WSN中LEACH協(xié)議源碼分析

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1、WSN中LEACH協(xié)議源碼分析 分析（一） 首先對wireless.tcl進(jìn)行分析，先對默認(rèn)的腳本選項進(jìn)行初始化： set opt(chan)Channel/WirelessChannel set opt(prop) Propagation/TwoRayGround set opt(netif)Phy/WirelessPhy set opt(mac) Mac/802_11 set opt(ifq) Queue/DropTail/PriQueue set opt(ll) LL set opt(ant) Antenna/OmniAntenna set opt(x)

2、0 ;# X dimension of the topography set opt(y) 0 ;# Y dimension of the topography set opt(cp) "" set opt(sc) "../mobility/scene/scen-670x670-50-600-20-2" ;# scenario file set opt(ifqlen) 50;# max packet in if set opt(nn) 51 ;# number of nodes set opt(seed) 0.0 set opt(stop) 10.

3、0 ;# simulation time set opt(tr) out.tr ;# trace file set opt(rp) dsdv ;# routing protocol script set opt(lm) "on" ;# log movement 在這個wireless.tcl中設(shè)置了一些全局變量： # # Initialize Global Variables # set ns_ [new Simulator] set chan [new $opt(chan)] set pr

4、op [new $opt(prop)] set topo [new Topography] set tracefd [open $opt(tr) w] $topo load_flatgrid $opt(x) $opt(y) $prop topography $topo 這些初始化將在后面的使用中用到，該文件最重要的是創(chuàng)建leach節(jié)點：創(chuàng)建方法如下： } elseif { [string compare $opt(rp) "leach"] == 0} { for {set i 0} {$i < $opt(nn) } {incr i} { lea

5、ch-create-mobile-node $i } 如果路由協(xié)議是leach協(xié)議，則在Uamps.tcl中調(diào)用leach-create-mobile-node方法創(chuàng)建leach節(jié)點。將在第二小節(jié)講如何創(chuàng)建leach節(jié)點。 for {set i 0} {$i < $opt(nn) } {incr i} { $ns_ at $opt(stop). "$node_($i) reset"; //完成后，重置節(jié)點的應(yīng)用 } $ns_ at $opt(stop).00000001 "puts \"NS EXITING...\" ; $ns_ halt" if { $opt(s

6、c) == "" } { puts "*** NOTE: no scenario file specified." set opt(sc) "none" } else { puts "Loading scenario file..." source $opt(sc) puts "Load complete..." } ns在什么時候結(jié)束simulation，并告訴ns加載sc場景文件。最后$ns_ run則ns就開始運(yùn)行了。 分析（二） 上節(jié)對wireless.tcl進(jìn)行了簡要的分析，接下來對Uamps.tcl腳本進(jìn)行分析。 set opt(Efriss

7、_amp) [expr [expr 1.1 * $opt(RXThresh) * 16 * $PI * $PI] / \ [expr $opt(bw) * $opt(Gt) * $opt(Gr) * $l * $l]] # Etwo_ray_amp = RXThresh / (Rb Gt Gr ht^2 hr^2) set opt(Etwo_ray_amp) [expr 1.1 * $opt(RXThresh) / \ [expr $opt(bw) * $opt(Gt) * $opt

8、(Gr) * \ $opt(ht) * $opt(ht) * $opt(ht) * $opt(ht)]] set opt(EXcvr) 50e-9 ;# Energy for radio circuitry set opt(e_bf) 5e-9 ;# Beamforming energy (J/bit) set opt(Esense) 0 ;# Sensing energy (J/bit) set

9、 opt(thresh_energy) 0.00 ;# Threshold for power adaptation set opt(Pidle) 0 ;# Idle power (W) set opt(Psleep) 0 ;# Sleep power (W) set initialized 0 set rng_ [new RNG]#用于產(chǎn)生隨機(jī)數(shù) 首先往opt數(shù)組里面添加一些變量，并對這些變量進(jìn)行初化。opt(Psleep)

