高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法大全 (3)

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1、高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法大全 詞法 第1章 主謂一致 一.概念: 　主謂一致是指： 　1） 語(yǔ)法形式上要一致，即單復(fù)數(shù)形式與謂語(yǔ)要一致。 　2） 意義上要一致，即主語(yǔ)意義上的單復(fù)數(shù)要與謂語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)形式一致。 　3） 就近原則，即謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)形式取決于最靠近它的詞語(yǔ)， 　　 一般來(lái)說(shuō)，不可數(shù)名詞用動(dòng)詞單數(shù)，可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)用動(dòng)詞復(fù)數(shù)。例如： 　 There is much water in the thermos. 　　 但當(dāng)不可數(shù)名詞前有表示數(shù)量的復(fù)數(shù)名詞時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如： 　 Ten thousand tons of coal were produced

2、 last year. 二.相關(guān)知識(shí)點(diǎn)精講 1.并列結(jié)構(gòu)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)，例如： 　 Reading and writing are very important. 讀寫(xiě)很重要。 　 注意：當(dāng)主語(yǔ)由and連結(jié)時(shí)，如果它表示一個(gè)單一的概念，即指同一人或同一物時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，and 此時(shí)連接的兩個(gè)詞前只有一個(gè)冠詞。例如： 　 The iron and steel industry is very important to our life. 鋼鐵工業(yè)對(duì)我們的生活有重要意義。 　　典型例題 　 The League secretary and monitor ___ a

3、sked to make a speech at the meeting. 　　A. is　　B. was　 C. are　 D. were 　　　　答案B. 注： 先從時(shí)態(tài)上考慮。這是過(guò)去發(fā)生的事情應(yīng)用過(guò)去時(shí)，先排除A.，C。本題易誤選D，因?yàn)門(mén)he League secretary and monitor 好象是兩個(gè)人，但仔細(xì)辨別，monitor 前沒(méi)有the，在英語(yǔ)中，當(dāng)一人兼數(shù)職時(shí)只在第一個(gè)職務(wù)前加定冠詞。后面的職務(wù)用and 相連。這樣本題主語(yǔ)為一個(gè)人，所以應(yīng)選B。 2. 主謂一致中的靠近原則 1)當(dāng)there be 句型的主語(yǔ)是一系列事物時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)與最鄰近的主語(yǔ)保持一致。

4、例如： 　There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk. 桌上有一支筆、一把小刀和幾本書(shū)。 　There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.班上有二十個(gè)男孩，二十三個(gè)女孩。 2）當(dāng)either... or... 與neither... nor，連接兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與最鄰近的主語(yǔ)保持一致。如果句子是由here, there引導(dǎo)，而主語(yǔ)又不止一個(gè)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)通常也和最鄰近的主語(yǔ)一致。例如： 　Either you or she

5、is to go. 不是你去，就是她去。 　Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you. 給你筆、信封和紙。 3.謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與前面的主語(yǔ)一致 當(dāng)主語(yǔ)有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等詞組成的短語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與前面的主語(yǔ)部分一致。例如： 　 The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory. 教師和一些學(xué)生在參觀工廠。 　 He as well

6、as I wants to go boating.他和我想去劃船。 4. 謂語(yǔ)需用單數(shù)的情況 　1）代詞each以及由every, some, no, any等構(gòu)成的復(fù)合代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，或主語(yǔ)中含有each, every時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)需用單數(shù)。例如： 　 Each of us has a tape-recorder. 我們每人都有錄音機(jī)。 　 There is something wrong with my watch. 我的表壞了。 　2）當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是一本書(shū)或一條格言時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù)。例如： 　 The Arabian Night is a book known to lo

7、vers of English. 《天方夜譚》是英語(yǔ)愛(ài)好者熟悉的一本書(shū)。 　3）表示金錢(qián)，時(shí)間，價(jià)格或度量衡的復(fù)合名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常把這些名詞看作一個(gè)整體，謂語(yǔ)一般用單數(shù)。例如： 　　 Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations. 用三個(gè)星期來(lái)做準(zhǔn)備。 　 Ten yuan is enough. 十元夠了。 5.指代意義決定謂語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù) 　1）代詞what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等詞的單復(fù)數(shù)由其指代的詞的單復(fù)數(shù)決定。例如：

