control objectives. Indeed, the integration of mechanical and electrical products are the same person and a smart, it is impossible, and it is unnecessary. However, high-performance, high-speed microprocessors to electromechanical integration products endowed with the lower part of the smart or intelligent, it is entirely possible and necessary.
3.2 Modular
Modularity is an important and difficult project. As electromechanical integration products and manufacturers wide variety of research and development with a standard interface mechanical, electrical interface, dynamic interface, the interface environment electromechanical integration products unit is a very complex but is a very important thing. If developed Set slowdown, intelligent governor, the electrical power unit was integrated with vision, image processing, identification and location of the functions of the control unit, as well as to complete the typical operation of mechanical devices. This can make use of standard cell rapidly develop new products, but can also expand the scale of production. This requires the formulation of standards for the various components, modules and interfaces match. Because of conflict of interest, the recent difficult for international or domestic standards in this area, but through the creation of some large enterprises gradually taking shape. Clearly, from the standardization of electrical products, the benefits of serialization can be sure, whether it is standard electromechanical integration of production units of production enterprises or enterprises electromechanical integration products, mechanical and electrical integration of large-scale enterprises will bring better prospects.
3.3 Network
In the 1990s, computer technology, the outstanding achievements networking technology. And the rise of network technology to the rapid development of science and technology, industrial production, political, military, educational Daily Mody daily lives who have brought tremendous changes. Various networks will be the global economy, even as a production, competition between enterprises in the globalization. Electromechanical integration of new products once developed, as long as its unique features, reliable quality, will soon be sold worldwide. As the popularity of the network, network-based remote control and monitoring of various technical ascendant, and the remote control device itself is electromechanical integration products. Fieldbus and LAN technology has become the general trend of household appliances network, using a home network (home net) will be all kinds of home appliances to connect into the computer as the center of computer integrated appliance system (computer integrated appliance system, CIAS), and let people high-tech home sharing of the convenience and happiness. Therefore, electromechanical integration products will undoubtedly develop in the direction toward the network.
3.4 miniaturization
Miniaturization of the rise in the late 1980s, refers to the integration of micro-electromechanical machines and the trend of development of micro-areas. Abroad called MEMS (MEMS), refers to the geometric size of not more than 1 cm3 electromechanical integration products, and micron, nanometer development. Micro-electro-mechanical integration products are small, less energy consumption, exercise flexibility in the biological medical, military, and information, has unparalleled advantages. Micro-electro-mechanical integration is the bottleneck of the development of micro-mechanical technology, micro-electromechanical integration products processing using sophisticated processing techniques, namely the ultra-sophisticated technology, including lithography and etching two.
Green 3.5
Industry developed for the people's living brought tremendous changes. On the one hand, rich material life comfortable on the other hand, fewer resources, the ecological environment is seriously contaminated. So, people called for the protection of environment and resources, and return to nature. This concept of green products in the voice of the right moment, green is the trend of the times. Green products in its design, manufacture, use and destruction of the life process, to meet specific environmental protection and human health requirements, sound or endanger the ecological environment is very small, high resource utilization. Design green electromechanical integration products, have a vision of the future of the development. Electromechanical integration of green products mainly refer to, the use of time is not pollute the ecological environment, scrapped after recycling.
3.6 systematic
One characteristic of systematic performance system architecture is open and further use of the model bus architecture. System configuration can be flexible, tailoring and arbitrary combinations at the same time seek to achieve more coordination and control subsystems and integrated management. The second performance is greatly enhanced communications functions, in addition to general RS232, RS485 there, DCS personification. Future integration of mechanical and electrical products and people pay more attention to the relationship between mechanical and electrical integration personification has two implications. Level, the integration of mechanical and electrical products targeted end-use, integration of mechanical and electrical products to the empowerment of the intelligent, emotional, human nature has become increasingly important, especially for household robots, the realm of high-level integration is the plane. Another is based on biological mechanism of the development of various electrical and mechanical products one flower. In fact, many electromechanical integration products are inspired by the animals developed the.
