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1． The history of the ship
Ships can refers to the voyage or anchor in waters transportation tools or homework, according to the requirements of the use of different and have different technical performance, equipment and structure. Ship in the defense, national economy and ocean development occupies very important position. Ship from prehistoric Ku wood for boat, canoe and wooden boats, 1879 years after the advent of the world's first steel ship era began, which is mainly composed of steel ships. Ship propulsion also by rely on manpower and animal power and wind power in the 19th century (i.e., a pole, paddle, sculling, against and windsurfing) development to use machine driver. In 1807, the United States of Fulton in building its first forward using paddle steamer "clay montmorillonite, speed is about 8 km/hour; In 1839, the first steam engine with propeller ship "Archimedes", host power is 58.8 kw. This propeller fully shows its superiority, and was quickly promoted. In 1868, China's first aircraft load 600 tons, the power of 288 kw steam engine warships "HuiJi" build successful. In 1894, parsons in Britain with his invention of the reaction turbine as a host, installed on the yacht "turbine Virginia", on the river Thames trial is successful, speed of more than 60 kilometers. Early steam turbine steam turbine ship and propeller is the same speed. After about 1910 years, a gear reduction, power reduction gear and hydraulic speed reducer. Marine steam turbines are adopted, for example, after this reduction drive way. In France from 1902 to 1903 in building a ship diesel engine the channel boats; Built in 1903, the Russian ship diesel engine "state" in the water. The middle of the 20th century, the diesel engine power plant become the main power plant of transport ships. Britain in 1947, the first will be used in aviation gas turbine retrofit, then install on coast yacht "lick", instead of the original gasoline engine, its host power is 1837 kw, speed to 3600 r/min, the gear reducer and propeller shaft drive. The unit weight of the device is only 2.08 kg/kw, far more than any other device and lighter. Successively, the 60 s and emerged with a combined gas turbine and steam turbine power plant of medium and large surface warship. Contemporary naval power, the stronger countries, in large and medium-sized ship, except the power big adopts steam turbine power plant, almost all use gas turbine power plant. In the civilian vessels, gas turbine efficiency is lower than diesel engine, with very little. The discovery and use of atomic energy for ship power has opened up a new way. Built in 1954, the us nuclear submarine "nautilus", the water power of 11025 kilowatts, speed 33 km; In 1959, the Soviet union built nuclear-powered icebreaker "Lenin", the power of 32340 kw; That same year, the United States nuclear-powered ship "savannah, water power of 14700 kilowatts. Existing nuclear power plant are using pressurized water reactor, steam turbine, mainly used in submarines and aircraft carriers, and in civilian vessels, didn't get development for economic reasons. 