8、 All is right.　一切順利。 All are present.　人都到齊了。 2）集體名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)的數(shù)要根據(jù)主語(yǔ)的意思來(lái)決定。如family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee等詞后，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)這個(gè)集體中的各個(gè)成員，用單數(shù)時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)該集體的整體。例如： 　　 His family isn't very large. 他家成員不多。 　　 His family are music lovers.　他家個(gè)個(gè)都是音樂(lè)愛(ài)好者。 　 但集合名詞people, police, cattle

9、, poultry等在任何情況下都用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如： 　　 Are there any police around? 附近有警察嗎？ 3）有些名詞，如variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有時(shí)看作單數(shù)，有時(shí)看作復(fù)數(shù)。例如： 　 A number of +名詞復(fù)數(shù)+復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞。 　 The number of +名詞復(fù)數(shù)+單數(shù)動(dòng)詞。 　 A number of books have lent out. 　 The majority of the students like English. 6.與后接名詞

10、或代詞保持一致的情況 1）用half of, most of, none of, heaps of, lots of, plenty of 等引起主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常與of后面的名詞/代詞保持一致。例如： 　 Most of his money is spent on books. 他大部分的錢(qián)化在書(shū)上了。 Most of the students are taking an active part in sports. 大部分學(xué)生積極參與體育運(yùn)動(dòng)。 2）用a portion of, a series of, a pile of, a panel of 等引起主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)

11、動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)。例如： A series of accidents has been reported. 媒體報(bào)道了一連串的事故。 A pile of lots was set beside the hearth. 爐邊有一堆木柴。 3）如 many a 或 more than one 所修飾的短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞多用單數(shù)形式。但由more than... of 作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，動(dòng)詞應(yīng)與其后的名詞或代詞保持一致。例如： 　 Many a person has read the novel.　許多人讀過(guò)這本書(shū)。 　 More than 60 percent of the s

12、tudents are from the city.百分之六十多的學(xué)生來(lái)自這個(gè)城市。 三.鞏固練習(xí) （ ） 1. The number of people invited ______ fifty, but a number of them _______ absent for different reasons. A. were, was B. was, was C. was, were D. were, were （ ） 2. E-mail, as wel

13、l as telephones, ________ an important part in daily communication. A. is playing B. have played C. are playing D. play （ ） 3. ______ of the land in that district ______ covered with trees and grass. A. Two fifth, is

14、 B. Two fifth, are C. Two fifths, is D. Two fifths, are （ ） 4. Ten minutes ______ a long time for one who waits. A. seem B. seems C. seemed D. are seemed （ ） 5. Eric is the only one of the boys who

15、_____ a driving license. A. has B. have C. is having D. are having' （ ） 6. Joy and Sorrow _____ next-door neighbours. A. is B. are C. were D. be （ ）7. In my opinion, some of the news _____

16、unbelievable. A. are B. is C. has been D. have been （ ）8. When ______ the United Nations founded? A. is B. are C. was D. were （ ）9. Every possible means _____ . A. has tried B. has been

17、tried C. was tried D. were tried （ ） 10. What she says and does _____ nothing to do with me. A. was B. were C. has D. have （ ）11. There _____ a dictionary and several books on the desk. A. are B. m

18、ust C. have been D. is （ ）12. Nobody ______ seen the film. It's a pity. A. but Tom and Jack have B. except Tom and Jack have C. but my friends has D. but I have （ ）13. No teacher and no student ______． A. are admitted

19、 B. is admitted C. are admitting D. is admitting （ ）14. All but one ______ here just now. A. is B. was C. has been D. were （ ）15. When and where to build the new factory _____ yet. A. is not

20、 decided B. are not decided C. has not decided D. have not decided （ ） 16. The writer and singer ______ here. 　　A. is B. are C. were D. do （ ） 17. As I have a meeting at four, ten minutes _____ all that I ca

21、n spare to talk with you. A. are B. was C. is D. were （ ） 18. In those days John with his classmates _____ kept busy preparing for the exam. A. is B. are C. was D. were （ ） 19. -- ____ your clothes?

