高考英語一輪復(fù)習(xí) 專題14 推理判斷

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1、專題十四推理判斷推理判斷要做好推理判斷題,首先要從整體上把握語篇意義,透過字里行間體會作者的“弦外之音”,理解作者的意圖和態(tài)度。推理判斷題不能脫離文章憑主觀臆斷做出無根據(jù)的推理,也不能隨意猜測。對表面文字信息做合理推斷,必須忠實于原文,以材料所提供的相關(guān)事實和線索為依據(jù),做出的推理要合乎文意和邏輯。不論哪類推理判斷題,考生在弄清題目問題之后,第一步就是用查讀法(scanning)在文中找到依據(jù),即依據(jù)答題信息點;第二步,理解相對應(yīng)的相關(guān)信息;第三步,結(jié)合已有常識,進行恰當(dāng)?shù)姆锨槔淼耐茢?從而得出正確的答案。閱讀全文后,根據(jù)題干和四個選項的內(nèi)容,在原文中找出相關(guān)信息,仔細(xì)分析,吃透其字面意義,

2、然后對四個選項逐個分析,反復(fù)對比,那些對相關(guān)信息進行同義改寫或綜合表達的選項通常是問題的答案。另外,有時還要結(jié)合文章的話題背景知識和考生的經(jīng)驗常識作出合理的判斷推理。要特別注意選項中出現(xiàn)了文章的原句,句子意義沒有錯誤,也符合原文內(nèi)容,但這不是推斷出的內(nèi)容;還有些選項,推斷出的內(nèi)容離原文意義太遠(yuǎn),找不到確切的依據(jù),這些都不是正確答案。北京大學(xué)李昀臻試做真題透析真題高手必備萃取高招對點精練Passage 1(2017全國,A)Pacific Science Center GuideVisit Pacific Science Centers StoreDont forget to stop by P

3、acific Science Centers Store while you are here to pick up a wonderful science activity or souvenir to remember your visit.The store is located(位于) upstairs in Building 3 right next to the Laser Dome.Hungry? Our exhibits will feed your mind,but what about your body?Our caf offers a complete menu of

4、lunch and snack options,in addition to seasonal specials.The caf is located upstairs in Building 1 and is open daily until one hour before Pacific Science Center closes.試做真題透析真題高手必備萃取高招對點精練Rental InformationLockers are available to store any belongings during your visit.The lockers are located in Bu

5、ilding 1 near the Information Desk and in Building 3.Pushchairs and wheelchairs are available to rent at the Information Desk and Denny Way entrance.ID required.試做真題透析真題高手必備萃取高招對點精練Support Pacific Science CenterSince 1962,Pacific Science Center has been inspiring a passion(熱情) for discovery and life

6、long learning in science,math and technology.Today,Pacific Science Center serves more than 1.3 million people a year and brings inquiry-based science education to classrooms and community events all over Washington State.Its an amazing accomplishment and one we cannot achieve without generous suppor

7、t from individuals,corporations,and other social organizations.Visit pacificsciencecenter.org to find various ways you can support Pacific Science Center.【語篇解讀】本文是太平洋科學(xué)中心的旅游指南。介紹了其商店、咖啡館、租賃信息以及人們?nèi)绾螌ζ涮峁┲С趾途柚?。試做真題透析真題高手必備萃取高招對點精練1.Where can you buy a souvenir at Pacific Science Center?A.In Building 1.

8、B.In Building 3.C.At the Laser Dome. D.At the Denny Way entrance.【答案】 B【解析】 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。從文章第一段的“The store is located upstairs in Building 3 right next to the Laser Dome.”可知,在太平洋科學(xué)中心,人們可以到位于三樓的商店去購買紀(jì)念品。試做真題透析真題高手必備萃取高招對點精練2.What does Pacific Science Center do for schools?A.Train science teachers.B.Distribu

9、te science books.C.Inspire scientific research.D.Take science to the classroom.【答案】 D【解析】 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。從文章最后一段的“.and brings inquiry-based science education to classrooms and community events all over Washington State.”可知,D項正確。試做真題透析真題高手必備萃取高招對點精練3.What is the purpose of the last part of the text?A.To encou