4. Conclusion
In short, the emergence of mechanical and electrical integration is not isolated, it is many of the crystallization of scientific and technological development, social development of the productive forces to the inevitable demand of a certain stage. Of course, electromechanical integration related technology there are many, and with the development of science and technology, integration of the various technology trends will become more apparent, electromechanical integration technology and broad development prospects will be more bright.
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外文譯文:
淺析機(jī)電一體化技術(shù)的現(xiàn)狀和發(fā)展趨勢
摘要
機(jī)電一體化是現(xiàn)代科學(xué)技術(shù)發(fā)展的必然結(jié)果,本文簡述了機(jī)電一體化技術(shù)的基本概要和發(fā)展背景。綜述了國內(nèi)外機(jī)電一體化技術(shù)的現(xiàn)狀,分析了機(jī)電一體化技術(shù)的發(fā)展趨勢。
關(guān)鍵詞 機(jī)電一體化 技術(shù) 現(xiàn)狀 產(chǎn)品 制造技術(shù) 發(fā)展趨勢
緒論
現(xiàn)代科學(xué)技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展,極大地推動了不同學(xué)科的交叉與滲透,導(dǎo)致了工程領(lǐng)域的技術(shù)革命與改造。在機(jī)械工程領(lǐng)域,由于微電子技術(shù)和計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)的迅速發(fā)展及其向機(jī)械工業(yè)的滲透所形成的機(jī)電一體化,使機(jī)械工業(yè)的技術(shù)結(jié)構(gòu)、產(chǎn)品機(jī)構(gòu)、功能與構(gòu)成、生產(chǎn)方式及管理體系發(fā)生了巨大變化,使工業(yè)生產(chǎn)由“機(jī)械電氣化”邁入了“機(jī)電一體化”為特征的發(fā)展階段。
1.機(jī)電一體化概要
機(jī)電一體化是指在機(jī)構(gòu)得主功能、動力功能、信息處理功能和控制功能上引進(jìn)電子技術(shù),將機(jī)械裝置與電子化設(shè)計(jì)及軟件結(jié)合起來所構(gòu)成的系統(tǒng)的總稱。
機(jī)電一體化發(fā)展至今也已成為一門有著自身體系的新型學(xué)科,隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的不但發(fā)展,還將被賦予新的內(nèi)容。但其基本特征可概括為:機(jī)電一體化是從系統(tǒng)的觀點(diǎn)出發(fā),綜合運(yùn)用機(jī)械技術(shù)、微電子技術(shù)、自動控制技術(shù)、計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)、信息技術(shù)、傳感測控技術(shù)、電力電子技術(shù)、接口技術(shù)、信息變換技術(shù)以及軟件編程技術(shù)等群體技術(shù),根據(jù)系統(tǒng)功能目標(biāo)和優(yōu)化組織目標(biāo),合理配置與布局各功能單元,在多功能、高質(zhì)量、高可靠性、低能耗的意義上實(shí)現(xiàn)特定功能價(jià)值,并使整個(gè)系統(tǒng)最優(yōu)化的系統(tǒng)工程技術(shù)。由此而產(chǎn)生的功能系統(tǒng),則成為一個(gè)機(jī)電一體化系統(tǒng)或機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品。
因此,“機(jī)電一體化”涵蓋“技術(shù)”和“產(chǎn)品”兩個(gè)方面。只是,機(jī)電一體化技術(shù)是基于上述群體技術(shù)有機(jī)融合的一種綜合技術(shù),而不是機(jī)械技術(shù)、微電子技術(shù)以及其它新技術(shù)的簡單組合、拼湊。這是機(jī)電一體化與機(jī)械加電氣所形成的機(jī)械電氣化在概念上的根本區(qū)別。機(jī)械工程技術(shù)有純技術(shù)發(fā)展到機(jī)械電氣化,仍屬傳統(tǒng)機(jī)械,其主要功能依然是代替和放大的體力。但是發(fā)展到機(jī)電一體化后,其中的微電子裝置除可取代某些機(jī)械部件的原有功能外,還能賦予許多新的功能,如自動檢測、自動處理信息、自動顯示記錄、自動調(diào)節(jié)與控制自動診斷與保護(hù)等。即機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品不僅是人的手與肢體的延伸,還是人的感官與頭腦的眼神,具有智能化的特征是機(jī)電一體化與機(jī)械電氣化在功能上的本質(zhì)區(qū)別。
