(宜賓專版)2019中考英語二輪復習 第二部分 語法專題突破篇 專題五 動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)講與練.doc
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專題五 動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài) 真 題 試 做 (C)1.(xx宜賓中考改編)—I cant find Jimmy.Where is he? —He ______ in the garden at the moment. A.works B.will work C.is working D.was working (C)2.(xx安徽中考)The weatherman says a rain shower ______ this afternoon in the south. A.expects B.expected C.is expected D.was expected (B)3.(xx北京中考)Bill likes reading.He ______ picture books with his dad every evening. A.read B.reads C.is reading D.has read (A)4.(xx北京中考)—Paul, what were you doing at nine last night? —I ______ a movie in the cinema with my friends. A.was watching B.watch C.have watched D.will watch 考向歸結 通過以上四個題的觀察,并結合各地多年中考考點的設置,動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)主要考查以下幾個方面:動詞各種時態(tài)和語態(tài)的用法、賓語從句的時態(tài)和語序、延續(xù)性動詞與非延續(xù)性動詞的用法、現(xiàn)在完成時“have/has been (to),have/has gone (to)與have/has been (in)”的區(qū)別及用法;題型設置方面,主要趨向于單項選擇、完形填空、綜合填空和寫作。 考 點 突 破 動詞的時態(tài) 1.一般現(xiàn)在時 (1)一般現(xiàn)在時的構成 一般現(xiàn)在時主要用動詞的原形表示,如果主語為第三人稱單數(shù),動詞也應用相應的第三人稱單數(shù)形式。如: Tom often helps his parents to do housework on weekends.湯姆在周末經(jīng)常幫助父母做家務。 (2)動詞第三人稱單數(shù)變化規(guī)則 規(guī)則 示例 一般在動詞后加s run—runs,talk—talks 以ch,sh,s,x結尾的動詞,在詞尾加es teach—teaches,watch—watches 以輔音字母加y結尾的動詞,先將y變i再加es study—studies,try—tries (3)一般現(xiàn)在時的用法 ①表示經(jīng)常性或習慣性的動作,也可表示現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài),常與always,usually,often,sometimes,once a week,every day等頻度副詞或時間狀語連用。如: My father often goes to work by bus.我父親經(jīng)常乘坐公交車上班。 ②表示客觀真理或普遍事實。如: The earth goes around the sun.地球繞著太陽轉。 The light travels faster than the sound.光的傳播速度比聲音快。 ③在時間狀語或條件狀語從句中,常用一般現(xiàn)在時表示一般將來時。如: If it rains tomorrow,we wont go fishing.如果明天下雨,我們將不去釣魚。 I will call you as soon as she es here.她一到這里,我就給你打電話。 ④在某些以here,there開頭的句子中用一般現(xiàn)在時表示正在發(fā)生的動作。如: Here es a bus.公交車來了。 2.一般過去時 (1)一般過去時的構成 一般過去時用動詞的過去式表示。如: Last week,I went shopping with my parents.上周我和我父母一起去購物。 (2)動詞過去式的規(guī)則變化 規(guī)則 示例 在動詞后面加ed work—worked,talk—talked 以e結尾的動詞,在詞尾加d live—lived,move—moved 以輔音字母加y結尾的動詞,先將y變i再加ed study—studied,try—tried 以重讀閉音節(jié)結尾且末尾只有一個輔音字母的動詞,雙寫該輔音字母后再加ed stop—stopped,shop—shopped drop—dropped,plan—planned (3)動詞過去式的不規(guī)則變化,請詳見九年級教材不規(guī)則動詞表。 (4)一般過去時的用法 ①表示過去某個時間或某一段時間內(nèi)發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。如: I ate an egg for breakfast this morning.今早早飯我吃了一個雞蛋。 ②表示過去經(jīng)常或反復發(fā)生的動作。如: When I was five years old,I usually went to school by school bus.當我五歲時,我上學通常坐校車。 (5)常用的表示一般過去時的時間狀語:last night,yesterday,last week,10 years ago,in xx,in the past,at that time,just now等。 3.