10、rage donations.B.To advertise coming events.C.To introduce special exhibits.D.To tell about the Centers history.【答案】 A【解析】 推理判斷題。從文章最后兩句可知,本文旨在呼吁個人、公司和其他社會組織對太平洋科學(xué)中心進行慷慨捐助,提供支持。試做真題透析真題高手必備萃取高招對點精練Passage 2(2017全國,D)When a leafy plant is under attack,it doesnt sit quietly.Back in 1983,two scientists

11、,Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin,reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get.These chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant and seem to be an alarm.What the plants pump through the air is a mixture of chemicals known as

12、 volatile organic compounds,VOCs for short.Scientists have found that all kinds of plants give out VOCs when being attacked.Its a plants way of crying out.But is anyone listening?Apparently.Because we can watch the neighbors react.試做真題透析真題高手必備萃取高招對點精練Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep ins

13、ects away.But others do double duty.They pump out perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the attackers.Once they arrive,the tables are turned.The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch. In study after study,it appears that these chemical conversations help the

14、 neighbors.The damage is usually more serious on the first plant,but the neighbors,relatively speaking,stay safer because they heard the alarm and knew what to do.試做真題透析真題高手必備萃取高招對點精練Does this mean that plants talk to each other?Scientists dont know.Maybe the first plant just made a cry of pain or w

15、as sending a message to its own branches,and so,in effect,was talking to itself.Perhaps the neighbors just happened to “overhear” the cry.So information was exchanged,but it wasnt a true,intentional back and forth.Charles Darwin,over 150 years ago,imagined a world far busier,noisier and more intimat

16、e(親密的) than the world we can see and hear.Our senses are weak.Theres a whole lot going on.【語篇解讀】當(dāng)受到攻擊的時候,人們往往都會還擊。動植物也一樣。研究表明,當(dāng)植物受到害蟲的攻擊時,它們會釋放出一種化學(xué)物質(zhì)來襲擊害蟲。甚至還會發(fā)出某種香味來吸引這些害蟲的天敵,以此來保護自己。試做真題透析真題高手必備萃取高招對點精練1.What does a plant do when it is under attack?A.It makes noises.B.It gets help from other plan

17、ts.C.It stands quietly.D.It sends out certain chemicals.【答案】 D【解析】 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段的“.send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get.These chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant.”可知,當(dāng)植物受到襲擊時,它們會釋放出某種化學(xué)物質(zhì)。因此D項正確。試做真題透析真題高手必備萃取高招對點精練2.What does the author mean by “the tables are tu

18、rned” in paragraph 3?A.The attackers get attacked.B.The insects gather under the table.C.The plants get ready to fight back.D.The perfumes attract natural enemies.【答案】 A【解析】 詞義猜測題。前文說,有些植物釋放出一些難聞的化學(xué)物質(zhì)趕走害蟲,而另一些植物會釋放出一些香味吸引這些害蟲的天敵。一旦這些天敵到達,這些害蟲就會受到攻擊,因此the tables are turned的意思是“攻擊者受到攻擊”,故A項正確。試做真題透析真題

19、高手必備萃取高招對點精練3.Scientists find from their studies that plants can .A.predict natural disastersB.protect themselves against insectsC.talk to one another intentionally D.help their neighbors when necessary【答案】 B【解析】 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段可知,研究表明,植物們能保護自己不受害蟲的侵襲。試做真題透析真題高手必備萃取高招對點精練4.What can we infer from the las

20、t paragraph?A.The world is changing faster than ever.B.People have stronger senses than before.C.The world is more complex than it seems.D.People in Darwins time were more imaginative.【答案】 C【解析】 推理判斷題。文章最后一段說,150多年前,達爾文曾經(jīng)設(shè)想一個更加忙碌,噪音更大的世界,它比我們所看到和聽到的聯(lián)系更加親密。作者說,我們的感覺非常微弱,世界非常復(fù)雜。因此C項正確。試做真題透析真題高手必備萃取高招