2.機(jī)電一體化的發(fā)展?fàn)顩r
機(jī)電一體化的發(fā)展大體可以分為3個(gè)階段。20世紀(jì)60年代以前為第一階段,這一階段稱為初級階段。在這一時(shí)期,人們自覺不自覺地利用電子技術(shù)的初步成果來完善機(jī)械產(chǎn)品的性能。特別是在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間,戰(zhàn)爭刺激了機(jī)械產(chǎn)品與電子技術(shù)的結(jié)合,這些機(jī)電結(jié)合的軍用技術(shù),戰(zhàn)后轉(zhuǎn)為民用,對戰(zhàn)后經(jīng)濟(jì)的恢復(fù)起了積極的作用。那時(shí)研制和開發(fā)從總體上看還處于自發(fā)狀態(tài)。由于當(dāng)時(shí)電子技術(shù)的發(fā)展尚未達(dá)到一定水平,機(jī)械技術(shù)與電子技術(shù)的結(jié)合還不可能廣泛和深入發(fā)展,已經(jīng)開發(fā)的產(chǎn)品也無法大量推廣。
20世紀(jì)70~80年代為第二階段,可稱為蓬勃發(fā)展階段。這一時(shí)期,計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)、控制技術(shù)、通信技術(shù)的發(fā)展,為機(jī)電一體化的發(fā)展奠定了技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)。大規(guī)模、超大規(guī)模集成電路和微型計(jì)算機(jī)的迅猛發(fā)展,為機(jī)電一體化的發(fā)展提供了充分的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)。這個(gè)時(shí)期的特點(diǎn)是:①mechatronics一詞首先在日本被普遍接受,大約到20世紀(jì)80年代末期在世界范圍內(nèi)得到比較廣泛的承認(rèn);②機(jī)電一體化技術(shù)和產(chǎn)品得到了極大發(fā)展;③各國均開始對機(jī)電一體化技術(shù)和產(chǎn)品給以很大的關(guān)注和支持。
20世紀(jì)90年代后期,開始了機(jī)電一體化技術(shù)向智能化方向邁進(jìn)的新階段,機(jī)電一體化進(jìn)入深入發(fā)展時(shí)期。一方面,光學(xué)、通信技術(shù)等進(jìn)入了機(jī)電一體化,微細(xì)加工技術(shù)也在機(jī)電一體化中嶄露頭腳,出現(xiàn)了光機(jī)電一體化和微機(jī)電一體化等新分支;另一方面對機(jī)電一體化系統(tǒng)的建模設(shè)計(jì)、分析和集成方法,機(jī)電一體化的學(xué)科體系和發(fā)展趨勢都進(jìn)行了深入研究。同時(shí),由于人工智能技術(shù)、神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)及光纖技術(shù)等領(lǐng)域取得的巨大進(jìn)步,為機(jī)電一體化技術(shù)開辟了發(fā)展的廣闊天地。這些研究,將促使機(jī)電一體化進(jìn)一步建立完整的基礎(chǔ)和逐漸形成完整的科學(xué)體系。
20世紀(jì)90年代后期,開始了機(jī)電一體化技術(shù)向智能化方向邁進(jìn)的新階段,機(jī)電一體化進(jìn)入深入發(fā)展時(shí)期。一方面,光學(xué)、通信技術(shù)等進(jìn)入了機(jī)電一體化,微細(xì)加工技術(shù)也在機(jī)電一體化中嶄露頭腳,出現(xiàn)了光機(jī)電一體化和微機(jī)電一體化等新分支;另一方面對機(jī)電一體化系統(tǒng)的建模設(shè)計(jì)、分析和集成方法,機(jī)電一體化的學(xué)科體系和發(fā)展趨勢都進(jìn)行了深入研究。同時(shí),由于人工智能技術(shù)、神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)及光纖技術(shù)等領(lǐng)域取得的巨大進(jìn)步,為機(jī)電一體化技術(shù)開辟了發(fā)展的廣闊天地。這些研究,將促使機(jī)電一體化進(jìn)一步建立完整的基礎(chǔ)和逐漸形成完整的科學(xué)體系。