一般將來時 (1)表示將來某個時間要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài),其構成是“will+動詞原形”,常與表示將來的時間狀語tomorrow,next week,in a few days,next Sunday,in+一段時間(in 50 years),in 2050等連用。如: I will e back in two days.兩天之后我將回來。 (2)“be going to+動詞原形”表示計劃、打算做某事,表示已經(jīng)決定并很有可能發(fā)生的事。如: What are you going to do tomorrow?明天你準備做什么? (3)e,go,leave,start,stay,begin等表示位置轉移的詞常用現(xiàn)在進行時即“be doing”的形式表將來。如: We are leaving for Hong Kong.我們即將動身去香港。 (4)“be about to+動詞原形”和“be to+動詞原形”結構表示即將發(fā)生的事。如: The train is about to leave.火車即將開了。 She is to be married next Saturday.她下周六將結婚。 (5)一般現(xiàn)在時表將來,通常與if,as soon as,until,when等引導的狀語從句連用。如: If it doesnt rain this afternoon,we will have a football match.如果今天下午不下雨,我們將進行一場足球比賽。 4.現(xiàn)在進行時 (1)現(xiàn)在進行時的構成 現(xiàn)在進行時由“主語+am/is/are+v.ing”構成。 否定句式:主語+am/is/are+not+v.ing. 疑問句式:Am/Is/Are+主語+v.ing? 肯定回答:Yes,主語+am/is/are. 否定回答:No,主語+am/is/are+not. (2)現(xiàn)在分詞的變化規(guī)則 規(guī)則 示例 在動詞后面加ing reading—reading,watch—watching 以不發(fā)音的e結尾的動詞,去e后加ing live—living,move—moving 少數(shù)幾個以ie結尾的動詞要變ie為y,再加ing lie—lying,die—dying,tie—tying 以重讀閉音節(jié)結尾且末尾只有一個輔音字母的動詞,雙寫該輔音字母后再加ing begin—beginning,sit—sitting shop—shopping,beg—begging (3)現(xiàn)在進行時的用法 ①表示此時此刻正在發(fā)生的動作。如: —What are you doing?你在干嘛? —I am reciting the English passage.我正在背誦英語文章。 ②表示現(xiàn)階段正在進行的動作或持續(xù)的狀態(tài)。如: They are studying hard for the final exam these days.這些天他們在努力學習迎接期末考試。 ③e,go,leave,arrive,start等部分動詞用現(xiàn)在進行時表將來。如: I am going to the Bamboo Sea tomorrow.明天我將去竹海。 (4)現(xiàn)在進行時常用的時間狀語標志詞:now,these days,look,listen,有時也可通過語境來判斷。如: Look! The children are playing basketball on the playground.瞧!孩子們正在操場上打籃球。 Please be quiet! The little baby is sleeping.請安靜!那個嬰兒在睡覺。 5.過去進行時 (1)過去進行時的構成 其構成與現(xiàn)在進行時相似,不同在be動詞的使用上,即“was/were+v.ing”。 (2)過去進行時的用法 表示過去某一時刻或過去某一段時間內(nèi)正在發(fā)生的動作。如: —What were you doing at 7 oclock last night?昨晚7點你在干嘛? —I was watching CCTV news.我那時在看中央電視臺新聞聯(lián)播。 (3)過去進行時常用的時間狀語標志詞:at that time,this time yesterday,at 7 oclock yesterday等。 6.現(xiàn)在完成時 (1)現(xiàn)在完成時的構成 基本結構:“主語+have/has+動詞的過去分詞+其他.” 否定句式:“主語+have/has+not+動詞的過去分詞+其他.” 疑問句式:“ Have/Has+主語+動詞的過去分詞+其他?” 肯定回答:“Yes,主語+have/has.” 否定回答:“No,主語+have/has+not.” (2)現(xiàn)在完成時的用法 ①表示過去發(fā)生的或已經(jīng)完成的某一動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結果。如: —Have you had your lunch? 你吃過午飯了嗎? —Yes,I have.Ive just had it. 是的,我剛吃過。(說明現(xiàn)在飽了。) ②表示動作或狀態(tài)從過去已經(jīng)開始,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,也許還將持續(xù)下去,常與“for+一段時間、since+時間點”連用,但此時的動詞必須為延續(xù)性動詞。如: My parents have been married for 30 years.= My parents have been married since 30 years ago.我父母已經(jīng)結婚30年了。 改錯1: Ive left this school for nine years. left→been__away__from__ 改錯2: He has borrowed my dictionary for two weeks. borrowed→kept 由此可見,與一段時間連用的現(xiàn)在完成時,其動詞必須為延續(xù)性動詞。那么此時,非延續(xù)動詞應該怎么轉換為延續(xù)性動詞呢? 方法一:找與該動詞意思一致的延續(xù)性動詞或用 “be+形容詞”結構來替換。