21、對點精練Passage 3(2017全國,B)Minutes after the last movie ended yesterday at the Plaza Theater,employees were busy sweeping up popcorns and gathering coke cups.It was a scene that had been repeated many times in the theaters 75-year history.This time,however,the cleanup was a little different.As one group

22、 of workers carried out the rubbish,another group began removing seats and other theater equipment in preparation for the buildings end.試做真題透析真題高手必備萃取高招對點精練The film classic The Last Picture Show was the last movie shown in the old theater.Though the movie is 30 years old,most of the 250 seats were f

23、illed with teary-eyed audience wanting to say good-bye to the old building.Theater owner Ed Bradford said he chose the movie because it seemed appropriate.The movie is set in a small town where the only movie theater is preparing to close down.Bradford said that large modern theaters in the city mad

24、e it impossible for the Plaza to compete.He added that the theaters location(位置) was also a reason.“This used to be the center of town,” he said.“Now the area is mostly office buildings and warehouses.”試做真題透析真題高手必備萃取高招對點精練Last week some city officials suggested the city might be interested in turnin

25、g the old theater into a museum and public meeting place.However,these plans were abandoned because of financial problems.Bradford sold the building and land to a local development firm,which plans to build a shopping complex on the land where the theater is located.The theater audience said good-by

26、e as Bradford locked the doors for the last time.After 75 years the Plaza Theater had shown its last movie.The theater will be missed.【語篇解讀】本文是記敘文。經(jīng)營75年之久的老劇院在放映完最后一場電影后關(guān)門停業(yè),不久將被拆除,原地建造一座購物中心。試做真題透析真題高手必備萃取高招對點精練1.In what way was yesterdays cleanup at the Plaza special?A.It made room for new equipme

27、nt.B.It signaled the closedown of the theater.C.It was done with the help of the audience.D.It marked the 75th anniversary of the theater.【答案】 B【解析】 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。從第一段中的“This time,however,the cleanup was a little different.”和“in preparation for the buildings end”可知,昨天廣場劇院散場后的清掃工作之所以特殊,是因為The Last Picture Sh

28、ow這部經(jīng)典影片放映結(jié)束后老劇院就要關(guān)門了。試做真題透析真題高手必備萃取高招對點精練2.Why was The Last Picture Show put on?A.It was an all-time classic.B.It was about the history of the town.C.The audience requested it.D.The theater owner found it suitable.【答案】 D【解析】 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。從第二段第三、四句“Theater owner Ed Bradford said he chose the movie because

29、it seemed appropriate.The movie is set in a small town where the only movie theater is preparing to close down.”可知,劇院主人之所以選擇The Last Picture Show這部老電影,是因為他感覺劇院的現(xiàn)狀與這部電影的背景相契合。試做真題透析真題高手必備萃取高招對點精練3.What will probably happen to the building?A.It will be repaired.B.It will be turned into a museum.C.It w

30、ill be knocked down.D.It will be sold to the city government.【答案】 C【解析】 推理判斷題。從文章倒數(shù)第二段最后一句可推知,劇院應(yīng)該是會被推倒改建制的。故選C項。試做真題透析真題高手必備萃取高招對點精練4.What can we infer about the audience?A.They are disappointed with Bradford.B.They are sad to part with the old theater.C.They are supportive of the city officials.D.

31、They are eager to have a shopping center.【答案】 B【解析】 推理判斷題。從第二段第二句“Though the movie is 30 years old,most of the 250 seats were filled with teary-eyed audience wanting to say good-bye to the old building.”可推知,觀眾對老劇院依依不舍。teary-eyed“熱淚盈眶的”。試做真題透析真題高手必備萃取高招對點精練Passage 4(2016全國,D)A new collection of photo

32、s brings an unsuccessful Antarctic voyage back to life.Frank Hurleys pictures would be outstanding-undoubtedly first-rate photo-journalism -if they had been made last week.In fact,they were shot from 1914 through 1916,most of them after a disastrous shipwreck(海難),by a cameraman who had no reasonable