我國是從20世紀(jì)80年代初才開始在這方面研究和應(yīng)用。國務(wù)院成立了機(jī)電一體化領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組并將該技術(shù)列為“863計(jì)劃”中。在制定“九五”規(guī)劃和2010年發(fā)展綱要時(shí)充分考慮了國際上關(guān)于機(jī)電一體化技術(shù)的發(fā)展動向和由此可能帶來的影響。許多大專院校、研究機(jī)構(gòu)及一些大中型企業(yè)對這一技術(shù)的發(fā)展及應(yīng)用做了大量的工作,不取得了一定成果,但與日本等先進(jìn)國家相比仍有相當(dāng)差距。
3.機(jī)電一體化的發(fā)展趨勢
機(jī)電一體化是集機(jī)械、電子、光學(xué)、控制、計(jì)算機(jī)、信息等多學(xué)科的交叉綜合,它的發(fā)展和進(jìn)步依賴并促進(jìn)相關(guān)技術(shù)的發(fā)展和進(jìn)步。因此,機(jī)電一體化的主要發(fā)展方向如下:
3.1智能化
智能化是21世紀(jì)機(jī)電一體化技術(shù)發(fā)展的一個(gè)重要發(fā)展方向。人工智能在機(jī)電一體化建設(shè)者的研究日益得到重視,機(jī)器人與數(shù)控機(jī)床的智能化就是重要應(yīng)用。這里所說的“智能化”是對機(jī)器行為的描述,是在控制理論的基礎(chǔ)上,吸收人工智能、運(yùn)籌學(xué)、計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)、模糊數(shù)學(xué)、心理學(xué)、生理學(xué)和混沌動力學(xué)等新思想、新方法,模擬人類智能,使它具有判斷推理、邏輯思維、自主決策等能力,以求得到更高的控制目標(biāo)。誠然,使機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品具有與人完全相同的智能,是不可能的,也是不必要的。但是,高性能、高速的微處理器使機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品賦有低級智能或人的部分智能,則是完全可能而又必要的。
3.2模塊化
模塊化是一項(xiàng)重要而艱巨的工程。由于機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品種類和生產(chǎn)廠家繁多,研制和開發(fā)具有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)機(jī)械接口、電氣接口、動力接口、環(huán)境接口的機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品單元是一項(xiàng)十分復(fù)雜但又是非常重要的事。如研制集減速、智能調(diào)速、電機(jī)于一體的動力單元,具有視覺、圖像處理、識別和測距等功能的控制單元,以及各種能完成典型操作的機(jī)械裝置。這樣,可利用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)單元迅速開發(fā)出新產(chǎn)品,同時(shí)也可以擴(kuò)大生產(chǎn)規(guī)模。這需要制定各項(xiàng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),以便各部件、單元的匹配和接口。由于利益沖突,近期很難制定國際或國內(nèi)這方面的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),但可以通過組建一些大企業(yè)逐漸形成。顯然,從電氣產(chǎn)品的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、系列化帶來的好處可以肯定,無論是對生產(chǎn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)機(jī)電一體化單元的企業(yè)還是對生產(chǎn)機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品的企業(yè),規(guī)?;瘜⒔o機(jī)電一體化企業(yè)帶來美好的前程。
3.3網(wǎng)絡(luò)化
20世紀(jì)90年代,計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)等的突出成就是網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)。網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)的興起和飛速發(fā)展給科學(xué)技術(shù)、工業(yè)生產(chǎn)、政治、軍事、教育義舉人么日常生活都帶來了巨大的變革。各種網(wǎng)絡(luò)將全球經(jīng)濟(jì)、生產(chǎn)連成一片,企業(yè)間的競爭也將全球化。機(jī)電一體化新產(chǎn)品一旦研制出來,只要其功能獨(dú)到,質(zhì)量可靠,很快就會暢銷全球。