新職業(yè)英語 藝術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)英語Unit

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1、新職業(yè)英語新職業(yè)英語 藝術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)英語藝術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)英語Unit Warming-upReading AListeningSpeaking4123Reading B5Writing6Project7Vocabulary and Structure8Self-evaluation9Grammar10Warming-upTask 1Task 2Warming-upMorgan, a designer, is involved in the following activities to finalize a rendering. Match each situation with its correspon

2、ding picture and explain to your partner.Task 1Warming-upCDABWarming-upComplete the sentences with the terms given below.Task 21. _is the continuation and improvement of a design solution.2. _, or design-for-manufacture, is the stage at which the necessary engineering is done for the designed produc

3、t.3. A _is a 2D visual illustration of a product.4. _is used to develop photorealistic renderings.5. _is the process of producing an image based on 3D data stored within a computer.Design DevelopmentDetail designproduct rendering3D renderingComputer-aided designReading ATextTask 1Task 2Task 3Task 4B

4、ackground Information1. Usage of renderingWhen the pre-image (a wireframe sketch usually) is complete, rendering is used, which adds in bitmap textures or procedural textures, lights, bump mapping, and relative position to other objects. The result is a completed image the consumer or intended viewe

5、r sees. For movie animations, several images (frames) must be rendered, and stitched together in a program capable of making an animation of this sort. Most 3D image editing programs can do this.2. Raster graphicsIn computer graphics, a raster graphics image or bitmap is a data structure representin

6、g a generally rectangular grid of pixels, or points of color, viewable via a monitor, paper, or other display medium. Raster images are stored in image files with varying formats.3. PixelAs the short form for Picture Element, a pixel is a single point in a graphic image. In digital imaging, a pixel

7、is the smallest item of information in an image. Pixels are normally arranged in a 2-dimensional grid, and are often represented using dots, squares or rectangles. Each pixel is a sample of an original image, where more samples typically provide more accurate representations of the original. The int

8、ensity of each pixel is variable; in color systems, each pixel has typically three or fourcomponents such as red, green and blue, or cyan, magenta, yellow and black.Reading ATask 1Imagine you are a car designer. Which of the following pictures would you show to your client to sell your design? What

9、method can you use to create the picture on the right?Rendering Rendering is the process of generating an image from a model by means of computer programs. In this case, the model is a description of three-dimensional objects in a strictly defined language or data structure. It contains geometry, vi

10、ewpoint, texture, lighting, and shading information. The image is a digital image or raster graphics image. Because the image is analogous to an “artists rendering” of a scene, the term “rendering” is also used to describe the process of calculating effects in a video editing file to produce final v

11、ideo output.Reading A Rendering is one of the major sub-topics of 3D computer graphics, and in practice is always connected to the others. In the graphics pipeline, it is the last major step, giving the final appearance to the models and animation. With the increasing sophistication of computer grap

12、hics from the 1970s onward, it has become a more distinct subject. Today, many image-based modeling and rendering techniques are used to provide photo-realistic images in architecture, video games, simulators, movie and TV special effects, and in design visualization.Reading A A wide variety of rend

13、erers are available now. The renderer is a computer program using one or a range of the different rendering features and techniques currently available. Some renderers are integrated into larger modeling and animation packages, some are stand-alone, and some are free open-source projects. Each uses

14、a selective mixture of discipline related to light physics, visual perception, mathematics, and software development.Reading A In the case of 3D graphics, rendering may be done slowly, as in pre-rendering or in real time. Pre-rendering is a computationally intensive process that is typically used fo

15、r movie creation, while real-time rendering is often done for 3D video games which rely on the use of graphics cards with 3D hardware accelerators. Rendering sometimes takes a long time, even on very fast computers. This is because the software is essentially “photographing” each pixel of the image,

16、 and the calculation of the color of just one pixel can involve a great deal of calculation, tracing rays of light as they would bounce around the 3D scene. Reading A 效果圖繪制是通過電腦程序?qū)⒛Ｐ蜕蓤D像的過程。此效果圖繪制是通過電腦程序?qū)⒛Ｐ蜕蓤D像的過程。此處模型是指依照嚴(yán)格定義的語言或者數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)對于三維物體處模型是指依照嚴(yán)格定義的語言或者數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)對于三維物體的描述，包括幾何、角度、紋理、陰暗分布及陰影信息；圖的描述，包括幾