70 s ~ 80 s, in order to save energy, some countries absorb the advantage of the motorized boats, and develop a machine primarily, navigation of the ship to sail. Use electronic computers for joint control, built by the Japanese "new Ed pill" is the representative of energy-saving ship. Ancient China was a pioneer of the shipbuilding and navigation. The spring and autumn period and the warring states period had shipbuilding factory, can manufacture warships; The han dynasty have been able to manufacture with rudder ship; Tang and song period, river boats and ships have prominent development, invented the watertight door; Ming dynasty zheng he's treasure ships to the western seas seven times, in terms of scale, performance, and sailing range, is the world leading position. In modern times, the development of China's shipbuilding industry is slow. 1865 ~ 1866, the qing government successively founded the jiangnan manufacturing bureau and fuzhou ship-building bureau, built the "" "" build "sea" flat "such as warships and jiang" new "on" the "Yangtze river passenger-cargo ship. After the founding of new China, the shipping industry has made great development, build a batch of 50 s coastal passenger ships, cargo ships and tankers. In the '60 s, after China's shipbuilding capacity increase fast, appeared many type Marine ships, the Yangtze river transport ships, offshore oil development and military vessels, ocean survey ship, large Marine shipping tonnage has amounted to more than 300000 deadweight tonnage. With a few special shipping, China has been able to design and manufacture all kinds of military ship and civil ship. Vessel is made up of many parts, according to the function and purpose of each part, can be summarized as hull, ship power plant, such as ship outfitting three parts. Is the basic part of the ship hull, superstructure and can be divided into the main body part. Usually under deck on the part of the body, it is made of the hull (bottom and side) and the upper deck of a specific shape of the hollow body, is to ensure that the ship has the required buoyancy, navigation and a key part of the hull strength performance. Hull is commonly used in power plant layout, loading goods, storage of fuel and fresh water, and other various cabin layout. In order to guarantee the resistance of the hull strength, improve the ship sank and arrangement of cabin, usually set a number of strong watertight bulkhead and inner bottom, forming a certain number of watertight compartment within the main body, and set up according to the need to intermediate deck or platform, the main body level is divided into several layers. Superstructure is located in the upper deck above, from left, right side, front and back end wall and into the layers of deck, the cabin inside it is mainly used to decorate a variety of purposes, such as work room, living room, storage room, equipment cabin, etc. Superstructure, floors, and the size of the pattern for shipping purpose and scale. Ship power equipment including: propulsion -- host through the reduction gear, transmission shaft to drive the propeller (propeller is the main type); Serve for the operation of the propulsion system auxiliary mechanical equipment and systems, such as fuel pump, oil pump, cooling water pump, filter, cooler, heater, etc.; Ship power station, it for ship deck machinery and ancillary machinery and ship cabin lighting power; Other auxiliary machinery and equipment, such as boiler, blower, shipping each system of the pump, lifting machinery and equipment, maintenance tools, etc. Usually outside of the host (boiler) and are collectively referred to as auxiliary machinery. Ship outfitting include the booth structure (wall, ceiling, floor, etc.), furniture and living facilities (kitchen, health, etc.), coating and paint, doors and Windows, stairs and railings, mast, hatch cover, etc. Ships of other devices and equipment, in addition to the propulsion system, and the anchor and mooring equipment; The rudder equipment and steering gear; Life-saving equipment; Fire fighting equipment; Ship the internal and external