22、 --No, mine _____ hanging over there. A. Is it, is B. Are these, are C. Is it, are D. Are these, is （ ） 20. The Smith's family, which ____ rather a large one, ____ very fond of their old houses. A. were, were B

23、. was, was C. were, was D. was, were （ ） 21. What the teacher and the students want to say _____ that either of the countries ____ beautiful. A. are, are B. is, is C. are, is D. is, are （ ） 22. He is the o

24、nly one of the students who _____ a winner of scholarship for three years. A. is B. are C. have been D. has been （ ） 23. _____ of my brothers are reporters. Covering events, meetings, or sports meetings ______ their duty.

25、 A. Each, are B. Both, is C. Neither, are D. None, is （ ） 24. -- What do you think of the ______ of the coat? -- It's rather high. You can buy a cheaper one in that shop. A. value B. cost C. price D. use

26、（ ） 25. -- Are the two answers correct? -- No, ______ correct. A. no one is B. both are not C. neither is D. either is not （ ） 26. The wind, together with rain and fog, _____ making sailing difficult. A. have bee

27、n B. was C. / D/ are 四.答案 1.C 2. A 3. C 4. B 5. A 6. B 7. B 8. C 9. B 10. C 11. D 12. C 13. B 14. D 15. A 16. A 17. C 18. C 19. B 20. D 21. B 22. D 23. B 24. C 25. C 26. B 第2章 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài) 一.

28、概念: 時(shí)態(tài)是英語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的一種形式,表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間和所處的狀態(tài).英語(yǔ)中的時(shí)態(tài)是通過(guò)動(dòng)詞形式本身的變化來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)的.英語(yǔ)有16種時(shí)態(tài),但中學(xué)階段較常用的有十種:一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),一般過(guò)去時(shí),一般將來(lái)時(shí),過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí),現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí),過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí),將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí),過(guò)去完成時(shí),英在完成時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí). 二.相關(guān)知識(shí)點(diǎn)精講 　1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的用法 　1） 經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，常與表示頻腮度的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)： every..., sometimes,　at..., on Sunday。例如： 　　 I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我

29、七點(diǎn)離開(kāi)家。 　2） 客觀真理，客觀存在，科學(xué)事實(shí)。例如： 　 The earth moves around the sun. 地球繞太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。 　 Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中國(guó)東部。 　3） 表示格言或警句。例如： 　 Pride goes before a fall.　驕者必?cái)　? 　 注意：此用法如果出現(xiàn)在賓語(yǔ)從句中，即使主句是過(guò)去時(shí)，從句謂語(yǔ)也要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。 　　　例：Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥倫布證實(shí)了地球是圓的。 　4） 現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻的狀態(tài)、

30、能力、性格、個(gè)性。例如： 　 I don't want so much. 我不要那么多。 　 Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)得不錯(cuò)，講的可不行。 　　　比較：Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子。 　　　 I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功課。 　　第一句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，用于操作演示或指導(dǎo)說(shuō)明的示范性動(dòng)作，表示言行的瞬間動(dòng)作。第二句中的now是進(jìn)行時(shí)的標(biāo)志，表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作的客觀狀況，所以后句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。 2. 一般

31、過(guò)去時(shí)的用法 　1）在確定的過(guò)去時(shí)間里所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。例如：時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如： 　 Where did you go just now? 剛才你上哪兒去了？ 　　2）表示在過(guò)去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)，經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。例如： 　 When I was a child, I often played football in the street. 我是個(gè)孩子的時(shí)候，常在馬路上踢足球。 　　Whenever the Browns went during their