17、何、角度、紋理、陰暗分布及陰影信息；圖像有數(shù)字圖像或位圖圖像之分。鑒于效果圖類似于藝術(shù)家對像有數(shù)字圖像或位圖圖像之分。鑒于效果圖類似于藝術(shù)家對景色的渲染，該術(shù)語也會(huì)用于描述計(jì)算視頻編輯文件中累加景色的渲染，該術(shù)語也會(huì)用于描述計(jì)算視頻編輯文件中累加效果以生成最終視頻輸出的過程。效果以生成最終視頻輸出的過程。效效 果果 圖圖 效果圖是計(jì)算機(jī)三維制圖法中最重要的研究子課效果圖是計(jì)算機(jī)三維制圖法中最重要的研究子課題之一，在實(shí)踐中往往與其他子課題密切相關(guān)。在制題之一，在實(shí)踐中往往與其他子課題密切相關(guān)。在制圖過程中，效果圖是最后的重要一步，因?yàn)樗鼘⒛Ｐ蛨D過程中，效果圖是最后的重要一步，因?yàn)樗鼘⒛Ｐ突騽?dòng)畫的

18、最終效果顯示出來。自或動(dòng)畫的最終效果顯示出來。自20 20 世紀(jì)世紀(jì)70 70 年代起，年代起，計(jì)算機(jī)制圖法日趨復(fù)雜，效果圖制作已成為一門更加計(jì)算機(jī)制圖法日趨復(fù)雜，效果圖制作已成為一門更加獨(dú)特的學(xué)科。如今，許多基于圖像的建模及效果圖制獨(dú)特的學(xué)科。如今，許多基于圖像的建模及效果圖制作技術(shù)已廣泛運(yùn)用于建筑、視頻游戲、模擬裝置、影作技術(shù)已廣泛運(yùn)用于建筑、視頻游戲、模擬裝置、影視特效及設(shè)計(jì)可視化等領(lǐng)域，以繪制具有照片般真實(shí)視特效及設(shè)計(jì)可視化等領(lǐng)域，以繪制具有照片般真實(shí)感的圖像。感的圖像。 現(xiàn)有的效果圖繪制軟件種類繁多。它是一種利用現(xiàn)有的效果圖繪制軟件種類繁多。它是一種利用現(xiàn)有的一種或一系列不同的效果圖

19、會(huì)制特色和技術(shù)的現(xiàn)有的一種或一系列不同的效果圖會(huì)制特色和技術(shù)的計(jì)算機(jī)程序。有些效果圖繪制軟件集成于更大的建模計(jì)算機(jī)程序。有些效果圖繪制軟件集成于更大的建模和動(dòng)畫軟件包里，有些是獨(dú)立產(chǎn)品，還有一些是免費(fèi)和動(dòng)畫軟件包里，有些是獨(dú)立產(chǎn)品，還有一些是免費(fèi)的開放源代碼程序。每種軟件都選擇性地給合了光學(xué)、的開放源代碼程序。每種軟件都選擇性地給合了光學(xué)、視覺感知、數(shù)學(xué)以及軟件開發(fā)等學(xué)科。視覺感知、數(shù)學(xué)以及軟件開發(fā)等學(xué)科。 就三維制圖而言，制作預(yù)渲染或?qū)崟r(shí)效果圖速度都就三維制圖而言，制作預(yù)渲染或?qū)崟r(shí)效果圖速度都很慢。預(yù)渲染技術(shù)是一種密集使用計(jì)算機(jī)的進(jìn)程，主要很慢。預(yù)渲染技術(shù)是一種密集使用計(jì)算機(jī)的進(jìn)程，主要用于