由于網(wǎng)絡(luò)的普及,基于網(wǎng)絡(luò)的各種遠(yuǎn)程控制和監(jiān)視技術(shù)方興未艾,而遠(yuǎn)程控制的終端設(shè)備本身就是機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品?,F(xiàn)場總線和局域網(wǎng)技術(shù)是家用電器網(wǎng)絡(luò)化已成大勢,利用家庭網(wǎng)絡(luò)(home net)將各種家用電器連接成以計(jì)算機(jī)為中心的計(jì)算機(jī)集成家電系統(tǒng)(computer integrated appliance system, CIAS),使人們在家里分享各種高技術(shù)帶來的便利與快樂。因此,機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品無疑朝著網(wǎng)絡(luò)化方向發(fā)展。
3.4微型化
微型化興起于20世紀(jì)80年代末,指的是機(jī)電一體化向微型機(jī)器和微觀領(lǐng)域發(fā)展的趨勢。國外稱其為微電子機(jī)械系統(tǒng)(MEMS),泛指幾何尺寸不超過1cm3的機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品,并向微米、納米級發(fā)展。微機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品體積小 、耗能少、運(yùn)動靈活,在生物醫(yī)療、軍事、信息等方面具有不可比擬的優(yōu)勢。微機(jī)電一體化發(fā)展的瓶頸在于微機(jī)械技術(shù),微機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品的加工采用精細(xì)加工技術(shù),即超精密技術(shù),它包括光刻技術(shù)和蝕刻技術(shù)兩類。
3.5綠色化
工業(yè)的發(fā)達(dá)給人們生活帶來了巨大變化。一方面,物質(zhì)豐富,生活舒適;另一方面,資源減少,生態(tài)環(huán)境受到嚴(yán)重污染。于是,人們呼吁保護(hù)環(huán)境資源,回歸自然。綠色產(chǎn)品概念在這種呼聲下應(yīng)運(yùn)而生,綠色化是時(shí)代的趨勢。綠色產(chǎn)品在其設(shè)計(jì)、制造、使用和銷毀的生命過程中,符合特定的環(huán)境保護(hù)和人類健康的要求,對生態(tài)環(huán)境無害或危害極少,資源利用率極高。設(shè)計(jì)綠色的機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品,具有遠(yuǎn)大的發(fā)展前途。機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品的綠色化主要是指,使用時(shí)不污染生態(tài)環(huán)境,報(bào)廢后能回收利用。
3.6系統(tǒng)化
系統(tǒng)化的表現(xiàn)特征之一就是系統(tǒng)體系結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)一步采用開放式和模式化的總線結(jié)構(gòu)。系統(tǒng)可以靈活組態(tài),進(jìn)行任意剪裁和組合,同時(shí)尋求實(shí)現(xiàn)多子系統(tǒng)協(xié)調(diào)控制和綜合管理。表現(xiàn)之二是通信功能的大大加強(qiáng),一般除RS232外,還有RS485、DCS人格化。未來的機(jī)電一體化更加注重產(chǎn)品與人的關(guān)系,機(jī)電一體化的人格化有兩層含義。一層是,機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品的最終使用對象是人,如何賦予機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品人的智能、情感、人性顯得越來越重要,特別是對家用機(jī)器人,其高層境界就是人機(jī)一體化。另一層是模仿生物機(jī)理,研制各種機(jī)電一體花產(chǎn)品。事實(shí)上,許多機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品都是受動物的啟發(fā)研制出來的。
4.結(jié)語
綜上所述,機(jī)電一體化的出現(xiàn)不是孤立的,它是許多科學(xué)技術(shù)發(fā)展的結(jié)晶,是社會生產(chǎn)力發(fā)展到一定階段的必然要求。當(dāng)然,與機(jī)電一體化相關(guān)的技術(shù)還有很多,并且隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展,各種技術(shù)相互融合的趨勢將越來越明顯,機(jī)電一體化技術(shù)的廣闊發(fā)展前景也將越來越光明。
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