communications equipment; Lighting equipment; Signal devices; Navigation equipment; For cargo gear; Ventilation, air conditioning and refrigeration equipment; Sea water with fresh water and life system; The ballast water system; Liquid tank of sounding system and ventilation system; Bilge water drainage system; Marine electrical equipment; Other special equipment (in accordance with the special needs of the ship). Ship classification method are many, according to purpose, navigation condition, hull number, propulsion, such as propeller classification. According to the purpose, generally divided into two major categories of military and civilian ships of the ship. Usually referred to as the ship or ships, military vessels including direct operational capability or waters protection ability called combat vessels, such as aircraft carriers, destroyers, frigates, missile boats and submarines, as well as bray, minesweeper, etc., for logistics guarantor called military auxiliary vessels. Civilian ships generally includes a carrier, engineering ship, fishing boat, port, etc. According to the ship sailing state is usually divided into displacement ships, glider, hydrofoil and hovercraft. According to the number of ship hull can be divided into single ship and multi-body, catamaran is relatively rare in multibody ship type; Can be divided by propulsion powerboat and non powerboat, stated by promoting the host type is divided into steamer (now obsolete), gas turbine, diesel engine, gas turbine ship, ship combined ship, electric propulsion ship power plant, nuclear ship, etc.; Can be divided into the ship propeller according to the ship propeller, jet boat, jet propulsion ship, wheeler, swing boat, air propeller is used only for a few hovercraft; According to the position of the engine room, engine ship with tail (the rear section of the cabin on the ship), the model ship and tail in the model; According to the hull structure materials, steel ship, aluminum alloy, wooden, wire mesh concrete boats, fiberglass boats, rubber boats, mixed structure vessel, etc. Main technical features of ship is ship's tonnage, ship principal dimensions, hull coefficient, capacity and register tonnage, body plan, ship general arrangement, hull structure and main technical specifications of equipment, etc. According to the principle of Archimedes, the weight of the hull below the waterline tier boiled water, is the buoyancy of the ship, and should be equal to the total weight of the ship. Ship is equal to the weight of air displacement. Ship's deadweight and loaded to the ship's the sum total of all kinds of load weight (weight) is variable, which is equal to the total weight of the ship. Ship load including goods, fuel oil and lubricating oil, fresh water, food, personnel, and luggage, spare parts and supplies, etc. The weight of the Usually predetermined design with a predetermined maximum range calculation loads of oil, water, food, etc., the sum of the weight of the known as the design load. When the design load of displacement or displacement is called design load displacement. Ship principal dimensions including length, design the ship line length, vertical long, wide, wide and deep, full load (design) draft, etc. Steel ship owners scale measurement refers to the amount to the inner surface of hull plate size, called type width, and depth, concrete boats, boat, etc is refers to the amount to the outer hull size. Capacity refers to the cargo volume, fuel tank, water tank, etc, it comes from the capacity on characterization of the ship loading capacity, battery life, its effect on the operating capacity of the