20、電影制作；實(shí)時(shí)效果圖常用于三維視頻游戲，這種用于電影制作；實(shí)時(shí)效果圖常用于三維視頻游戲，這種游戲主要依賴于帶有三維硬件加速器的圖形卡。即使在游戲主要依賴于帶有三維硬件加速器的圖形卡。即使在運(yùn)行速度很快的電腦上制作效果圖，有時(shí)也需要花費(fèi)很運(yùn)行速度很快的電腦上制作效果圖，有時(shí)也需要花費(fèi)很長的時(shí)間，這是因?yàn)檐浖谋举|(zhì)上說是在長的時(shí)間，這是因?yàn)檐浖谋举|(zhì)上說是在“拍攝拍攝”圖像圖像的每個(gè)像素，而單是每個(gè)像素的顏色就需要大量的運(yùn)算，的每個(gè)像素，而單是每個(gè)像素的顏色就需要大量的運(yùn)算，因?yàn)樗鼈內(nèi)Q于在三維場景里不斷反射的光線。因?yàn)樗鼈內(nèi)Q于在三維場景里不斷反射的光線。calculatee.g. 1. The

21、 students were asked to calculate the velocity of light. 要求學(xué)生計(jì)算出光的速度。 2. Let me calculate the cost of the journey. 讓我計(jì)算一下旅途的用費(fèi)。 v. 計(jì)算，推算，估計(jì)Reading Aonwarde.g. 1. The ship sailed onward. 船向前航行。 2. From July onward I did not accept any invitations. 自七月起，在戰(zhàn)爭期間，我不接受任何邀宴。 adv. 向前地，前進(jìn)地Reading Adistincte.g

22、. 1. The twins had distinct tastes. 這兩個(gè)雙胞胎嗜好不同。 2. He has a distinct gift for drawing. 他有很明顯的繪畫天賦。 adj. 清楚的，清晰的，明顯的Reading Aselectivee.g. 1. Is French required or selective ？ 法語是必修課還是選修課？ 2. Im very selective about the people I associate with. 我與他人來往極慎重,不濫交。adj. 選擇的，選擇性的Reading Avisuale.g. 1. Her de

23、signs have a strong visual appeal. 她的設(shè)計(jì)在視覺上很有感染力。 2. The hotel offers audio-visual equipment for hire. 該飯店經(jīng)營對外出租視聽設(shè)備的業(yè)務(wù)。 adj. 視覺的，用于視覺的Reading Aintensivee.g. 1. They teach you English in an intensive course lasting just a week; its quite an intensive few days! 他們用一周時(shí)間教速成英語課程,那幾天可真緊張! 2. Intensive ca

24、re in hospitals is given to the seriously ill. 在醫(yī)院里危重病人得到悉心護(hù)理/加強(qiáng)護(hù)理。 adj. 集中的，密集的Reading Arely one.g. 1. You cant rely on him for assistance. 你不能依靠他的幫助。 2. Now (that) you are grown up, you should not rely on your parents. 既然你長大了，就不應(yīng)該依靠你的父母。 v. 依靠，依賴Reading Abouncee.g. 1. Dont bounce on the bed youll

25、break the springs! 別在床上亂蹦你要把彈簧弄斷了! 2. I thought once I got a job things would bounce back. 我原以為我一旦獲得工作，情況就會(huì)恢復(fù)原樣。 v. 彈回，彈跳Reading AReading AFind supporting details from the passage for the following ideas about rendering.Task 2IdeasDetailsDefinitionHistory & DevelopmentFields of ApplicationRenders av

26、ailableTime neededRendering is the process of generating an image from a model by means of computer programs.Since the 1970s, it has become a more distinct subject. Today, many image based modeling and rendering techniques have been successfully used to render photorealistic images.It has uses in ar

27、chitecture, video games, simulators, movie and TV special effects, and design visualization.Some are integrated into larger modeling and animation packages, some are stand-alone, and some are free open-source projects.It is done slowly and takes a long time.Reading ADecide whether the following stat

28、ements are true (T) or false (F) according to the passage.Task 31. Rendering creates digital images of a design concept.2. Only recently could photorealistic images be produced.3. Rendering is applicable to many different fields.4. Renderers can be obtained from different sources.5. Rendering is usu

29、ally done quickly on a fast computer.TFTTFReading ATask 4The following are some computer technology terms used in design. Write the term in full and explain how it supports product design.Computer-Aided DesignComputer-Aided Industrial DesignComputer-Aided ManufacturingComputer-Aided EngineeringTask

30、2Task 3Task 4Task 5Task 1ListeningTask 1 Listen to the conversation between Morgan and his manager and fill in the blanks with what you hear.Manager: Come in, Morgan. _, please!Morgan: Thank you! Here is the rendering I did for our sofa project. I hope _our clients requirements.Manager: Good! It has

