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專題1 動詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài) 動詞在語法填空中的考查 在語法填空中，動詞的考查主要考慮時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)、非謂語動詞、語氣、主謂一致等。近三年全國卷最常考的謂語動詞是一般過去時(shí)或者主語是第三人稱單數(shù)的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，并會涉及主謂一致與虛擬語氣的考查，情態(tài)動詞還未考過；被動語態(tài)常會涉及一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或一般過去時(shí)的被動語態(tài)；而非謂語動詞主要考查其基本形式：to do(即to＋原形)，doing(即-ing形式)，done(即-ed形式)。 應(yīng)對策略 1.句中若缺少謂語，注意要考慮所給動詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)。 (1)判斷時(shí)態(tài)首先要確定時(shí)間，然后根據(jù)動作發(fā)生的狀態(tài)來判斷應(yīng)該運(yùn)用哪種時(shí)態(tài)。有時(shí)也可以根據(jù)空格后和該句中已經(jīng)存在的謂語動詞的并列關(guān)系來確定時(shí)態(tài)。 (2)句中缺少謂語，且與主語存在被動關(guān)系，考慮根據(jù)時(shí)間和動作存在的方式，確定相應(yīng)時(shí)態(tài)的被動語態(tài)。注意：只有及物動詞才有被動語態(tài)。 2.如果句中已有謂語動詞，并確定所給動詞要填寫為非謂語動詞，就要考慮是v.-ing形式、過去分詞形式還是動詞不定式。 分析非謂語動詞在句中作何成分，再根據(jù)各非謂語動詞的特點(diǎn)確定填哪種形式。 (1)對于不定式的考查，需注意不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)，熟記?？嫉暮蟾欢ㄊ阶髻e語的動詞以及一些?？季涫健? (2)現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語，表示方式、伴隨或自然而然的結(jié)果，且與句子主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的主動關(guān)系。另外，現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式作狀語，往往表示動作與謂語動詞同時(shí)或相繼發(fā)生；現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式作時(shí)間狀語，往往表示動作先于謂語動詞發(fā)生?，F(xiàn)在分詞作定語表示動作的主動或正在進(jìn)行；動名詞作主語表示一般的、抽象的或習(xí)慣性動作；此外，應(yīng)熟記能用動名詞作賓語的動詞或動詞短語。 (3)過去分詞可作狀語、定語或補(bǔ)足語，表示被動與完成；若作表語?？夹稳菰~化的過去分詞；過去分詞不可作主語或賓語。 (4)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的非謂語動詞要考慮與其邏輯主語的關(guān)系，with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的非謂語動詞要考慮與復(fù)合賓語的邏輯關(guān)系。 3.對于情態(tài)動詞在語法填空中的考查，主要注意情態(tài)動詞的一般用法以及“情態(tài)動詞＋have done”；而對于虛擬語氣的考查除了注意情態(tài)動詞的選用，還需注意一般過去時(shí)與過去完成時(shí)在虛擬語氣中的考查。 動詞在短文改錯中的考查 短文改錯中對于謂語動詞的考查點(diǎn)常會涉及上下文時(shí)態(tài)不一致、被動語態(tài)漏掉be動詞或過去分詞與過去式混淆錯誤，句中出現(xiàn)多個謂語動詞且無連詞的錯誤；非謂語動詞形式錯誤常會涉及本該用不定式或動名詞卻用了動詞原形，不定式符號to的多用或少用也?？迹诮樵~或某些動詞后本應(yīng)接動名詞的卻用了動詞原形、本應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在分詞的卻用了過去分詞等。 情態(tài)動詞與虛擬語氣在短文改錯中的考查常涉及情態(tài)動詞后的動詞形式錯誤或be動詞遺漏，情態(tài)動詞混用或虛擬語氣中情態(tài)動詞以及時(shí)態(tài)的錯用。 應(yīng)對策略 做動詞類改錯題時(shí)，需注意以下幾個方面： 1.判斷一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)是否錯用； 2.and，but，so，or等并列連詞前后的時(shí)態(tài)是否一致； 3.除了時(shí)態(tài)，還要注意主謂是否一致，尤其是第三人稱單數(shù)形式是否錯用； 4.看謂語部分是否缺少動詞，特別是be動詞； 5.看主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)是否錯用； 6.作主語或賓語不能用動詞原形，通常改為-ing形式或不定式； 7.熟記其后只能接-ing或只能接to do作賓語的動詞； 8.介詞后要用動詞的-ing形式。注意區(qū)分to是介詞還是不定式符號； 9.熟記一些固定短語和句式中的非謂語動詞形式； 10.根據(jù)非謂語動詞與其邏輯主語的關(guān)系來確定用-ing形式還是用-ed形式； 11.別混淆謂語動詞與非謂語動詞； 12.看句中情態(tài)動詞是否運(yùn)用正確； 13.看是否考查虛擬語氣；若是考查虛擬語氣，注意分清主句與從句中的時(shí)態(tài)關(guān)系以及不同句式中的虛擬語氣構(gòu)成形式。 專題1　動詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài) 框架結(jié)構(gòu)圖 動詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)的形式 一般 進(jìn)行 完成 完成進(jìn)行 現(xiàn)在 主動 do/does am/is/are doing have/has done have/has been doing 被動 am/is/are done am/is/are being done have/has been done 過去 主動 did was/were doing had done had been doing 被動 was/were done was/were being done had been done 將來 主動 shall/will do shall/will be doing shall/will have done shall/will have been doing 被動 shall/will be done shall/will be being done shall/will have been done 過去將來 主動 should/would do should/would be doing should/would have done should/would have been doing 被動 should/would be done should/would be being done should/would have been done 謂語動詞的五種基本形式： 1.