如: 改錯1: I have bought this bike for 3 years. bought→had 改錯2:Cathys dog has died for 5 years. died→been__dead 附表格: 非延續(xù)性動詞 延續(xù)性動詞 buy have borrow keep open be open close be closed begin/start be on finish be over die be dead catch a cold have a cold wake up be awake fall asleep be asleep join be in leave be away 方法二:句式重置,即用句型“It is/has been+一段時間+since從句(從句中的謂語動詞用非延續(xù)性動詞的過去式)”。如: The old man has been dead for 2 years.=It is 2 years since the old man died.老人已死了兩年了。 (3)現(xiàn)在完成時常用的時間狀語標志詞:already,yet,so far,in the past few years,ever,never,for+一段時間,since+時間點等。 (4)have been to,have gone to和have been in三者的區(qū)別 have been to表示“過去曾去過某個地方”,說話時已經(jīng)回來。如: —Have you ever been__to Cuiping Mountain?你曾經(jīng)去過翠屏山嗎? —Yes,I have.是的,去過。 have gone to表示“已經(jīng)去了某地”,說話時不在說話地點,或在去該地的途中,或已到了該地。如: —Where is Jack?杰克在哪兒? —He has gone__to Shanghai with his family.他和他的家人已經(jīng)去上海了。 have been in表示“已經(jīng)在某地待了多久”,當?shù)攸c為副詞時不用介詞in。如: —How long have you been__in Yibin?你在宜賓待了多久? —I have been__here for a week.我已經(jīng)在這兒待了一個星期了。 7.過去完成時(*作了解*) (1)過去完成時的構成 過去完成時由“助動詞had(用于各種人稱和數(shù))+過去分詞”構成。 (2)過去完成時的用法 過去完成時表示在過去某一段時間或動作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動作。它表示動作發(fā)生的時間為“過去的過去”。表示過去某一時間可用by,before等構成的短語,也可以用when,before等引導的從句,或通過上下文語境。如: By the time I got to the bus stop,the bus had left.當我到車站時,公交車已經(jīng)離開了。 When I got to school,I realized that I had left my backpack at home.當我到達學校時,我才意識到我把書包落在家了。 動詞的語態(tài) 1.主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)的含義 英語有兩種語態(tài),即主動語態(tài)(Active Voice)和被動語態(tài)(Passive Voice)。 (1)主動語態(tài)的含義 當主語為動作的執(zhí)行者時,謂語的形式為主動語態(tài)。如: Many people speak English.(主動語態(tài),句子的主語many people是動作speak的執(zhí)行者) (2)被動語態(tài)的含義 當主語為動作的承受者,謂語要用被動語態(tài)。同時,只有及物動詞才有被動語態(tài),不及物動詞沒有被動語態(tài)。但不及物動詞后跟介詞時可以有被動語態(tài),這時介詞一定不能忘。如: English is spoken by many people.(被動語態(tài),句子的主語English是動作speak的承受者) (3)主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)間的關系 兩個語態(tài)間是可以進行轉換的,分兩類: ①主動語態(tài)變被動語態(tài):首先將主動語態(tài)的賓語作為被動語態(tài)的主語;其次確定被動語態(tài)的時態(tài),從而確定謂語部分的形式;最后,變主動語態(tài)的主語為被動語態(tài)介詞by后的賓語,注意主格和賓格之間的轉換。 ②被動語態(tài)變主動語態(tài):首先將被動語態(tài)的賓格作為主動語態(tài)的主語,注意賓格和主格間的轉換;其次,確定主動語態(tài)的時態(tài)即謂語動詞的形式;最后,變被動語態(tài)的主語為主動語態(tài)的賓語,同時也要注意賓格的形式。 接下來我們通過一個例子來說明: 貝爾于1876年發(fā)明了電話。 2.常見時態(tài)和情態(tài)動詞的被動結構 被動語態(tài)由“助動詞be+及物動詞的過去分詞”構成。助動詞be有人稱、時態(tài)、數(shù)的變化。 (1)一般現(xiàn)在時的被動語態(tài):am/is/are+過去分詞。如: Tea is grown in Southeast China.茶葉種在中國東南部。 (2)一般過去時的被動語態(tài):was/were+過去分詞。如: Many flowers were planted by us in our school last year.去年我們在學校種了許多花。 (3)現(xiàn)在進行時的被動語態(tài):am/is/are+being+過去分詞。如: More and more bridges are being built by the government in Yibin.宜賓政府正在修建更多的橋。 (4)過去進行時的被動語態(tài):was/were+being+過去分詞。如: Wuliangye Airport was being built at this time last year.去年此時正在修建五糧液機場。 (5)一般將來時的被動語態(tài):will/shall be+過去分詞或be going to be+過去分詞。如: The sports meeting will be held next Tuesday.運動會將于下周二舉行。 (6)過去將來時的被動語態(tài):should/would be+過去分詞。如: Li Lei told me that the sports meeting would be held next Tuesday.李雷告訴我下個星期二舉行運動會。 (7)現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài):have/has+been+過去分詞。如: The homework has been finished on time.家庭作業(yè)已經(jīng)按時完成。 (8)過去完成時的被動語態(tài):had+been+過去分詞。如: John told his mother that his homework had been finished on time.約翰告訴他母親他的家庭作業(yè)已經(jīng)按時完成了。 (9)情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài):情態(tài)動詞+be+過去分詞。如: The work can be finished in a week.這項工作可以在一周內(nèi)完成。 3.感官動詞和使役動詞的被動語態(tài) (1)主動句中感官動詞see,hear,feel,watch,notice以及使役動詞make,let,have等后跟不帶to的動詞不定式,但在被動語態(tài)中需要加上不定式符號to。如: I often hear her sing.→被動語態(tài): She is often heard to sing.我經(jīng)常聽到她唱歌。 My mother usually makes me wash the dishes on weekends.→被動語態(tài):I am usually made to wash the dishes by my mother on weekends.在周末我媽媽經(jīng)常讓我洗碗。 (2)固定短語在構成被動語態(tài)形式時,后面的介詞或副詞要保留。如: You should take good care of your books.→被動語態(tài):Your books should be taken good care of.你應該好好愛護你的書。 4.主動形式表被動意義 英語中有一些動詞作謂語時,形式是主動的,但是表示被動的意義,通常有以下幾種情況: (1)轉化為系動詞的感官動詞:look,sound,feel,taste,smell等主動形式表被動意義。如: The cloth feels very soft.這塊布料摸起來很軟。 (2)由少數(shù)及物動詞轉化而來的不及物動詞:sell,clean,wash,cut,drive,wear,write等,它們的主語為物,可用主動形式表被動意義來描述主語的特征。如: The pen writes well.這筆好寫。 (3)在be worth doing,need doing,require doing中,主語是物,doing表被動意義。如: The movie called Dangal is well worth watching.《摔跤吧!爸爸》這部電影很值得觀看。 The classroom is very dirty.It needs cleaning.=The classroom is very dirty.It needs to be cleaned.教室很臟。它應該被打掃了。 小 試 牛 刀 (D)1.(xx北京中考)A new international airport______ in the city next year. Apletes B.is pleted C.will plete D.will be pleted (D)2.(xx定西中考)She ______ an English magazine when I came in. A.reads B.has read C.will read D.was reading (C)3.(xx北部灣中考)—Is this your camera? —Yes, I ______ it for two weeks. A.bought B.had C.have had D.have bought (C)4.(xx玉林中考)—What do you know about the xx Russia FIFA World Cup? —Oh, I only know that the last game ______ on July 15. A.was played B.is played C.will be played D.will play (C)5.(xx黔東南中考)Mary ______ a math problem with her classmates when the math teacher knocked at the classroom door. A.has discussed B.was discussed C.was discussing D.discusses (B)6.(xx河北中考)Look at the picture.The top five TV plays ______ in it. A. list B.are listed C.will list D.will be listed (D)7.(xx宜昌中考)—______ you ______ the Chinese Culture Festival in the Central Square? —Yes.It was really a great success. A.Are;attending B.Will;attend C.Do;attend D.Did;attend (B)8.(xx吉林中考改編)While Alan was writing a letter, the children ______ outside. 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