31、 been really _for you to finish this design in such a short period of time. Im sure our clients will find it acceptable.Morgan: Thanks for your kindness.Manager: Are you ready for tomorrows meeting? What will you include in your presentation?Take a seatit will meettoughListeningMorgan: Please dont w

32、orry; everythings ready. Ill give a detailed explanation of all the features of the sofa, including its look, style, _.Manager: Thats great! Whats your key point, then?Morgan: Ill _ its multi- functions with the three different settings. This is highlighted in my rendering.Manager: Good! Do a good j

33、ob tomorrow.Morgan: Thank you! Ill do my best.function and valuelay special stress onListening Manager: Come in, Morgan. Take a seat, please!Morgan: Thank you! Here is the rendering I did for our sofa project. I hope it will meet our clients requirements.Manager: Good! It has been really tough for y

34、ou to finish this design in such a short period of time. Im sure our clients will find it acceptable.Morgan: Thanks for your kindness.Manager: Are you ready for tomorrows meeting? What will you include in your presentation?Morgan: Please dont worry; everythings ready.ListeningTask 2 Listen to the pr

35、esentation made by Morgan and number the following pictures according to what you hear.42&32&31Listening Good morning, everybody! Im honored to behere to present renderings of the sofa you asked usto design. First, let me explain the kind of featureswe have included in the renderings. Based on our d

36、iscussions and your suggestionsregarding our latest sketch we prepared theserenderings. To begin, here is a full frontal view ofour sofa design. Youll remember, we want a fresh,urban and contemporary look. Now, please lookat picture No. 1. This is the three-seat sofa with asimple outline, and an ele

37、gant style that enhancesthe sense of simplicity. From pictures No. 2, andListeningTask 3 Listen to the conversation between Morgan and his client Sara. Pay attention to what Sara thinks of the renderings and decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F).FFTTTListening Sara: We ar

38、e very excited about your work. This design is very creative and quite modern. Thank you very much for your effort.Morgan: Youre welcome. Your satisfaction is always our ultimate goal. What do you think of the shape?Sara: We like the simple outline and elegant shape very much. It looks fresh and ple

39、asing.Morgan: Thank you! And what do you think of the functions?Sara: We are particularly impressed by its multi-functions. Youve made two pieces of ListeningTask 4 The conversation is continuing. Listen carefully and help Morgan finish his notes about Saras feedback on his renderings.Listeningcolor

40、materialcolormaterialwoodListening Morgan: So, what aspects arent you happy with?Sara: First, we would like you to reconsider your choice of colors. Black is popular, but it can be rather dull and can give a serious tone to sitting rooms. Perhaps, it is more appropriate for the office.Morgan: What s

41、pecific color would you suggest?Sara: Our customers usually choose warm, comfortable colors for the home. So we suggest you change the fabric color to shades of yellow, orange, red or brown.Morgan: OK, no problem. What else are you not soListeningTask 5 Morgan and Sara meet again for final design. L

42、isten to the conversation and answer the following questions.1. What does Sara find amazing?_2. What color is used in the final design?_3. What is the sofa frame made of in the final design?_4. What is Morgan proud of in his final design?_5. Is Sara happy with the final design?_That Morgan is so eff

43、icient.Rose pink.Wood.The mattress.Yes, she is.Listening Morgan: Hello Sara. Its nice to see you again.Sara: Nice to see you, too, Morgan. You are so efficient. Its amazing!Morgan: Thank you. I really hope youll be pleasantly surprised. Look, heres the final design! Actually, I should say I hope its

44、 the final design.Sara: Wow, rose pink, terrific! This color is really what our customers want. I am sure it will be extremely popular.Morgan: Good. Now look at the sofa cover. Its made of a synthetic material whichTask 2Task 3Task 4Task 1SpeakingTask 1 Work in groups. Practice presenting renderings

45、 of a product you have designed with the help of the example given below. Refer to the expressions underlined if necessary.SpeakingTask 2 Work in groups. Practice explaining the features you have included in your renderings of a certain product with the help of the tips given below.SpeakingTask 3 Wo

46、rk in pairs. Practice giving feedback by making suggestions or raising objections.SpeakingTask 4 Work in pairs. Role-play a conversation between a designer and his/her client about the final version of the renderings they are working on. The following instructions are provided for your reference.Tas