32、 visit, they were given a warm welcome. 　　那時(shí)，布朗一家無(wú)論什么時(shí)候去，都受到熱烈歡迎?！　　　　? 　　3）句型：It is time for sb. to do sth　 "到......時(shí)間了"　 "該......了"。例如：It is time for you to go to bed.　 你該睡覺(jué)了。 　 It is time that sb. did sth. "時(shí)間已遲了"　 "早該......了" ，例如It is time you went to bed.　　　你早該睡覺(jué)了。 　 　 would

33、 （had） rather sb. did sth.　表示'寧愿某人做某事'。例如：I'd rather you came tomorrow.還是明天來(lái)吧。 4） wish, wonder, think, hope 等用過(guò)去時(shí)，作試探性的詢(xún)問(wèn)、請(qǐng)求、建議等，而一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)都已成為過(guò)去，現(xiàn)已不復(fù)存在。例如：I thought you might have some. 我以為你想要一些。 　　比較：Christine was an invalid all her life.（含義：她已不在人間。） 　　 Christine has been an invalid al

34、l her life.（含義：她現(xiàn)在還活著） 　　 Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. （含義：達(dá)比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。） 　　 Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. （含義：現(xiàn)在還住在肯塔基州，有可能指剛離去） 　　注意： 用過(guò)去時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在，表示委婉語(yǔ)氣。 　　1）動(dòng)詞want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如： 　　　 Did you want anything else? 您還要些什么嗎？ 　　　 I

35、wondered if you could help me. 能不能幫我一下。 　　2）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 could, would。例如： 　　　 Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行車(chē)，能借用一些嗎？ 3.一般將來(lái)時(shí) 　1）　shall用于第一人稱(chēng)，常被will 所代替。will 在陳述句中用于各人稱(chēng)，在征求意見(jiàn)時(shí)常用于第二人稱(chēng)。例如： 　　 Which paragraph shall I read first？ 我先讀哪一段呢？ 　　 Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七點(diǎn)回家好嗎？ 　2）　

36、be going to +不定式，表示將來(lái)。 　 a. 主語(yǔ)的意圖，即將做某事。例如：What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢？ 　 b. 計(jì)劃，安排要發(fā)生的事。例如：The play is going to be produced next month。這出戲下月開(kāi)播。 　 c. 有跡象要發(fā)生的事。例如：Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 看那烏云，快要下雨了。 　3）　be +不定式表將來(lái)，按計(jì)劃或正式安排將發(fā)生的事。例如： 　　 We a

37、re to discuss the report next Saturday.我們下星期六討論這份報(bào)告。 　4）　 be about to +不定式，意為馬上做某事。例如： 　　 He is about to leave for Beijing. 他馬上要去北京。 　 注意：be about to do 不能與tomorrow, next week 等表示明確將來(lái)時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。 4. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來(lái) 1）下列動(dòng)詞come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)可以表示將來(lái)，主要用來(lái)表示在時(shí)間上已確定或安排好的事情。例

38、如： 　　　The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火車(chē)明天上午六點(diǎn)開(kāi)。 　　　When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 汽車(chē)什么時(shí)候開(kāi)？十分鐘后。 　2）以here, there等開(kāi)始的倒裝句，表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。例如： 　　　 Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 車(chē)來(lái)了。 　　　 There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 鈴響了。 　3）在時(shí)間或條件句中。例如： 　　　 When Bill

39、 comes （不是will come）, ask him to wait for me. 比爾來(lái)后，讓他等我。 　　　 I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里，就寫(xiě)信給你。 　4）在動(dòng)詞hope, take care that, make sure that等的賓語(yǔ)從句中。例如： 　　　 I hope they have a nice time next week. 我希望他們下星期玩得開(kāi)心。 　　　 Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the ro

40、om. 離開(kāi)房間前，務(wù)必把窗戶關(guān)了。 5. 用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來(lái) 　 下列動(dòng)詞come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示將來(lái)。例如： 　 I'm leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。 　 Are you staying here till next week? 你會(huì)在這兒呆到下周嗎？ 6. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 　　現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用來(lái)表示之前已發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，其結(jié)果的影響現(xiàn)在還存在；也可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。其構(gòu)成：have （has） +過(guò)去分詞。 7. 比較一般過(guò)去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 1）