動詞原形 2.動詞的第三人稱單數(shù) 3.動詞的過去式 4.動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞 5.動詞的過去分詞 動詞時(shí)態(tài)的核心考點(diǎn) 1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)考點(diǎn)分析 (1)表示客觀事實(shí)或普遍真理(不受時(shí)態(tài)限制)。 Time and tide wait for no man. (2)表示現(xiàn)狀、性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)時(shí)多用系動詞或狀態(tài)動詞；表示經(jīng)常或習(xí)慣性的動作，多用動作動詞，且常與表頻率的時(shí)間狀語連用。 Ice feels cold. These oranges taste good. They always care for each other and help each other. (3)表示知覺、態(tài)度、感情、某種抽象的關(guān)系或概念的詞常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，如see，hear，smell，taste，feel，notice，agree，believe，like，hate，want，think，belong to，seem等。 He likes his bike. All the students here belong to No.1 Middle School. (4)在時(shí)間、條件狀語從句中常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來時(shí)。 I’ll write to her when I have time. (5)少數(shù)用于表示起止或轉(zhuǎn)移等的動詞如e，go，leave，arrive，fly，return，start，begin，open，close，end，stop等常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來時(shí)，表示一個按規(guī)定、計(jì)劃或安排要發(fā)生的動作。當(dāng)be表示根據(jù)時(shí)間或事先安排肯定會出現(xiàn)的狀態(tài)時(shí)，只用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。 The shop closes at 11：00 p.m.every day. Tomorrow is Wednesday. 2.一般過去時(shí)考點(diǎn)分析 (1)一般過去時(shí)的基本用法：表示過去的事情、動作或狀態(tài)，常與表示過去的具體時(shí)間狀語連用(或有上下文語境暗示)；用于表達(dá)過去的習(xí)慣；表示說話人原來沒有料到、想到或希望的事。 We met her in the street yesterday. When he was young，he took cold baths regularly. I didn’t expect to see you studying at the library. (2)如果從句中有一個過去的時(shí)間狀語，盡管從句中的動作先于主句發(fā)生，但從句中的謂語動詞仍用過去時(shí)。 He told me he read an interesting novel last night. (3)表示兩個緊接著發(fā)生的動作，由以下詞語連接，常用一般過去時(shí)。如：but，and，when，as soon as，immediately，the moment，the minute等。 He bought a watch but lost it. The moment she came in，she told me what had happened to her. (4)常用一般過去時(shí)的句型。 Why didn’t you think of that? I didn’t notice it. I forgot to tell you I had been there with my brother before. I didn’t recognize him. 3.一般將來時(shí)考點(diǎn)分析 (1)表示未來的動作或狀態(tài)，常用will/shall＋動詞原形，常與表示將來的時(shí)間狀語連用，如：tomorrow，next week等。 We will have a meeting tomorrow. (2)表示趨向行為的動詞如e，go，start，begin，leave等詞常用進(jìn)行時(shí)的形式表示將來時(shí)。 The students are leaving on Sunday. (3)一般將來時(shí)的其他表達(dá)方式be going to do，be to do，be about to do的用法及區(qū)別： ①be going to do在口語中常用來表示已經(jīng)決定或安排要做某事、必然或很可能發(fā)生某事，也可用來表示自然現(xiàn)象。 The railway is going to be open on October 1st. ②be to do表示按計(jì)劃、安排即將發(fā)生的動作，還可表示吩咐、命令、禁止、可能性等。 A meeting is to be held at 3：00 o’clock this afternoon. You’re to be back before five o’clock. ③be about to do表示“即將，正要”，后面不能接時(shí)間狀語或狀語從句。 Autumn harvest is about to start. 注意：be going to do表示現(xiàn)在打算在最近或?qū)硪瞿呈?，這種打算往往經(jīng)過事先考慮，甚至已做了某種準(zhǔn)備；shall/will do表示未事先考慮過，即說話時(shí)臨時(shí)做出的決定。be going to do表將來，不能用在條件狀語從句的主句中；而will do則能，表意愿。 If it is fine，we’ll go fishing.[√] If it is fine，we are going to go fishing.