10、 ，opt(Pidle)， opt(thresh_energy)在ns-leach.tcl中使用到，這個是計算單位時間空閑所消耗的能量和休眠所消耗的能量。 這個腳本主要是創(chuàng)建leach節(jié)點： if {$initialized == 0} { #remove old trace sens_init set initialized 1 } # Remove old trace files. catch "eval exec rm [glob -nocomplain $opt(dirname)/TDMAschedul

11、e.*.txt]" catch "exec rm $opt(dirname)/$opt(filename).energy" catch "exec rm $opt(dirname)/$opt(filename).data" catch "exec rm $opt(dirname)/$opt(filename).alive" catch "exec rm $opt(dirname)/startup.energy" catch "exec rm $opt(dirname)/init.energy" 如果沒有初始化過，則將以前的跟蹤文件刪除，接

12、著回到創(chuàng)建leach的函數(shù)中，創(chuàng)建節(jié)點： if {$id != $opt(nn_)} { puts -nonewline "$id " #important set node_($id) [new MobileNode/ResourceAwareNode] } else { puts "($opt(nn_) == BS)" set node_($id) [new MobileNode/ResourceAwareNode $BS_NODE] } 如果不是簇頭節(jié)點則將$opt(nn_)-1個節(jié)點設(shè)置為一般

13、節(jié)點，將$opt(nn_)設(shè)置為BS節(jié)點。newMobileNode/ResourceAwareNode函數(shù)是在ns-ranode.tcl中。分析完這個我們接下來分析newMobileNode/ResourceAwareNode這個函數(shù)。 set node $node_($id) if {$id != $opt(nn_)} { # Set initial node energy. if {$opt(eq_energy) == 1} { $node set-energy $opt(init_energy) $opt(thr

14、esh_energy) } else { 由于eq-energy在leach-test中給定，將eq-energy=1；則每個節(jié)點都會對能量進(jìn)行初始化，設(shè)置節(jié)點的初始能量和門檻能量（個人理解，死亡能量）。 set high_e_nodes [list 97 19 12 87 8 22 83 55 34 72] if {[lsearch $high_e_nodes $id] == -1} { set E 2 } else { set E 200 } $n

15、ode set-energy $E $opt(thresh_energy) set initf [open "$opt(dirname)/init.energy" a] puts $initf "$id\t$E" close $initf 將不屬于list中的能量初始化能量設(shè)置為2，將屬于list中的能量設(shè)置為200.并將初始化能量寫到init.energy中，將節(jié)點id和節(jié)點初始能量寫進(jìn)去。 else { # Base station has an infinite amount of energy. $

16、node set-energy 50000 $opt(thresh_energy) } 節(jié)點為簇頭節(jié)點，則將節(jié)點的初始化能量設(shè)置為50000，能量無限。 到此為止，創(chuàng)建節(jié)點完成并將每個節(jié)點的能量初始化完成。下一節(jié)將分析ns-ranode.tcl腳本。區(qū)分普通節(jié)點和簇頭節(jié)點的不同。接下來是配置節(jié)點信道和跟蹤文件： $ns_ at 0.0 "$node_($id) start-app" ns在0的時候啟動應(yīng)用，應(yīng)用在ns-ranode.tcl中分析。 分析（三） 對前面兩個腳本進(jìn)行分析后，已經(jīng)創(chuàng)建好節(jié)點和設(shè)置好節(jié)點的初始能量，將opt(nn_)-1個節(jié)點設(shè)置為普通節(jié)點，

17、而將opt(nn_)設(shè)置為bs?，F(xiàn)在對ns-ranode.tcl進(jìn)行分析。好了我們現(xiàn)在就開始分析這個腳本。 Class MobileNode/ResourceAwareNode -superclass Node/MobileNode MobileNode/ResourceAwareNode instproc init args set bs_node [lindex $args 0] eval $self next [lreplace $args 0 0] args由參數(shù)傳遞進(jìn)來，若節(jié)點為簇頭節(jié)點則bs_node=1，調(diào)用父類初始化函數(shù)。 set ResourceMa