41、一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或單純敘述過(guò)去的事情，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作；現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)為過(guò)去發(fā)生的，強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去的事情對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是影響。 　　2）一般過(guò)去時(shí)常與具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)通常與模糊的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，或無(wú)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。 　　　一般過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：yesterday, last week，...ago, in1980, in October, just now等，皆為具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, alway

42、s等，皆不確定的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。 　　　共同的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等。 　　3）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，動(dòng)詞一般是延續(xù)性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.。 　 一般過(guò)去時(shí)常用的非持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。例如： 　　　I saw this film yesterday. （強(qiáng)調(diào)看的動(dòng)作發(fā)生過(guò)了）

43、　　　I have seen this film. （強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，電影的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)知道了） 　　　Why did you get up so early? （強(qiáng)調(diào)起床的動(dòng)作已發(fā)生過(guò)了） 　　　Who hasn't handed in his paper? （強(qiáng)調(diào)有卷子未交，疑為不公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)） 　　　He has been in the League for three years. （在團(tuán)內(nèi)的狀態(tài)可延續(xù)） 　　　He has been a League member for three years. （是團(tuán)員的狀態(tài)可持續(xù)） 　　 句子中如有過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間副詞（如yesterday,

44、 last, week, in 1960）時(shí)，不能使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，要用過(guò)去時(shí)。 　　?。ㄥe(cuò)）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night. 　　　（對(duì)）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night. 8. 用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句型 　1）It is the first / second time.... that...結(jié)構(gòu)中的從句部分，用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。例如： It is the first time that I have visited the city. 這是我第一次訪問(wèn)這

45、城市。 This is the first time （that） I've heard him sing.　這是我第一次聽(tīng)他唱歌。 注意：It was the third time that the boy had been late. 　2）This is +形容詞最高級(jí)+that...結(jié)構(gòu)，that 從句要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。例如： 　　This is the best film that I've （ever） seen. 這是我看過(guò)的最好的電影?！? 9.過(guò)去完成時(shí) 　1） 概念：表示過(guò)去的過(guò)去 　　　----|----------|--------|

46、----> 其構(gòu)成是had +過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成。 　　那時(shí)以前　 那時(shí)　 現(xiàn)在　　　　　　 　2） 用法 　 a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句。例如： 　　 She said （that）she had never been to Paris. 她告訴我她曾去過(guò)巴黎。 　 b. 狀語(yǔ)從句 　　 在過(guò)去不同時(shí)間發(fā)生的兩個(gè)動(dòng)作中，發(fā)生在先，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)；發(fā)生在后，用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。例如： 　　 When the police arrived, the thieves had run away

47、. 警察到達(dá)時(shí)，小偷們?cè)缇团芰恕? 　 c. 表示意向的動(dòng)詞，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示"原本...，未能..."。例如： 　　 We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 那時(shí)我們希望你能來(lái)，但是你沒(méi)有來(lái)。 　3）　過(guò)去完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。例如： 　 He said that he had learned some Engl

48、ish before. 他說(shuō)過(guò)他以前學(xué)過(guò)一些英語(yǔ)。 　 By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. 到了十二歲那年，愛(ài)迪生開(kāi)始自己謀生。 　 Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party. 　　　　湯姆失望了，因?yàn)樗竭_(dá)晚會(huì)時(shí)，大部分客人已經(jīng)走了。 10. 用一般過(guò)去時(shí)代替過(guò)去完成時(shí) 　1）　兩個(gè)動(dòng)作如按順序發(fā)生，又不強(qiáng)調(diào)先后，或用then，

49、and，but 等連詞時(shí)，多用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。例如： 　　 When she saw the mouse，she screamed. 她看到老鼠，就叫了起來(lái)。 　　 My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it. 姑媽給了我一頂帽子，我把它丟了。 　2 ） 兩個(gè)動(dòng)作相繼發(fā)生，可用一般過(guò)去時(shí)；如第一個(gè)動(dòng)作需要若干時(shí)間完成，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。例如： 　　 When I heard the news, I was very excited. 　3）　敘述歷史事實(shí)，可不用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，而只用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。例如： 　　 Our teacher told us that