[] 4.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)考點(diǎn)分析 (1)表示說話時(shí)正在發(fā)生著的一個動作；表示現(xiàn)階段但不一定是講話時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動作；表示近期特定的安排或計(jì)劃；go，e等表示移動的動詞可用進(jìn)行時(shí)代替將來時(shí)；與always，often等頻度副詞連用，表示經(jīng)常反復(fù)的行為或表達(dá)某種感情色彩。 He is working on a paper. She is teaching English and learning Chinese. I am meeting Mr Wang tonight. We are leaving on Friday. The girl is always talking loud in public. (2)下面四類動詞不宜用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。 ①表示心理狀態(tài)、情感的動詞：like，love，hate，care，remember，believe，want，mind，wish，agree，mean，need等。 ②表示存在狀態(tài)的動詞：appear，exist，lie，remain，seem，belong to等。 ③表示行為結(jié)果的動詞：allow，accept，permit，promise，admit，plete等。 ④表示感官的動詞：see，hear，notice，feel，smell，sound，taste，look等。 5.過去進(jìn)行時(shí)考點(diǎn)分析 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示在過去某個時(shí)刻或某個時(shí)間段內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。 He was reading an interesting book this time yesterday. 6.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)考點(diǎn)分析 (1)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)除可以和for，since引導(dǎo)的狀語連用外，還可以和下面的介詞短語連用：during/in/over the last(past) few years(months，weeks...)，in recent years，so far，up to now等。 (2)下列句型中常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。 It is(has been)＋一段時(shí)間＋since從句 This(That/It) is the first(second...) time that＋現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) This(That/It) is the best/finest/most interesting...＋that＋現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) (3)在時(shí)間或條件狀語從句中，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可以代替將來完成時(shí)。 I shall post the letter as soon as I have written it. If you have done the experiment，you will realize the theory better. Don’t get off the bus until it has stopped. 7.過去完成時(shí)考點(diǎn)分析 (1)常用過去完成時(shí)的幾種情況。 ①在by，by the end of，by the time，until，before，since后接表示過去某一時(shí)間的短語或從句的句子中。 By the end of last year，we had produced 20,000 cars. The train had left before we reached the station. ②表示未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的希望、打算、意圖、諾言等，常用had hoped/planned/meant/intended/ thought/wanted/expected等或用上述動詞的過去式接不定式的完成式，即：hoped/planned...＋to have done。 We had planned to finish the work before dark，but we were held up by a heavy rain. ③“時(shí)間名詞＋before”在句中作狀語，謂語動詞用過去完成時(shí)；“時(shí)間名詞＋ago”在句中作狀語，謂語動詞用一般過去時(shí)。 He said his first teacher had died at least 10 years before. Xiao Hua left school three years ago. ④在hardly/scarcely...when...，no sooner...than...句式中，主句常用過去完成時(shí)，表示“一……就……”。當(dāng)hardly，scarcely，no sooner置于句首時(shí)，其后要用部分倒裝。 We had no sooner been seated than the bus started.＝No sooner had we been seated than the bus started. (2)在before或after引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句中可用一般過去時(shí)代替過去完成時(shí)。 After he (had) left the room，the boss came in. We arrived home before it snowed. 8.過去將來時(shí)考點(diǎn)分析 過去將來時(shí)表示從過去的觀點(diǎn)來預(yù)計(jì)以后要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)，這種時(shí)態(tài)常用于賓語從句中，主句常是一般過去時(shí)。 He always said that he would study hard at that time. 9.