18、nager_ [new ResourceManager] $ResourceManager_ Register [new Resource/NeighborResource] set energy [new Resource/Energy] $ResourceManager_ Register $energy ResourceManager在ns-resouce-manager.tcl中定義的。Resource/NeighborResource在ns-neighbor-resource中對能量進(jìn)行管理。 # Create a new agent and

19、 attach it to the node if {$bs_node == 1} { set agent [new Agent/BSAgent] } else { set agent [new Agent/RCAgent] } set rca_agent_ $agent 普通節(jié)點的應(yīng)用為RCAgent，BS的應(yīng)用為BSAGgent。 并將應(yīng)用attch到node上。 下面兩段看不明白，但是這兩段不影響看程序。 set haslist [find_haslist

20、 [$self id]] if {$bs_node == 1} { set rca [new $opt(bsapp)] } else { set rca [new $opt(rcapp) $opt(mtype) $wantslist $haslist] } $ns_ attach-agent $self $agent $rca attach-agent $agent set rca_app_ $rca 將bs節(jié)點的應(yīng)用設(shè)置為bsapp，普通節(jié)點的應(yīng)用設(shè)置為rca

21、app，并將節(jié)點的服務(wù)設(shè)置為不同的服務(wù)。bsapp在ns-app.tcl中。$opt(rcapp)定義在leach.tcl中，opt(mtype)定義在leach.tcl中。 set opt(rcapp) "Application/LEACH" ;# Application type set opt(ra_adv) [TxTime [expr $opt(hdr_size) + 4]] ;# Total time (s) for CH ADVs

22、 ;# Assume max 4(nn*%) CHs set opt(ra_adv_total) [expr $opt(ra_adv)*($opt(num_clusters)*4 + 1)] ;# RA Time (s) for nodes' join reqs set opt(ra_join) [expr 0.01 * $opt(nn_)]

23、 ;# Buffer time for join req xmittal set opt(ra_delay) [TxTime [expr $opt(hdr_size) + 4]] ;# Maximum time required to transmit ;# a schedule (n nodes in 1 cluster) set opt(xmit_sch) [

24、expr 0.005 + [TxTime [expr $opt(nn_)*4+$opt(hdr_size)]]] ;# Overhead time for cluster set-up set opt(start_xmit) [expr $opt(ra_adv_total) + $opt(ra_join) + $opt(xmit_sch)] 一般節(jié)點的應(yīng)用為Application/LEACH，最終sink節(jié)點的應(yīng)用為Application/BSApp。 通過前3次的分析得出，在分析1中定義變量，在分

25、析2中創(chuàng)建leach節(jié)點，在分析3中將節(jié)點的應(yīng)用綁定在節(jié)點上。 下面將分析leach的主要協(xié)議ns-leach.tcl腳本。 分析（四） 完成前面3個腳本的分析，最后進(jìn)行ns-leach.tcl腳本的分析.首先我們看下這個腳本要使用的有哪些功能. Application/LEACH instproc init args {} 對leach進(jìn)行初始化，即構(gòu)造函數(shù)。 下面是leach的一些方法 Application/LEACH instproc start {} {} Application/LEACH instproc getRandomNumber {llim ulim} {

26、} 得到隨機(jī)數(shù) Application/LEACH instproc node {} {} Application/LEACH instproc nodeID {} {} Application/LEACH instproc mac {} {} Application/LEACH instproc getX {} {} Application/LEACH instproc getY {} {} Application/LEACH instproc getER {} {} Application/LEACH instproc GoToSleep {} {} 節(jié)點進(jìn)行休眠 App

27、lication/LEACH instproc WakeUp {} {}節(jié)點醒來 Application/LEACH instproc setCode code {}{} Application/LEACH instproc checkAlive {} {} 節(jié)點是否存活 Application/LEACH instproc isClusterHead? {} {} 判斷是否是簇頭節(jié)點 Application/LEACH instproc hasbeenClusterHead? {} {} 判斷是否成為過簇頭節(jié)點 Application/LEACH instproc hasn