47、k 1Task 2TextReading BTask 3 Reading BReading BMultipurpose Containers This series of multipurpose containers is made up of wooden elements with internal fittings mounted on runners and made of different materials (glass, wood, etc.). The containers, which also are fitted with a lighting system, can

48、 be connected with a hinge and closed like a trunk for easy transport and dispatch. On opening, hinged screens create separate and private zones in the container. The “Study Container” is a section that serves as a writing surface with “secretaire” fittings. This is hinged to a bookcase element with

49、 a chest of drawers. Reading BThe “Personal Container” holds a record player, record rack, radio, small bookcase, magazine rack, complete bar, ashtray, and various drawers. In the “For Woman” and “For Man” containers, the arrangement of spaces for clothes and drawers takes account of specific male a

50、nd female fashion requirements. For example, in the “For Woman” container, the dressing table is set lower down, for a seated person.Reading BIn the “For Man” container, the dressing table is set higher up (in the lid). Both versions have adjustable lighting units, sockets for electric razors and co

51、smetic appliances, mirrors of adjustable height, as well as space for personal possessions. The series also includes a containerbookcase in which the books are set parallel rather than perpendicular to the surface of the container.Reading B 本系列多功能柜是實(shí)木結(jié)構(gòu)，安裝在滑軌上的本系列多功能柜是實(shí)木結(jié)構(gòu)，安裝在滑軌上的內(nèi)部構(gòu)件則是由不同材料做成（玻璃、木材

52、等等）。內(nèi)部構(gòu)件則是由不同材料做成（玻璃、木材等等）。柜子內(nèi)部裝有照明系統(tǒng)，柜體由合葉鏈接，關(guān)閉起柜子內(nèi)部裝有照明系統(tǒng)，柜體由合葉鏈接，關(guān)閉起來像一個(gè)大箱子，便于搬運(yùn)；打開則變成一個(gè)由合來像一個(gè)大箱子，便于搬運(yùn)；打開則變成一個(gè)由合葉鏈接的屏風(fēng)，可在柜子內(nèi)形成一個(gè)獨(dú)立的私密空葉鏈接的屏風(fēng)，可在柜子內(nèi)形成一個(gè)獨(dú)立的私密空間。間?！皩W(xué)習(xí)柜學(xué)習(xí)柜”由由“寫字臺(tái)寫字臺(tái)”構(gòu)件組成，可用作寫字構(gòu)件組成，可用作寫字的臺(tái)面，它還由合葉與帶抽屜的書架鏈結(jié)。的臺(tái)面，它還由合葉與帶抽屜的書架鏈結(jié)。男男/ / 女用多功能柜女用多功能柜Reading B“私人物品柜私人物品柜”可存放錄音機(jī)、收音機(jī)，帶有磁帶架、可存放錄音

53、機(jī)、收音機(jī)，帶有磁帶架、小書箱、雜志架、小吧臺(tái)、煙灰缸及各式抽屜。小書箱、雜志架、小吧臺(tái)、煙灰缸及各式抽屜。 “女用柜女用柜”和和“男用柜男用柜”對衣服和抽屜的空間設(shè)對衣服和抽屜的空間設(shè)計(jì)均考慮了男女不同的時(shí)尚需求。例如，計(jì)均考慮了男女不同的時(shí)尚需求。例如，“女用柜女用柜”的著裝臺(tái)就設(shè)置得較低，供人坐著使用。的著裝臺(tái)就設(shè)置得較低，供人坐著使用。Reading B“男用柜男用柜”的著裝臺(tái)則設(shè)置得較高（在蓋板上）。兩的著裝臺(tái)則設(shè)置得較高（在蓋板上）。兩者內(nèi)部均有存放私人物品的空間、可調(diào)節(jié)的照明裝置、者內(nèi)部均有存放私人物品的空間、可調(diào)節(jié)的照明裝置、剃須刀及化妝用具插座和可調(diào)節(jié)高度的鏡子。該系列剃須刀