33、 expectation of survival.Many of the images were stored in an ice chest,under freezing water,in the damaged wooden ship.試做真題透析真題高手必備萃取高招對點精練The ship was the Endurance,a small,tight,Norwegian-built three-master that was intended to take Sir Ernest Shackleton and a small crew of seamen and scientists,

34、27 men in all,to the southernmost shore of Antarcticas Weddell Sea.From that point Shackleton wanted to force a passage by dog sled(雪橇) across the continent.The journey was intended to achieve more than what Captain Robert Falcon Scott had done.Captain Scott had reached the South Pole early in 1912

35、but had died with his four companions on the march back.試做真題透析真題高手必備萃取高招對點精練As writer Caroline Alexander makes clear in her forceful and well-researched story The Endurance,adventuring was even then a thoroughly commercial effort.Scotts last journey,completed as he lay in a tent dying of cold and hu

36、nger,caught the worlds imagination,and a film made in his honor drew crowds.Shackleton,a onetime British merchant-navy officer who had got to within 100 miles of the South Pole in 1908,started a business before his 1914 voyage to make money from movie and still photography.Frank Hurley,a confident a

37、nd gifted Australian photographer who knew the Antarctic,was hired to make the images,most of which have never before been published.【語篇解讀】 本文為說明文。一組拍攝于1914年至1916年間的照片生動再現(xiàn)了當(dāng)年探險家沙克爾頓失敗的南極之旅。沙克爾頓立志超越此前已經(jīng)成功抵達南極的斯科特,但卻以失敗告終。試做真題透析真題高手必備萃取高招對點精練1.What do we know about the photos taken by Hurley?A.They we

38、re made last week.B.They showed undersea sceneries.C.They were found by a cameraman.D.They recorded a disastrous adventure.【答案】 D【解析】 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段第二句“In fact,they were shot from 1914 through 1916,most of them after a disastrous shipwreck(海難).”可知多數(shù)照片是他們遇上海難后所拍攝的。故D項正確。試做真題透析真題高手必備萃取高招對點精練2.Who reach

39、ed the South Pole first according to the text?A.Frank Hurley.B.Ernest Shackleton.C.Robert Falcon Scott.D.Caroline Alexander.【答案】 C【解析】 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第三段最后一句“Captain Scott had reached the South Pole early in 1912.”可知最先到達南極的是Robert Falcon Scott。故選C項。試做真題透析真題高手必備萃取高招對點精練3.What does Alexander think was the

40、purpose of the 1914 voyage?A.Artistic creation.B.Scientific research.C.Money making.D.Treasure hunting.【答案】 C【解析】 推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段第一句中的“.thoroughly commercial effort.”以及倒數(shù)第二句“.to make money from movie and still photography.”可知,1914年的南極之行是純粹的商業(yè)行為,在探險之行之前沙克爾頓已經(jīng)成立了公司并想從電影及攝像中謀利,而澳大利亞籍?dāng)z影師則是受雇于他專門進行拍攝。由此可以

41、得知,其目的是為了掙錢,故選擇C項。試做真題透析真題高手必備萃取高招對點精練Passage 5(2016全國,B)Grandparents Answer a CallAs a third-generation native of Brownsville,Texas,Mildred Garza never planned to move away.Even when her daughter and son asked her to move to San Antonio to help with their children,she politely refused.Only after a

42、year of friendly discussion did Ms.Garza finally say yes.That was four years ago.Today all three generations regard the move as a success,giving them a closer relationship than they would have had in separate cities.試做真題透析真題高手必備萃取高招對點精練No statistics show the number of grandparents like Garza who are

43、 moving closer to adult children and grandchildren.Yet there is evidence suggesting that the trend is growing.Even President Obamas mother-in-law,Marian Robinson,has agreed to leave Chicago and move into the White House to help care for her granddaughters.According to a study by ,83 percent of the p

44、eople said Mrs.Robinsons decision will influence grandparents in the American family.Two-thirds believe more families will follow the example of Obamas family.試做真題透析真題高手必備萃取高招對點精練“In the 1960s we were all a little wild and couldnt get away from home far enough or fast enough to prove we could do it