28、otbeenClusterHead {} {}hasbeench=0不是簇頭節(jié)點 Application/LEACH instproc setClusterHead {} {} 設(shè)置為簇頭節(jié)點 Application/LEACH instproc unsetClusterHead {} {} 設(shè)置為非簇頭節(jié)點 Application/LEACH instproc decideClusterHead {} {} 決定簇頭節(jié)點，非常重要 Application/LEACH instproc advertiseClusterHead {} {} 廣播簇頭節(jié)點 Application/

29、LEACH instproc findBestCluster {} {} 找到最佳簇 Application/LEACH instproc informClusterHead {} {} 通知簇頭節(jié)點 Application/LEACH instproc createSchedule {} {} 創(chuàng)建TDMA調(diào)度 接收功能： Application/LEACH instproc recv {args} {} Application/LEACH instproc recvADV_CH {msg} {} Application/LEACH instproc recvJOIN_REQ

30、{nodeID} {} Application/LEACH instproc recvADV_SCH {order} {} Application/LEACH instproc recvDATA {msg} {} 發(fā)送功能： Application/LEACH instproc sendData {} {} Application/LEACH instproc send {mac_dst link_dst type msgdata_size dist code} {} Application/LEACH instproc send_now {mac_dst link_dst typ

31、e msg data_size dist code} {} Application/LEACH instproc SendDataToBS {} {} Application/LEACH instproc SendMyDataToBS {} {} 分析（五） 由leach 分析三可知，一般節(jié)點的應(yīng)用為Application/LEACH。則現(xiàn)在就是如何選擇簇頭節(jié)點和設(shè)置門檻值。我們接下來分析leach 分析4中紅色的方法。在leach 分析3中創(chuàng)建一個Application/LEACH對象則就會自動調(diào)用start方法。 Application/LEACH instproc start

32、{} { [$self mac] set node_num_ [$self nodeID] $self decideClusterHead $self checkAlive } 在這個方法中會調(diào)用decideClusterHead和checkAlive方法。 Application/LEACH instproc GoToSleep {} { global opt ns_ $self instvar begin_idle_ begin_sleep_ [[$self node] set netif_(0)] set sleep_ 1 # I

33、f node has been awake, remove idle energy (e.g., the amount of energy # dissipated while the node is in the idle state). Otherwise, the node # has been asleep and must remove sleep energy (e.g., the amount of # energy dissipated while the node is in the sleep state). if {$begin_idle_ >

34、$begin_sleep_} { set idle_energy [expr $opt(Pidle) * [expr [$ns_ now] - $begin_idle_]] [$self getER] remove $idle_energy } else { set sleep_energy [expr $opt(Psleep) * [expr [$ns_ now] - $begin_sleep_]] [$self getER] remove $sleep_energy } set begin_sleep_ [$ns_ now]

35、set begin_idle_ 0 } 分析（六） 在start中調(diào)用下面這個方法。 Application/LEACH instproc decideClusterHead {} { global ns_ chan opt node_ $self instvar alive_ TDMAschedule_ $self instvar begin_idle_ begin_sleep_ # Check the alive status of the node. If the node has run out of # energy, it no l

36、onger functions in the network. set ISalive [[[$self node] set netif_(0)] set alive_] if {$alive_ == 1} { if {$ISalive == 0} { puts "Node [$self nodeID] is DEAD!!!!" $chan removeif [[$self node] set netif_(0)] set alive_ 0 set opt(nn_) [expr $opt(nn_) - 1]

37、set ISalive [[[$self node] set netif_(0)] set alive_] #從網(wǎng)絡(luò)接口netif中查看當(dāng)前節(jié)點狀 況 如果節(jié)點存活，但是節(jié)點能量耗光，則$chan removeif [[$self node] set netif_(0)]將節(jié)點信道中移出，并將節(jié)點設(shè)置為死亡。節(jié)點的總數(shù)目減少一個。 if {$opt(eq_energy) == 1} { # # Pi(t) = k / (N - k mod(r,N/k)) # where k is the expected number of clusters per ro