注意幾組時(shí)態(tài)的區(qū)別 (1)一般過去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)： ①時(shí)間上有差異：凡含有過去時(shí)間的，如ago，last year，just now，the other day等均用一般過去時(shí)，不能用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。 ②結(jié)果上有差異：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是對“現(xiàn)在”的影響和結(jié)果，動作到現(xiàn)在剛完成或還在繼續(xù)；一般過去時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是動作發(fā)生在“過去”，和現(xiàn)在毫無關(guān)系。 (2)過去完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)：過去完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是“過去的過去”；如出現(xiàn)同一主語連續(xù)幾個動作(“連謂”)的形式則只用一般過去時(shí)即可。 動詞被動語態(tài)的核心考點(diǎn) 動詞的被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成方式：be＋過去分詞，口語中也用“get/bee＋過去分詞”表示。被動語態(tài)的基本用法：不知道或沒必要提到動作的執(zhí)行者是誰時(shí)用被動語態(tài)；強(qiáng)調(diào)或突出動作的承受者常用被動語態(tài)(by短語有時(shí)可以省略)。 1.使用被動語態(tài)時(shí)應(yīng)注意的幾個問題 (1)主動變?yōu)楸粍訒r(shí)雙賓語的變化。 My friend gave me an interesting book on my birthday. An interesting book was given to me (by my friend) on my birthday. I was given an interesting book (by my friend) on my birthday. (2)主動變?yōu)楸粍訒r(shí)，賓語成主語；(作補(bǔ)語的)不定式前需加to(位置不變)。 The boss made him work all day long. He was made to work all day long (by the boss). (3)短語動詞變被動語態(tài)時(shí)，勿要掉“尾巴”。 The children were taken good care of (by her). Your pronunciation and spelling should be paid attention to. (4)情態(tài)動詞，be going to，be to，be sure to，have to等結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時(shí)，只需將它們后面的動詞原形變?yōu)椤癰e＋過去分詞”。 We can repair this watch in two days. This watch can be repaired in two days. (5)當(dāng)句子的謂語為say，believe，expect，think，know，write，consider，report等時(shí)，被動語態(tài)有兩種形式：①謂語動詞用被動語態(tài)，動詞不定式作主補(bǔ)。②用it作形式主語，真正的主語在后面用主語從句來表示。 類似句型有：It is said/known/suggested/believed/hoped/thought that... 2.不能用被動語態(tài)的幾種情況 (1)所有的不及物動詞或不及物動詞詞組不能用于被動語態(tài)之中。 (2)表示狀態(tài)的謂語動詞，如：last，hold，contain，fit，cost等。 (3)表示歸屬的動詞，如have，own，belong to等。 (4)表示“希望、意圖、喜好”的動詞，如：wish，want，hope，like，love，hate等。 (5)賓語是反身代詞或相互代詞時(shí)謂語動詞用主動語態(tài)，不能用被動語態(tài)。 (6)賓語是同源賓語、不定式、動名詞等，謂語動詞不用被動語態(tài)。 3.主動形式表被動意義 (1)當(dāng)feel，look，smell，taste，sound等后面接形容詞時(shí)；當(dāng)cut，read，sell，wear，write，wash等作為不及物動詞表示主語內(nèi)在“品質(zhì)”或“性能”時(shí)；當(dāng)動詞表示“開始、結(jié)束、關(guān)、停、轉(zhuǎn)、啟動”等意義時(shí)。 The fish smells good. This kind of cloth washes easily. These novels won’t sell well. My pen writes smoothly. The door won’t lock. (2)當(dāng)happen，occur，break out，take place，shut off，turn off，work out等動詞(短語)表示“發(fā)生、關(guān)閉、制定”等意思時(shí)。 The plan worked out successfully. The lamps on the wall turned off. (3)want，require，need后面的動名詞用主動形式表示被動含義。 (4)be worth doing用主動形式表示被動含義。 (5)在“be＋形容詞＋to do”中，不定式的邏輯賓語是句子的主語，用主動代被動。 This kind of water isn’t fit to drink. The girl isn’t easy to get along with. 注意：be to blame(受譴責(zé))，be to rent(出租)也用主動形式表被動。 4.被動形式表示主動意義的幾種情況 be seated坐著；be hidden躲藏；be lost迷路；be drunk喝醉；be dressed穿著 5.被動語態(tài)與系表結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別 此處的系表結(jié)構(gòu)指“連系動詞＋用作表語的過去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)，它與被動語態(tài)的形式完全一樣。要注意它們的區(qū)別： 被動語態(tài)強(qiáng)調(diào)動作；系表結(jié)構(gòu)表示主語的特點(diǎn)或狀態(tài)。 The book was sold by a certain bookstore.(被動語態(tài)) The book is well sold.