45、on our own,”says Christine Crosby,publisher of Grand,a magazine for grandparents.“We now realize how important family is and how important it is to be near them,especially when youre raising children.”Moving is not for everyone.Almost every grandparent wants to be with his or her grandchildren and i

46、s willing to make sacrifices,but sometimes it is wiser to say no and visit frequently instead.Having your grandchildren far away is hard,especially knowing your adult child is struggling,but giving up the life you know may be harder.【語篇解讀】 本文為說明文。文章介紹了美國的一種社會現(xiàn)象:一些老人搬到子女身邊,與成年子女以及孫子孫女們一起生活。試做真題透析真題高手

47、必備萃取高招對點精練1.Why was Garzas move a success?A.It strengthened her family ties.B.It improved her living conditions.C.It enabled her to make more friends.D.It helped her know more new places.【答案】 A【解析】 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段最后一句中的“.giving them a closer relationship than they would have had in separate cities.”可知,G

48、arza的搬家行動是成功的,因為家人之間的關(guān)系更加親密,關(guān)系得到加強。試做真題透析真題高手必備萃取高招對點精練2.What was the reaction of the public to Mrs.Robinsons decision?A.17% expressed their support for it.B.Few people responded sympathetically.C.83% believed it had a bad influence.D.The majority thought it was a trend.【答案】 D【解析】 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段最后一句內(nèi)容可

49、推斷出,大多數(shù)人認(rèn)為老人搬到成年的子女身邊和子女共同生活是一種社會發(fā)展趨勢。試做真題透析真題高手必備萃取高招對點精練3.What did Crosby say about people in the 1960s?A.They were unsure of themselves.B.They were eager to raise more children.C.They wanted to live away from their parents.D.They had little respect for their grandparents.【答案】 C【解析】 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段內(nèi)容可

50、推斷出,20世紀(jì)60年代的人們不希望與父母生活在一起。試做真題透析真題高手必備萃取高招對點精練4.What does the author suggest the grandparents do in the last paragraph?A.Make decisions in the best interests of their own.B.Ask their children to pay more visits to them.C.Sacrifice for their struggling children.D.Get to know themselves better.【答案】 A

51、【解析】 推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段內(nèi)容可推斷出,作者建議祖父母們在做決定的時候應(yīng)該以他們自己的最大利益為出發(fā)點。試做真題透析真題高手必備萃取高招對點精練Passage 6(2016全國,B)On one of her trips to New York several years ago,Eudora Welty decided to take a couple of New York friends out to dinner.They settled in at a comfortable East Side cafe and within minutes,another customer

52、 was approaching their table.“Hey,arent you from Mississippi?” the elegant,white-haired writer remembered being asked by the stranger.“Im from Mississippi too.”Without a second thought,the woman joined the Welty party.When her dinner partner showed up,she also pulled up a chair.“They began telling m

53、e all the news of Mississippi,” Welty said.“I didnt know what my New York friends were thinking.”試做真題透析真題高手必備萃取高招對點精練Taxis on a rainy New York night are rarer than sunshine.By the time the group got up to leave,it was pouring outside.Weltys new friends immediately sent a waiter to find a cab.Heading

54、 back downtown toward her hotel,her big-city friends were amazed at the turn of events that had changed their Big Apple dinner into a Mississippi state reunion(團聚).“My friend said:Now we believe your stories,”Welty added.“And I said:Now you know.These are the people that make me write them.”Sitting

55、on a sofa in her room,Welty,a slim figure in a simple gray dress,looked pleased with this explanation.試做真題透析真題高手必備萃取高招對點精練“I dont make them up,” she said of the characters in her fiction these last 50 or so years.“I dont have to.”Beauticians,bartenders,piano players and people with purple hats,Welty

56、s people come from afternoons spent visiting with old friends,from walks through the streets of her native Jackson,Miss.,from conversations overheard on a bus.It annoys Welty that,at 78,her left ear has now given out.Sometimes,sitting on a bus or a train,she hears only a fragment(片段)of a particularl

57、y interesting story.【語篇解讀】 本文為夾敘夾議文。 來自密西西比州的作家尤多拉韋爾蒂在紐約邀請幾個當(dāng)?shù)氐呐笥殉燥?兩個同樣來自密西西比州的陌生人熱情地加入了韋爾蒂朋友們的聚餐。這件事情讓她的朋友們相信在過去的50年左右的時間里,韋爾蒂小說中的人物都不是虛構(gòu)的,而是來自于日常生活中接觸的形形色色的人。試做真題透析真題高手必備萃取高招對點精練1.What happened when Welty was with her friends at the cafe?A.Two strangers joined her.B.Her childhood friends came in.