38、und # N is the total number of sensor nodes in the network # and r is the number of rounds that have already passed. # set nn $opt(nn_) if {[expr $nn - $opt(num_clusters) * $round_] < 1} { set thresh 1 } else { set thresh [expr double($opt(num_clusters)) /

39、 \ [expr $nn - $opt(num_clusters) * $round_]] # Whenever round_ is 0, all nodes are eligible to be cluster-head. if {$round_ == 0} { $self hasnotbeenClusterHead } } # If node has been cluster-head in this group of rounds, it will not # act as a

40、cluster-head for this round. if {[$self hasbeenClusterHead?]} { set thresh 0 } } else { # # Pi(t) = Ei(t) / Etotal(t) * k # where k is the expected number of clusters per round, # Ei(t) is the node's current energy, and Etotal(t) is the total # energy fr

41、om all nodes in the network. # set Etotal 0 # Note! In a real network, would need a routing protocol to get this # information. Alternatively, each node could estimate Etotal(t) from # the energy of nodes in its cluster. for {set id 0} {$id < [expr $opt(nn)-1]} {incr

42、 id} { set app [$node_($id) set rca_app_] set E [[$app getER] query] set Etotal [expr $Etotal + $E] } set E [[$self getER] query] set thresh [expr double([expr $E * $opt(num_clusters)]) / $Etotal] } 上面是對thresh的計算，當(dāng)(N - k mod(r,N/k))<1，則將thresh設(shè)置為1，否則節(jié)點thres

43、h=k / (N - k mod(r,N/k))，每個節(jié)點在一個1/p中都要成為簇頭節(jié)點一次。p=簇頭節(jié)點占所有節(jié)點的比例，在r=0的時候每個節(jié)點都有機(jī)會吃呢更為簇頭節(jié)點。如果節(jié)點成為過簇頭節(jié)點則thresh=0，則這個節(jié)點在1/p輪后才可以成為簇頭節(jié)點。 if {[$self getRandomNumber 0 1] < $thresh} { puts "$nodeID: *******************************************" puts "$nodeID: Is a cluster head at time [$ns_ now]"

44、 $self setClusterHead set random_access [$self getRandomNumber 0 $opt(ra_adv)] #opt(ra_adv) in leach.tcl $ns_ at [expr $now_ + $random_access] "$self advertiseClusterHead" } else { puts "$nodeID: *******************************************" $self unsetClusterHead

45、 } 如果thresh>getRandomNumber，則節(jié)點成為簇頭節(jié)點。然后調(diào)用advertiseClusterHead方法。 set next_change_time_ [expr $now_ + $opt(ch_change)] $ns_ at $next_change_time_ "$self decideClusterHead" $ns_ at [expr $now_ + $opt(ra_adv_total)] "$self findBestCluster" 當(dāng)節(jié)點成為簇頭節(jié)點，則節(jié)點調(diào)用 advertiseClusterHead方法。 set c

46、hID [$self nodeID] set currentCH_ $chID pp "Cluster Head $currentCH_ broadcasting ADV at time [$ns_ now]" set mac_dst $MAC_BROADCAST set link_dst $LINK_BROADCAST set msg [list $currentCH_] set datasize [expr $BYTES_ID * [llength $msg]] # Send beacons opt(max_dist) meters so all nodes

47、can hear. $self send $mac_dst $link_dst $ADV_CH $msg $datasize $opt(max_dist) $code_ 將該節(jié)點設(shè)置為簇頭節(jié)點，設(shè)置當(dāng)前節(jié)點所處的簇號。然后發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù)，廣播該節(jié)點為簇頭信息到全局網(wǎng)絡(luò)。 在$ns_ at [expr $now_ + $opt(ra_adv_total)] "$self findBestCluster"調(diào)用findBestCluster方法。 分析（七） 當(dāng)簇頭發(fā)出了一個ADV類型的包時，其他的節(jié)點會接收這個包，并會將發(fā)送這個包的簇頭的節(jié)點號按順序先后記錄在clusterChoices_中，