ship. Register tonnage is left behind in the history of metrics used to measure ship loading capacity, as the basis of trading vessels, tax and service charge. Register tonnage and the load respectively reflect the cabin of the ship's capacity and bearing capacity. Although they contact with each other, but belong to different concepts. Ship the size chart is the characterization of the ship main body (including the bulwark, forecastle and poop) the shape and size of the type of surface, is one of the most important drawings to design and build of the ship. It consists of three groups chart: cross-cutting chart, half water lines and wide buttock line graph. Followed by the transverse section, water plane and profile and hull surface are cut. Ship design always is one of the main drawings to design and build of the ship, which reflect the characteristics of ship structures, shapes and sizes, all kinds of the position of the cabin and internal layout, the layout of internal stairway, deck equipment layout. General arrangement by the elevation, the deck floor plan and tank division of figure. Hull structure is reflect the structure of the hull sections, the relevant part of the hull structure is both independent and contact each other. Ship the main structure is the key to guarantee the ship longitudinal and transverse strength, usually put it into a hollow beams to carry on the design, and shipping midship section structure to reflect its parts size and specifications. Vessels are the main performance of buoyancy, stability, resistance to sink, quickness, seakeeping, maneuverability and economy, etc. Buoyancy is refers to the ship in various load cases, can float in the water and keep the first and the ability of the stern draught and freeboard. According to the equilibrium condition of gravity and buoyancy of ship, ship buoyancy is related to the load capacity and the safety of navigation. Stability refers to the ship tilted by external force leave balance position, when the external force disappears, the ship can revert to original balance position. Generally the water stability of ship is mainly refers to when heeling stability. Vessel width and waterline coefficient, freeboard, center of gravity height and side area size and height above the surface, and the stand or fall of hull opening sealing, etc., are the main factors influencing the ship's stability. Heavy resistance refers to the underbody, such as damage, still can float after the cabin flooded but not heavy and not overturn. China's song dynasty shipbuilding when they first invented the watertight bulkhead to ensure ship heavy resistance. Ship main body part of the watertight the rationality of the subdivision, subdivision of the freeboard deck values and complete the stand or fall of ship's stability, etc., are the main factors affecting the heavy resistance. Quickness is the characterization of sailing boat in calm water line speed, the performance of the relationship between it and its host power needed. It is an important technology index of the ship, the ship had a greater influence on the use effect and operating expenses. Ships rapidity involves two aspects of ship resistance and ship propulsion. Reasonably choose ship principal dimensions, hull coefficient (especially square coefficient of G and prismatic coefficient G) lines, and is the key to reducing ship resistance. Seakeeping refers to the degree of ships in waves of oscillation, splash dip stall and deck (sea, splashing water on) degree, etc. Seakeeping not only affects the comfort and safety of the occupants, also affect shipping safety and operational