(系表結(jié)構(gòu)) 1.中式英語比比皆是 2.句子沒有謂語動詞或一個句子中出現(xiàn)多個謂語 3.動詞的時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)及系動詞be的亂用 考向1　動詞的時(shí)態(tài) Ⅰ.單句語法填空 1.While running regularly can’t make you live forever，the review says it is(be) more effective at lengthening life than walking，cycling or swimming.(2018全國Ⅰ) 解析　醫(yī)學(xué)報(bào)告顯示：跑步比散步、騎車和游泳更能有效地延長壽命。這里敘述的是一個事實(shí)，故用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。故填is。 2.Since 2011，the country hasgrown(grow) more corn than rice.(2018全國Ⅱ) 解析　“since＋時(shí)間點(diǎn)”意為“自從(過去某時(shí))以來”，表示從過去到現(xiàn)在的一段時(shí)間的過程，常與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用。故填has grown。 3.True to a gorilla’s unaggressive nature，the huge animal meant(mean) me no real harm.He was just saying：“I’m king of this forest，and here is your reminder！”(2018全國Ⅲ) 解析　由was just saying可知，此處事情發(fā)生在過去，要用一般過去時(shí)態(tài)。 4.Susan had quit her well-paid job and wasworking(work) as a volunteer in the neighborhood when I visited her last year.(2018北京) 解析　句意為：蘇姍已經(jīng)辭去了高薪的工作。去年當(dāng)我探望她的時(shí)候，她正在一個社區(qū)里做志愿者。蘇姍辭職發(fā)生在她當(dāng)志愿者之前，had quit是過去完成時(shí)態(tài)，過去完成時(shí)態(tài)通俗地說就是“過去的過去”，且結(jié)合時(shí)間狀語when I visited her last year可知，蘇姍做志愿者是過去的某個時(shí)間段發(fā)生的情況，故該空應(yīng)用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。 5.Hopefully in 2025 we will no longer be e-mailing each other，for we willhavedeveloped(develop) more convenient electronic munication tools by then.(2018江蘇) 解析　句意為：希望在2025年，我們有望不再互相發(fā)電子郵件，因?yàn)榈侥菚r(shí)候我們將開發(fā)出更方便的電子通信工具。根據(jù)時(shí)間狀語in 2025，可知用將來時(shí)；再根據(jù)時(shí)間狀語by then(到那時(shí))，可知用完成時(shí)。結(jié)合兩者可知用將來完成時(shí)。 6.Sarah says，“My dad thinks I should take the offer now.But at the moment，school es(e) first.I don’t want to get too absorbed in modeling.”(2017全國Ⅲ) 解析　此處為陳述客觀事實(shí)，故用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。 7.Pahlsson and her husband searched(search) the kitchen，checking every corner，but turned up nothing.(2017浙江) 解析　該句中but后的turned up使用了過去式，search是與之并列的謂語動詞，故也應(yīng)使用過去式。 Ⅱ.單句改錯(每小題僅有1處錯誤) 1.During my last winter holiday，I went to the countryside with my father to visit my grandparents.I a big change there.(2018全國Ⅰ) 解析　根據(jù)During my last winter holiday可知，事件發(fā)生在過去，故用過去時(shí)。故將find改成found。 2.I didn’t realize how right my parents until I entered high school.(2018全國Ⅱ) 解析　根據(jù)上下文語境可知此處要用一般過去時(shí)。故把a(bǔ)re改為were。 3.Before getting into the car，I thought I had learned the instructor’s orders，but once I started the car，my mind blank.(2017全國Ⅰ) 解析　文章描述過去的經(jīng)歷，上文使用了相應(yīng)的過去時(shí)態(tài)，這里應(yīng)保持一致，用一般過去時(shí)，所以把goes改為went。 4.When summer ，they will invite their students to pick the fresh vegetables! (2017全國Ⅱ) 解析　該句為when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句，主句用的將來時(shí)，從句通常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來。 5.I grown not only physically，but also mentally in the past few years.(2017全國Ⅲ) 解析　由in the past few years可知句子要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。 6.It is always crowded with customers at meal times.Some people even to wait outside.My uncle tells me that...(2016全國Ⅰ) 解析　根據(jù)上下文語境可知此處要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。 