48、還會計算每個簇頭到接收節(jié)點的距離并記錄在clusterDist_中。這樣可以方便每個節(jié)點選簇的時候進(jìn)行比較。具體的實現(xiàn)在ns-leach.tcl中的recvADV_CH函數(shù)中。 findBestCluster if [$self isClusterHead?] { # If node is CH, determine code and create a TDMA schedule. set dist_ $opt(max_dist) set currentCH_ $nodeID set myADVnum_ [[$self mac] set myAD

49、Vnum_] # There are opt(spreading) - 1 codes available b/c need 1 code # for communication with the base station. set numCodesAvail [expr 2 * $opt(spreading) - 1] set ClusterCode [expr int(fmod($myADVnum_, $numCodesAvail)) + 1] $ns_ at [expr $now_ + $opt(ra_adv_total) + $op

50、t(ra_join)] \ "$self createSchedule" } 如果這個節(jié)點是簇頭節(jié)點，設(shè)置為當(dāng)前的簇頭， set numCodesAvail [expr 2 * $opt(spreading) - 1] set ClusterCode [expr int(fmod($myADVnum_, $numCodesAvail)) + 1]這兩句沒看懂 在一個隨機(jī)時間后調(diào)用createSchedule，節(jié)點根據(jù)自己收到的clusterChoices，選擇最近的簇頭作為簇頭節(jié)點。選擇好簇頭節(jié)點就informClusterHead。發(fā)送

51、完數(shù)據(jù)就進(jìn)入休眠狀態(tài)。 Application/LEACH instproc createSchedule {} { global ns_ opt ADV_SCH MAC_BROADCAST BYTES_ID $self instvar clusterNodes_ TDMAschedule_ $self instvar dist_ code_ now_ beginningE_ set numNodes [llength $clusterNodes_] set chID [$self nodeID] if {$numNodes == 0}

52、{ set xmitOrder "" puts "Warning! There are no nodes in this cluster ($chID)!" $self SendMyDataToBS } else { # Set the TDMA schedule and send it to all nodes in the cluster. set xmitOrder $clusterNodes_ set msg [list $xmitOrder] set spreading_factor $opt(spread

53、ing) set datasize [expr $spreading_factor * $BYTES_ID * [llength $xmitOrder]] pp "$chID sending TDMA schedule: $xmitOrder at time [$ns_ now]" pp "Packet size is $datasize." set mac_dst $MAC_BROADCAST set link_dst $chID $self send $mac_dst $link_dst $ADV_SCH $msg $datasi

54、ze $dist_ $code_ } set TDMAschedule_ $xmitOrder set outf [open $opt(dirname)/TDMAschedule.$now_.txt a] puts $outf "$chID\t$TDMAschedule_" close $outf set outf [open $opt(dirname)/startup.energy a] puts $outf "[$ns_ now]\t$chID\t[expr $beginningE_ - [[$self getER] query]] "

55、 close $outf } 在recvADV_SCH給每個節(jié)點一個時間間隙發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù) set frame_time_ [expr [expr 5 + [llength [join $order]]] * $opt(ss_slot_time)] set xmitTime_ [expr $opt(ss_slot_time) * $ind] set end_frm_time_ [expr $frame_time_ - $xmitTime_] set xmitat [expr [$ns_ now] + $xmitTime_] pp "$nodeID scheduled to transmit at $xmitat. It is now [$ns_ now]." if {[expr $xmitat + $end_frm_time_] < \ [expr $next_change_time_ - 10 * $opt(ss_slot_time)]} { $ns_ at $xmitat "$self sendData" 具體實現(xiàn)方法看不太懂。