efficiency, etc., which is becoming more and more attention. Ship motion in waves roll, pitch, roll, heave, heave, surge and sway of six. Several exist at the same time they form the coupling movement, the influence of which is rolling, pitching and heaving. Splash of goods is mainly due to the pitching and heaving the hull and the relative motion of ocean waves caused by the, increase the freeboard especially first freeboard, increase the first part of the flare is an effective measure to improve Marine splash of goods. Ship maneuvering ship can according to the driver's manipulation to keep or change speed, direction or position performance, mainly including two aspects of course stability and rotary, is to ensure that the ship voyage steering, to keep the shortest voyage, less flexible on the docks and avoid the important link in time, related to the ship navigation safety and operating economy. The size of the economy is refers to the ship investment benefit. It is to promote the development of new ship type research, improve shipping management and the most active factor in the development of shipbuilding industry, is becoming more and more attention by people. Marine economy belong to the content of Marine engineering economics, it refers to the use efficiency, construction economy, operating indices such as economic and investment effect. Ship development depends on the society's need for ships in the first place. After the second world war the rapid growth of the bulk goods (crude oil, mineral grains) transport ships has been quite mature in technology, generally do not have big increase or decrease in demand. Finished product packing cargo carrier, products tanker, chemical tanker, extra large pieces of industrial equipment carrier gas carrier.the demand has the tendency of growth, ocean development required for high-speed ships and special purpose ships will increase. Accordingly, the hydrofoil boats, hovercraft, catamaran, and small waterplane will strengthen the study of ship. Ship in the development of the second factor is to improve economic benefit and social benefit. High fuel prices and the costs of loading and unloading, workers will encourage people from energy saving, and improve the transportation method (from the perspective of the whole transport system), etc, to research new shipping technology, new energy, new models, the automatic control method and new ship form. More details and the address right... Shanghai jiaotong university to build the ship .
2． 船的發(fā)展史
船舶是指能航行或停泊于水域進(jìn)行運(yùn)輸或作業(yè)工具，按不同的使用要求而具有不同的技術(shù)性能、裝備和結(jié)構(gòu)型式。船舶在國(guó)防、國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)和海洋開(kāi)發(fā)等方面都占有十分重要的地位。船舶從史前刳木為舟起，經(jīng)歷了獨(dú)木舟和木板船時(shí)代，1879年世界上第一艘鋼船問(wèn)世后，又開(kāi)始了以鋼船為主的時(shí)代。船舶的推進(jìn)也由19世紀(jì)的依靠人力、畜力和風(fēng)力(即撐篙、劃槳、搖櫓、拉纖和風(fēng)帆)發(fā)展到使用機(jī)器驅(qū)動(dòng)。1807年，美國(guó)的富爾頓建成第一艘采用明輪推進(jìn)的蒸汽機(jī)船“克萊蒙脫”號(hào)，時(shí)速約為 8公里/小時(shí)；1839年，第一艘裝有螺旋槳推進(jìn)器的蒸汽機(jī)船“阿基米德”號(hào)問(wèn)世，主機(jī)功率為58.8千瓦。這種推進(jìn)器充分顯示出它的優(yōu)越性，因而被迅速推廣。1868年，中國(guó)第一艘載重600噸、功率為288千瓦的蒸汽機(jī)兵船“惠吉”號(hào)建造成功。1894年，英國(guó)的帕森斯用他發(fā)明的反動(dòng)式汽輪機(jī)作為主機(jī)，安裝在快艇“透平尼亞”號(hào)上，在泰晤士河上試航成功，航速超過(guò)了60公里。早期汽輪機(jī)船的汽輪機(jī)與螺旋槳是同轉(zhuǎn)速的。后約在1910年，出現(xiàn)了齒輪減速、電力傳動(dòng)減速和液力傳動(dòng)減速裝置。在這以后，船舶汽輪機(jī)都開(kāi)始采用了減速傳動(dòng)方式。1902～1903年在法國(guó)建造了一艘柴油機(jī)海峽小船；1903年，俄國(guó)建造的柴油機(jī)船“萬(wàn)達(dá)爾”號(hào)下水。20世紀(jì)中葉，柴油機(jī)動(dòng)力裝置遂成為運(yùn)輸船舶的主要?jiǎng)恿ρb置。英國(guó)在1947年，首先將航空用的燃?xì)廨啓C(jī)改型，然后安裝在海岸快艇“加特利克”號(hào)上，以代替原來(lái)的汽油機(jī)，其主機(jī)功率為1837千瓦，轉(zhuǎn)速為3600轉(zhuǎn)/分，經(jīng)齒輪減速箱和軸系驅(qū)動(dòng)螺旋槳。這種裝置的單位重量?jī)H為2.08千克/千瓦，遠(yuǎn)比其他裝置輕巧。