54、及化妝用具插座和可調(diào)節(jié)高度的鏡子。該系列柜還包括一個(gè)箱式書架，可將書本平放而不是立放在柜還包括一個(gè)箱式書架，可將書本平放而不是立放在書架上。書架上。Reading BRead the above passage and complete the following table.Task 1 Be a section that serves as a writing s u r f a c e w i t h “secretaire” fittings, h i n g e d t o a bookcase element with a chest of drawers.Hold a recor

55、d player, record rack, radio, small bookcase, magazine rack, complete bar, ashtray, and various drawers. The dressing table is set lower down for a seated person in the version “For Woman” and higher up in the version “For Man”. Both have adjustable lighting units, sockets for electric razors and co

56、smetic appliances, mirrors of adjustable height, as well as space for personal possessions. Include a container-bookcase in which the books are set parallel rather than perpendicular to the surface. This series of multipurpose containers is made up of wooden elements with internal fittings mounted o

57、n runners and made of different materials (glass, wood, etc.). The containers, which also are fitted with a lighting system, can be connected with a hinge and closed like a trunk for easy transport and dispatch. On opening, hinged screens create separate and private zones in the container.Reading BM

58、atch the following terms with their Chinese meanings.Task 2 Reading BTranslate the following passage into Chinese.Task 3 In product design, it is important to create visual representations so as to explore design ideas through modeling. Product rendering provides “photorealistic” impressions of prod

59、ucts without the need to physically build components. The process of visual rendering can save significant amounts of money when proving a design, especially when it comes to market investigation, advertising and concept evaluation.在產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)中，創(chuàng)建視覺在產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)中，創(chuàng)建視覺直觀效果圖非常重要，這直觀效果圖非常重要，這樣可以通過建模來探討設(shè)樣可以通過建模來探討設(shè)計(jì)創(chuàng)

60、意。效果圖可以展示計(jì)創(chuàng)意。效果圖可以展示出極富出極富“真實(shí)感真實(shí)感”的產(chǎn)品，的產(chǎn)品，而無需用實(shí)物組建起來。而無需用實(shí)物組建起來。創(chuàng)建視覺效果圖用于設(shè)計(jì)創(chuàng)建視覺效果圖用于設(shè)計(jì)論證可以節(jié)省大量金錢；論證可以節(jié)省大量金錢；用于市場調(diào)查、廣告宣傳用于市場調(diào)查、廣告宣傳和創(chuàng)意評估時(shí)尤其如此。和創(chuàng)意評估時(shí)尤其如此。Task 2Task 1WritingWritingTask 1 Suppose you are David Miller, the designer of the containers mentioned in Reading B, and you are working for Rain D

61、esign Inc. You are going to send the design renderings to your client, Mary Jones of Nora Furniture Co. Ltd. Write a fax to Mary with the given information.WritingNora Furniture Co., Ltd.David MillerMary JonesJuly 12th, 2008Providing design renderings2WritingDear Ms. Jones, Thanks for your prompt ap

62、proval of the container sketch. We have made some amendments to the sketch as requested. As mentioned in our contract, product renderings are to be completed within five days after the approval of the sketch. Now please find enclosed renderings of the containers. Thank you for your kind attention an

63、d look forward to your prompt confirmation. Best regards. Yours faithfully David MillerWritingTask 2 Complete the following operation instructions for NOKIA 6230i with the given verbs.InstallpushremoveWritingreleaseInsertCloseReplaceSlideliftProjectProjectTask DescriptionStep One Organize a small de

64、sign team of 4-6 students in your class and divide them into two groups; Group A brings a rendering of the product theyd like to design and introduces it to Group B; Group B critically assesses the rendering and points out some weak points.Step Two Group A makes changes to the rendering (one member

65、or together), following Group Bs comments; Group A then introduces the revised rendering to Group B, with explanations as necessary.Step three Group B discusses the revised rendering; Group B introduces the two versions of rendering to the whole class and comments on the revisions made.Self-evaluati

66、onTask 1Task 2Task 3Task 4Task 5Vocabulary and StructureVocabulary and StructureTask 1 Fill in the blanks with the words or phrases from Reading A that match the meanings in the column on the right. The first letters are already given.1. c_ to work out or find out by using numbers2. d_ clearly different or belonging to a different type3. s_ of or characterized by selection4. a_ similar or parallel (to)5. v_ of or relating to the sense of sightalculateistinctelectivenalogousisualVocabulary and St