7.I that it is a good idea.It does not cost much，yet we can still learn a lot.(2016全國Ⅱ) 解析　根據(jù)下文可知，此處并不是過去的看法，而是現(xiàn)在的看法，所以要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。 8.At first，I thought I knew everything...However，my parents didn’t seem to think so.They always me what to do and how to do it.(2016全國Ⅲ) 解析　根據(jù)上文可知此處應(yīng)用一般過去時(shí)態(tài)。 9.While they ，my father would lift my sister and me up to sit on the top of the fridge. (2016浙江) 解析　根據(jù)主句內(nèi)容my father would lift my sister 可知while引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句用一般過去時(shí)。故把chat改為chatted。 10.Both Dad and I planned to do something on Mother’s Day.We up early in the morning.Dad cleaned the house，and then went shopping.(2016四川) 解析　由前句中的planned和后句中的cleaned，went可知此處用一般過去時(shí)。 考向2　動詞的語態(tài) Ⅰ.單句語法填空 1.A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who hadbeentrapped (trap) in the mountains for two days.(2018北京) 解析　句意為：一個救援人員冒著生命危險(xiǎn)挽救了兩個被困在山里兩天的旅游者。“who in the mountains for two days”是定語從句，修飾two tourists，two tourists和trap之間是被動關(guān)系，該空應(yīng)用被動語態(tài)。由risked可知，營救人員救游客是過去的事情，被困兩天發(fā)生在營救人員救了他們之前，即“過去的過去”，該空應(yīng)用過去完成時(shí)態(tài)。 2.My washing machine isbeingrepaired(repair) this week，so I have to wash my clothes by hand. (2018天津) 解析　句意為：我的洗衣機(jī)本周正在修理，因此我只好用手洗我的衣服。my washing machine與repair之間是被動關(guān)系，需用被動語態(tài)；再根據(jù)后面的“我只好用手洗衣服”可知洗衣機(jī)正在被修，需用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動語態(tài)。 3.I was sent to the village last month to see how the development plan hadbeencarried(carry) out in the past two years.(2018江蘇) 解析　句意為：上個月我被派到那個村子里去看了看在過去的兩年里這個發(fā)展計(jì)劃實(shí)施得怎么樣了。根據(jù)句中時(shí)間狀語last month和in the past two years可知，空格處所用的動詞carry out發(fā)生在sent之前，所以是“過去的過去”，故用過去完成時(shí)的被動語態(tài)。 4.When fat and salt areremoved(remove) from food，the food tastes as if it is missing something. (2017全國Ⅰ) 解析　根據(jù)語境可知此處用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，由于主語fat and salt是復(fù)數(shù)概念，且與remove是被動關(guān)系，所以用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)are removed。 5.Sarah hasbeentold/wastold(tell) that she could be Britain’s new supermodel，earning a million dollars in the next year. (2017全國Ⅲ) 解析　根據(jù)語境，薩拉應(yīng)該是“被告知”她能成為英國新的超模，可以用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)或一般過去時(shí)。 6.So it was a great honour to be invited backstage at the not-for-profit Panda Base，where ticket money helps pay for research.I wasallowed(allow) to get up close to these cute animals at the 600-acre centre.(2016全國Ⅰ) 解析　根據(jù)語境及allow sb.to do sth.這一用法可知，此處要用一般過去時(shí)的被動語態(tài)形式。 7.Truly elegant chopsticks might bemade(make) of gold and silver with Chinese characters. (2016全國Ⅲ) 解析　根據(jù)句意筷子是被制造的。此處為含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)might be done。 8.The giant panda isloved(love) by people throughout the world.(2016四川) 解析　大熊貓為世界各地的人們所喜愛是個客觀事實(shí)，故用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)；panda此處表示單數(shù)概念，與love之間是被動關(guān)系。故填is loved。 Ⅱ.單句改錯(每小題僅有1處錯誤) 1.About one month after this photo was ，I entered my second year of high school and became a new member of the school music club.