50、Columbus discovered America in 1492. 11.將來(lái)完成時(shí) 　1） 構(gòu)成will have done 　2） 概念　 　　a. 狀態(tài)完成：表示某事繼續(xù)到將來(lái)某一時(shí)為止一直有的狀態(tài)。例如： 　　They will have been married for 20 years by then. 到那時(shí)他們結(jié)婚將有二十年了。 　　b. 動(dòng)作完成：表示將來(lái)某一時(shí)或另一個(gè)將來(lái)的動(dòng)作之前，已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作或獲得的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。例如： 　　　You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow. 明天此時(shí)，你已經(jīng)到達(dá)

51、上海了 12現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 　 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的基本用法： 　 a. 表示現(xiàn)在（指說(shuō)話人說(shuō)話時(shí)）正在發(fā)生的事情。例如： 　　 We are waiting for you. 我們正在等你。 　 b. 習(xí)慣進(jìn)行：表示長(zhǎng)期的或重復(fù)性的動(dòng)作，說(shuō)話時(shí)動(dòng)作未必正在進(jìn)行。例如： 　　 Mr. Green is writing another novel.　他在寫(xiě)另一部小說(shuō)。（說(shuō)話時(shí)并未在寫(xiě)，只處于寫(xiě)作的狀態(tài)。） 　　c. 表示漸變，這樣的動(dòng)詞有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。例如： 　　 The leaves are turni

52、ng red. 葉子在變紅。 　　 It's getting warmer and warmer. 天越來(lái)越熱了。 　 d. 與always, constantly, forever 等詞連用，表示反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或持續(xù)存在的狀態(tài)，往往帶有說(shuō)話人的主觀色彩。例如： 　　 You are always changing your mind. 你老是改變主意。 13. 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí) 　1）概念：表示過(guò)去某時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的狀態(tài)或動(dòng)作。 　2）過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的主要用法是描述一件事發(fā)生的背景；一個(gè)長(zhǎng)動(dòng)作延續(xù)的時(shí)候，另一個(gè)短動(dòng)作發(fā)生。 　3） 常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有this morning, the

53、whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while等。例如： 　　 My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.　 我兄弟騎車(chē)時(shí)摔了下來(lái)，受了傷。 　　 It was raining when they left the station. 他們離開(kāi)車(chē)站時(shí)，正下著雨。 　　 When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining.　我到達(dá)山頂時(shí)

54、，陽(yáng)光燦爛。 14. 將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí) 　1） 概念：表示將來(lái)某時(shí)進(jìn)行的狀態(tài)或動(dòng)作，或按預(yù)測(cè)將來(lái)會(huì)發(fā)生的事情。例如： 　　　She'll be coming soon. 她會(huì)很快來(lái)的。 　　　I'll be meeting him sometime in the future. 將來(lái)我一定去見(jiàn)他。 　　　注意：將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)不用于表示"意志"，不能說(shuō) I'll be having a talk with her. 2）常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有soon, tomorrow, this evening，on Sunday, by this time，tomorrow, in two days, tom

55、orrow evening等。例如：By this time tomorrow, I'll be lying on the beach. 明天此時(shí)，我正躺在海灘上呢。 15. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來(lái)時(shí) When, while, before, after, till, once, as soon as, so long as, by the time, if, in case （that）, unless, even if, whether, the moment, the minute, the day, the year, immediately等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，條件句中，用一般

56、現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)。例如： 　　He is going to visit her aunt the day he arrives in Beijing. 他一到北京，就去看他姨媽。 16. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般過(guò)去時(shí) 　1 ） "書(shū)上說(shuō)"，"報(bào)紙上說(shuō)"等。例如： 　 The newspaper says that it's going to be cold tomorrow. 報(bào)紙上說(shuō)明天會(huì)很冷的。 　2） 敘述往事，使其生動(dòng)。例如： Napoleon's army now advances and the great battle begins.拿破侖的軍隊(duì)正在向前

57、挺進(jìn)，大戰(zhàn)開(kāi)始了 17. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 　1） 有些動(dòng)詞用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替完成時(shí)，如hear, tell, learn, write , understand, forget, know, find , say, remember等。例如： 　 I hear （= have heard） he will go to London. 我聽(tīng)說(shuō)了他將去倫敦。 　 I forget （=have forgotten） how old he is. 我忘了他多大了。 　2） 用句型 " It is ... since..."代替"It has been ... since .