58、C.A heavy rain ruined the dinner.D.Some people held a party there.【答案】 A【解析】 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第一段最后一句中的“another customer was approaching”和第三段中的“When her dinner partner showed up,she also pulled up a chair.”可知,在韋爾蒂與朋友吃飯時,有兩個陌生人加入了她們。故選A項。試做真題透析真題高手必備萃取高招對點精練2.The underlined word “them” in Paragraph 6 refers to

59、 Weltys . A.readersB.partiesC.friends D.stories【答案】 D【解析】 詞義猜測題。代詞通常指代上文剛提到的人或事。根據(jù)畫線詞them前面提到的“Now we believe your stories”可知,本句的意思為“就是這些人們讓我寫出它們(我的故事)”。故選D項。3.What can we learn about the characters in Weltys fiction?A.They live in big cities.B.They are mostly women.C.They come from real life. D.The

60、y are pleasure seekers.【答案】 C【解析】 推理判斷題。由短文倒數(shù)第二段中的“I dont make them up(這些故事不是編的)”以及最后一段第一句可知,韋爾蒂小說中的人物均來自現(xiàn)實生活中。故選C項。Passage 7(2016四川,C)In the depths of the French Guianese rainforest,there still remain unusual groups of indigenous(土著的) people.Surprisingly,these people live largely by their own laws

61、and their own social customs.And yet,people in this area are in fact French citizens because it has been a colony(殖民地) of the French Republic since 1946.In theory,they should live by the French law.However,their remote locations mean that the French law is often ignored or unknown,thus making them i

62、nto an interesting area of “l(fā)awlessness” in the world.The lives of these people have finally been recorded thanks to the efforts of a Frenchman from Paris called Gin.Gin spent five months in early 2015 exploring the most remote corners of this area,which sits on the edge of the Amazon rainforest,wit

63、h half its population of only 250,000 living in its capital,Cayenne.試做真題透析真題高手必備萃取高招對點精練“I have a special love for the French Guianese people.I have worked there on and off for almost ten years,” says Gin.“Ive been able to keep firm friendships with them.Thus I have been allowed to gain access to th

64、eir living environment.I dont see it as a lawless land.But rather I see it as an area of freedom.”“I wanted to show the audience a photographic record touching upon the uncivilized life,” continues Gin.“I prefer to work in black and white,which allows me to show different specific worlds more clearl

65、y.”His black-and-white pictures present a world almost lost in time.These pictures show people seemingly pushed into a world that they were unprepared for.These local citizens now have to balance their traditional self-supporting hunting lifestyle with the lifestyle offered by the modern French Repu

66、blic,which brings with it not only necessary state welfare,but also alcoholism,betrayal and even suicide.試做真題透析真題高手必備萃取高招對點精練試做真題透析真題高手必備萃取高招對點精練【語篇解讀】 本文為說明文。在法屬圭亞那的雨林深處,仍有不同尋常的土著居民。理論上,他們受法國統(tǒng)治。實際上,他們有著自己的社會法律與生活習(xí)俗。一位來自巴黎的法國人Gin用自己的攝影記錄向世人展示了這個他深深喜愛的地方。然而現(xiàn)代生活方式的引進,有利也有弊,現(xiàn)在,圭亞那人不得不權(quán)衡它們之間的利與弊。試做真題透析真題高手必備萃取高招對點精練1.Why does the author feel surprised about the indigenous people in French Guiana?A.They seldom follow the French law.B.They often ignore the Guianese law.C.They are separated from the mo