(2017全國Ⅲ) 解析　被動語態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu)為“be＋及物動詞的過去分詞”，take的過去分詞是taken。 2.Every day he makes sure that fresh vegetables and high quality oil are for cooking. (2016全國Ⅰ) 解析　fresh vegetables and high quality oil與use之間為被動關(guān)系。be used for被用于。 3.Lots of studies have been shown that global warming has already bee a very serious problem. (2015全國Ⅰ) 解析　studies與show之間為主動關(guān)系，所以刪除been。 題組一　動詞時(shí)態(tài)集訓(xùn) Ⅰ.單句語法填空 1.Being too anxious to help an event develop often results(result) in the contrary to our intention. 2.By the time you have finished this book，your meal willget(get) cold. 3.I’ll go to the library as soon as I finish what I amdoing(do). 4.Did you predict that many students wouldsign(sign) up for the dance petition? 5.In order to find the missing child，villagers havebeendoing(do) all they can over the past five hours. 6.This is the first time we haveseen(see) a film in the cinema together as a family. Ⅱ.單句改錯(每小題僅有1處錯誤) 1.As I you last time，I made three new friends here. 2.The teacher told us that the sun in the east. 3.I was only four when she away. 4.I knew that they be worried about me because I was so far away，and that my mother would not sleep if she knew. 5.Thank you for all you done for me.Mom，though I may not often say it，I do love you. 題組二　動詞被動語態(tài)集訓(xùn) Ⅰ.單句語法填空 1.If you listen to rap music，you will notice how the lyrics(歌詞) arespoken(speak) in the background of the songs. 2.Such a thing has never beenheard(hear) of before. 3.Don’t worry.The hard work that you do now willberepaid(repay) later in life. 4.Great changes havetaken(take) place in our school since 2010. 5.The professor was delighted to find that two thirds of the project hadbeenfinished(finish) by the students independently. Ⅱ.單句改錯(每小題僅有1處錯誤) 1.A talk on American culture will be in the school hall this weekend. 2.When you get the paper back，pay special attention to what have marked. 3.The baby was taken good care by the baby-sitter. 4.They are living with their parents for the moment because their own house is rebuilt. 5.I still remember the soup made by my grandmother was tasted so delicious that the whole family enjoyed it. Ⅲ.語法填空(動詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)專練) A university graduate described as a “respectable and intelligent” woman 1.isseeking(seek) professional help after being convicted of(證明有……罪) shoplifting for the second time in six months. Aha Luz，recently studying for PhD 2.hasbeentold(tell) she would end up behind bars unless she can control the desire to steal from shops. Luz，who 3.lives(live) with her partner in Fitzwdliam Road，Cambridge,4.admitted(admit) stealing clothes worth 9.95 pounds from Lewis in Oxford Street，London，on March 9. Philip Lomoyne，prosecuting(起訴)，said Luz 5.selected(select) some clothes from a display and 6.took(take) them to the ladies’ toilet in the store.When she came out again she 7.waswearing(wear) one of the skirts she 8.hadselected(select)，having taken off the anti-theft security alarm. She 9.wasstopped(stop) and caught after leaving the store without paying，Mr Lomoyne said.He added that she was upset on her arrest and 10.apologized(apologize) for her actions.