58、.."。例如： 　　It is （= has been） five years since we last met. 從我們上次見(jiàn)面以來(lái)，五年過(guò)去了。 18. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。 　　在Here comes.../There goes...等句型里，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。例如： 　 There goes the bell. 鈴響了。 19. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí) 　1） 表示即將發(fā)生的或預(yù)定中計(jì)劃好的活動(dòng)。例如： 　　 Are you staying with us this weekend? 和我們一起度周末好嗎? 　　 We are leaving s

59、oon.　 我們馬上就走。 　2） 漸變動(dòng)詞，如get, run, grow, become, begin以及瞬間動(dòng)詞die等。例如： 　　 He is dying. 他要死了。 20.時(shí)態(tài)一致 　 1） 如果從句所敘述的為真理或相對(duì)不變的事實(shí)，則用現(xiàn)在時(shí)。例如： 　 At that time, people did not know that the earth moves. 那時(shí)，人們不知道地球是動(dòng)的。 　 He told me last week that he is eighteen. 上星期他告訴我他十八歲了。 　 2） 賓語(yǔ)從句中的，助動(dòng)詞ought, need

60、, must, dare 的時(shí)態(tài)是不變的。例如： 　 He thought that I need not tell you the truth. 他認(rèn)為我不必告訴你真相。 三.鞏固練習(xí): 1、I' ll give the book to him as soon as he ________ back. 2、Has the baby ________ crying yet? (stop) 3、I don' t know whether Mother __________ me to Beijing next month.(take) 4、She _______ on her co

61、at and went out. (put) 5、 "What are they doing?" "They __________ ready for the sports meeting." (get) 6、The boy asked his mother ________him go and play basketball.(let) 7、I'm sorry to keep you ____________ for a long time. (wait) 8、It ________ (take) him half an hour _______ (finish) his home

62、work yesterday. 9、If it ________ an interesting film, we'll see it tomorrow. (be) 10、They usually ________ (do) their homework after supper. 11、Listen! Who _____________(sing) in the next room now? 12、__________(be) your parents in Shanghai last year? 13、Mr. Yu _____________(teach) us maths sin

63、ce 1982. 14、They will have a trip to the Great Wall if it _________ (not rain) tomorrow. 15、Li Ming often _________ (listen) to the radio in the morning. 16、A: "Father, may I go out and play football?" B: "_____you ____(do) your homework?" 17、All the people in the town are glad ______(hear) tha

64、t a famous musician ___ a concert this Saturday evening.( give) 18、Our teacher told us if it _____(not snow) we would visit the Science Museum the next day. 19、They often _______ (play) football in the afternoon. 20、A: What're you doing Dad? B: I _______ (mend) the radio. 21、Let's _____

65、__(carry) the boxes to the house. 22、Yesterday she ______ (want) very much to see the film, but she couldn't __(get) a ticket. 23、I _________(write) to you as soon as I get to Shanghai. 24、Mike ___________(visit) several places since he came to Beijing. 25、He ___________ (write) four letters t

66、o his wife every month. 26、Don' t make any noise, Grandma ___________ (sleep). 27、His aunt ___________ (do) some cooking when he came in . 28、When they ___________ (reach) the station, the train had already left. 29、There ___________ (be) a meeting next Monday. 30、We ___________ (know) each other since our boyhood.. 31、Sometimes my father ___________ (come) back home late. 32、They ___________ (have) an English evening next week. 33、I'm very glad___________ (hear) that. 34、Wei Fang