60年代先后，又出現(xiàn)了用燃?xì)廨啓C(jī)和蒸汽輪機(jī)聯(lián)合動(dòng)力裝置的大、中型水面軍艦。當(dāng)代海軍力量較強(qiáng)的國(guó)家，在大、中型船艦中，除功率很大的采用汽輪機(jī)動(dòng)力裝置外，幾乎都采用燃?xì)廨啓C(jī)動(dòng)力裝置。在民用船舶中，燃?xì)廨啓C(jī)因效率比柴油機(jī)低，用得很少。原子能的發(fā)現(xiàn)和利用又為船舶動(dòng)力開(kāi)辟了一個(gè)新的途徑。1954年，美國(guó)建造的核潛艇“鸚鵡螺”號(hào)下水，功率為11025千瓦，航速33公里；1959年，前蘇聯(lián)建成了核動(dòng)力破冰船“列寧”號(hào)，功率為32340千瓦；同年，美國(guó)核動(dòng)力商船“薩瓦納”號(hào)下水，功率為14700千瓦。現(xiàn)有的核動(dòng)力裝置都是采用壓水型核反應(yīng)堆汽輪機(jī)，主要用在潛艇和航空母艦上，而在民用船舶中，由于經(jīng)濟(jì)上的原因沒(méi)有得到發(fā)展。70～80年代，為了節(jié)約能源，有些國(guó)家吸收機(jī)帆船的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，研制一種以機(jī)為主、以帆助航的船舶。用電子計(jì)算機(jī)進(jìn)行聯(lián)合控制，日本建造的“新愛(ài)德丸”號(hào)便是這種節(jié)能船的代表。古代中國(guó)是當(dāng)時(shí)造船和航海的先驅(qū)。春秋戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)期就有了造船工場(chǎng)，能夠制造戰(zhàn)船；漢代已能制造帶舵的樓船；唐、宋時(shí)期，河船和海船都有突出的發(fā)展，發(fā)明了水密隔壁；明朝的鄭和七次下西洋的寶船，在尺度、性能和遠(yuǎn)航范圍方面，都居世界領(lǐng)先地位。近代中國(guó)造船業(yè)發(fā)展遲緩。1865～1866年，清政府相繼創(chuàng)辦江南制造總局和福州船政局，建造了“保民”“建威”“平海”等軍艦和“江新”“江華”等長(zhǎng)江客貨船。新中國(guó)成立后，船舶工業(yè)有了很大發(fā)展，50年代建成一批沿?？拓洿?、貨船和油船。60年代以后，中國(guó)的造船能力提高得很快，陸續(xù)建成多型海洋運(yùn)輸船舶、長(zhǎng)江運(yùn)輸船舶、海洋石油開(kāi)發(fā)船舶、海洋調(diào)查船舶和軍用艦艇，大型海洋船舶的噸位已達(dá)30萬(wàn)以上載重噸。除少數(shù)特殊船舶外，中國(guó)已能設(shè)計(jì)制造各種軍用艦艇和民用船舶。船舶是由許多部分構(gòu)成的，按各部分的作用和用途，可綜合歸納為船體、船舶動(dòng)力裝置、船舶舾裝等三大部分。船體是船舶的基本部分，可分為主體部分和上層建筑部分。主體部分一般指上甲板以下的部分，它是由船殼(船底及船側(cè))和上甲板圍成的具有特定形狀的空心體，是保證船舶具有所需浮力 、航海性能和船體強(qiáng)度的關(guān)鍵部分。船體一般用于布置動(dòng)力裝置、裝載貨物、儲(chǔ)存燃油和淡水，以及布置其他各種艙室。為保障船體強(qiáng)度、提高船舶的抗沉性和布置各種艙室，通常設(shè)置若干強(qiáng)固的水密艙壁和內(nèi)底，在主體內(nèi)形成一定數(shù)量的水密艙，并根據(jù)需要加設(shè)中間甲板或平臺(tái)，將主體水平分隔成若干層。上層建筑位于上甲板以上，由左、右側(cè)壁，前、后端壁和各層甲板圍成，其內(nèi)部主要用于布置各種用途的艙室，如工作艙室、生活艙室、貯藏艙室、儀器設(shè)備艙室等。上層建筑的大小、層樓和型式因船舶用途和尺度而異。船舶動(dòng)力裝置包括：推進(jìn)裝置——主機(jī)經(jīng)減速裝置、傳動(dòng)軸系以驅(qū)動(dòng)推進(jìn)器(螺旋槳是主要的型式)；為推進(jìn)裝置的運(yùn)行服務(wù)的輔助機(jī)械設(shè)備和系統(tǒng)，如燃油泵、滑油泵、冷卻水水泵、加熱器、過(guò)濾器、冷卻器等；船舶電站，它為船舶的甲板機(jī)械、機(jī)艙內(nèi)的輔助機(jī)械和船上照明等提供電力 ；其他輔助機(jī)械和設(shè)備，如鍋爐、壓氣機(jī)、船舶各系統(tǒng)的泵、起重機(jī)械設(shè)備、維修機(jī)床等。通常把主機(jī)(及鍋爐)以外的機(jī)械統(tǒng)稱(chēng)為輔機(jī)。船舶舾裝包括艙室內(nèi)裝結(jié)構(gòu)(內(nèi)壁、天花板、地板等)、家具和生活設(shè)施(炊事、衛(wèi)生等)、涂裝和油漆、門(mén)窗、梯和欄桿、桅桿、艙口蓋等。船舶的其他裝置和設(shè)備中，除推進(jìn)裝置外，還有錨設(shè)備與系泊設(shè)備；舵設(shè)備與操舵裝置；救生設(shè)備；消防設(shè)備；船內(nèi)外通信設(shè)備；照明設(shè)備；信號(hào)設(shè)備；導(dǎo)航設(shè)備；起貨設(shè)備；通風(fēng)、空調(diào)和冷藏設(shè)備；海水和生活用淡水系統(tǒng)；壓載水系統(tǒng)；液體艙的測(cè)深系統(tǒng)和透氣系統(tǒng)；艙底水疏干系統(tǒng)；船舶電氣設(shè)備；其他特殊設(shè)備(依船舶的特殊需要而定)。船舶分類(lèi)方法很多，可按用途、航行狀態(tài)、船體數(shù)目、推進(jìn)動(dòng)力、推進(jìn)器等分類(lèi)。按用途，船舶一般分為軍用和民用船舶兩大類(lèi)。軍用船舶通常稱(chēng)為艦艇或軍艦，其中有直接作戰(zhàn)能力或海域防護(hù)能力者稱(chēng)為戰(zhàn)斗艦艇，如航空母艦、驅(qū)逐艦、護(hù)衛(wèi)艦、導(dǎo)彈艇和潛艇，以及布雷、掃雷艦艇等，擔(dān)負(fù)后勤保障者稱(chēng)為軍用輔助艦艇。民用船舶一般又分為運(yùn)輸船、工程船、漁船、港務(wù)船等。按船舶的航行狀態(tài)通常可分為排水型船舶、滑行艇、水翼艇和氣墊船；按船舶的船體數(shù)目可分為單體船和多體船，在多體船型中雙體船較為多見(jiàn)；按推進(jìn)動(dòng)力可分為機(jī)動(dòng)船和非機(jī)動(dòng)船 ，機(jī)動(dòng)船按推進(jìn)主機(jī)的類(lèi)型又分為蒸汽機(jī)船(現(xiàn)已淘汰)、汽輪機(jī)船、柴油機(jī)船、燃?xì)廨啓C(jī)船、聯(lián)合動(dòng)力裝置船、電力推進(jìn)船、核動(dòng)力船等；按船舶推進(jìn)器又可分為螺旋槳船、噴水推進(jìn)船、噴氣推進(jìn)船、明輪船、平旋輪船等 ，空氣螺旋槳只用于少數(shù)氣墊船；按機(jī)艙的位置，有尾機(jī)型船(機(jī)艙在船的尾部)，中機(jī)型船和中尾機(jī)型船；按船體結(jié)構(gòu)材料，有鋼船、鋁合金船、木船、鋼絲網(wǎng)水泥船、玻璃鋼艇、橡皮艇、混合結(jié)構(gòu)船等。船舶的主要技術(shù)特征有船舶排水量，船舶主尺度、船體系數(shù)、艙容和登記噸位、船體型線圖、船舶總布置圖、船體結(jié)構(gòu)圖、主要技術(shù)裝備的規(guī)格等。根據(jù)阿基米德原理，船體水線以下所排開(kāi)水的重量，即為船舶的浮力，并應(yīng)等于船舶總重量。船的自重等于空船排水量。船的自重加上裝到船上的各種載荷的重量的總和(載重量)是變化的，即等于船的總重量。船舶載重量包括貨物、燃油和潤(rùn)滑油、淡水、食物、人員和行李、備品及供應(yīng)品等的重量。通常預(yù)定的設(shè)計(jì)載貨量與按預(yù)定最大航程計(jì)算的油、水、食物等的重量之和，稱(chēng)為設(shè)計(jì)載重量。設(shè)計(jì)載重量時(shí)的排水量稱(chēng)為設(shè)計(jì)排水量或滿載排水量。船舶主尺度包括總長(zhǎng)、設(shè)計(jì)水線長(zhǎng)度、垂線間長(zhǎng)、最大船寬、型寬、型深、滿載(設(shè)計(jì))吃