587 輕型載重貨車設(shè)計(轉(zhuǎn)向系及前橋設(shè)計)(有cad圖)
587 輕型載重貨車設(shè)計(轉(zhuǎn)向系及前橋設(shè)計)(有cad圖),587,輕型載重貨車設(shè)計(轉(zhuǎn)向系及前橋設(shè)計)(有cad圖),輕型,載重,貨車,設(shè)計,轉(zhuǎn)向,前橋,cad
輕型載重貨車設(shè)計(轉(zhuǎn)向系及前橋設(shè)計)摘 要 在本次畢業(yè)設(shè)計中,是關(guān)于輕型載貨汽車的前橋及轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計。本著力爭性能可靠,價優(yōu),易造的設(shè)計構(gòu)想,同時也主要參照拖廠的同類車型,努力去改造,去創(chuàng)新。轉(zhuǎn)向從動橋是通過懸架和車相連,兩側(cè)安裝著從動車輪,用以傳遞車架與車輪之間的各種力和力矩。汽車的轉(zhuǎn)向系是利用轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)使車輪可以偏轉(zhuǎn)一定角度以實現(xiàn)汽車的轉(zhuǎn)向。汽車的轉(zhuǎn)向系是用來改變或恢復(fù)汽車行駛方向的專設(shè)機構(gòu),在行駛中起到重要作用。主要可分為機械轉(zhuǎn)向系,動力轉(zhuǎn)向系和電動轉(zhuǎn)向系。其中電動轉(zhuǎn)向系是未來汽車轉(zhuǎn)向系的發(fā)展方向。綜合各種因素,本次設(shè)計采用采用轉(zhuǎn)向梯形機構(gòu)布置在前軸之后的整體式車橋和采用了正效率很高,操縱方便且使用壽命長的機械式循環(huán)球式轉(zhuǎn)向器。本次設(shè)計包括對轉(zhuǎn)向從動橋結(jié)構(gòu)形式的選擇,主要是計算前軸、轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)、主銷、主銷上下軸承、轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)推力軸承或止推墊片等在制動和側(cè)滑兩種工況下的應(yīng)力校核。還包括轉(zhuǎn)向器的結(jié)構(gòu)選擇及其設(shè)計計算并對轉(zhuǎn)向梯形進(jìn)行優(yōu)化設(shè)計。設(shè)計中水平有限,但希望能設(shè)計出一輛經(jīng)濟(jì)實用的輕型載貨汽車。關(guān)鍵詞:運輸車,前橋,主銷,轉(zhuǎn)向軸 ITHE DESIGNS OF THE STEERING SYSTEM ANDFRONT AXLE IN OWN UNLOAD AGRICULTURETRUCK TO TRANSPORT OF KD1080ABSTRACTIn this graduated designs, my assignment is the light trucks front axle and steering system. I shall try my best to design my assignment,I want the light trucks capacity is secure and the price is low. It is also easy to make,at the same time,I refer to the light truck which made in YT factory.I want to improve and innovate it.Steering front axle connects the frame by suspension.Driven wheel are installed at the sides of the fore axle,which transmits kinds of forces and torques into the wheels. The steering knuckle link to the front axle causes the front wheels to turn to the right or left .The steering system enables the driver to guide the automobile or wheeled tractor down the road and turn ringht or left.It is very important for the truck.there are mannnual steering,power steering and electric power steering.The electric power steering system will be the direction in the future.In view of all the factors,I adopt the ladder-shaped organization assigns after the front axle and very efficient that can be handled easily and had long performance life steering box of the circulation ball type. The design includes selection of the structure of the fore axle but most calculate the streys inspection under the break and the second slide of front axle ,steering knuckle inserts, king pin and ball bearing, thrust bearing and stop last spacer. Still include choosing and designing aslo calculating and carrying on optimization design ladder-shapedly of steering. The level is limited in the design, but I hope to design a economical and practical agricultural light truck.KEY WORDS: transporter, the front axle, king pin, steering shaftII主要符號表量的名稱量的符號單位汽車前軸靜載荷N汽車質(zhì)心高度 mm轉(zhuǎn)向阻力矩MrN.mm接觸應(yīng)力MPa前輪承受的制動力N前輪承受的垂直力N垂向彎矩N.mm水平彎矩N.mm車輪所受的重力N前輪輪距Bmm兩鋼板彈簧座中心距Smm轉(zhuǎn)矩TN.mm輪胎的滾動半徑mm地面垂向反力ZN地面?zhèn)认蚍戳N力偶矩QN.mm軸承的軸向載荷N軸承靜承載容量KN軸承當(dāng)量靜載荷KN轉(zhuǎn)向軸輸入功率Kw轉(zhuǎn)向器中的摩擦功率Kw效率導(dǎo)程角rad附著系數(shù)目錄前言3第一章 概述3第二章 從動橋的方案確定62.1 從動橋總體方案確定6第三章 轉(zhuǎn)向系的方案確定83.1 轉(zhuǎn)向系整體方案確定83.2 轉(zhuǎn)向器結(jié)構(gòu)形式及選擇83.3 循環(huán)球式轉(zhuǎn)向器結(jié)構(gòu)及工作原理9第四章 從動橋的設(shè)計計算114.1從動橋主要零件尺寸的確定114.2 從動橋主要零件工作應(yīng)力的計算114.3 在最大側(cè)向力(側(cè)滑)工況下的前梁應(yīng)力計算134.4 轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)在制動和側(cè)滑工況下的應(yīng)力計算154.5 主銷與轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)襯套在制動和側(cè)滑工況下的應(yīng)力計算164.6轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)推力軸承的計算19第五章 轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計計算205.1 轉(zhuǎn)向系主要性能參數(shù)205.1.1轉(zhuǎn)向器的效率205.1.2傳動比的變化特性205.2 主要參數(shù)的確定215.2.1 給定的主要計算參數(shù)215.2.2 選擇主要轉(zhuǎn)向參數(shù)215.2.3 車輪的左右最大轉(zhuǎn)角確定225.3 轉(zhuǎn)向梯形的選擇設(shè)計235.4 轉(zhuǎn)向梯形的優(yōu)化245.5 循環(huán)球式轉(zhuǎn)向器的設(shè)計275.5.1 轉(zhuǎn)向器(循環(huán)球式)的效率275.5.2 主要參數(shù)的選擇275.5.3 螺桿、鋼球和螺母傳動副285.5.4 齒條、齒扇傳動副設(shè)計295.6 轉(zhuǎn)向系主要性能參數(shù)確定305.6.1 轉(zhuǎn)向系的角傳動比305.5.2 轉(zhuǎn)向盤旋轉(zhuǎn)圈數(shù)n305.6 循環(huán)球式轉(zhuǎn)向器零件強度的校核315.6.1鋼球與滾道間的接觸應(yīng)力315.6.2齒的彎曲應(yīng)力325.7 轉(zhuǎn)向系其他元件的選擇及材料的確定32第六章 轉(zhuǎn)向系主要零件的強度計算346.1 計算載荷的確定346.2 主要零件的強度計算34總 結(jié)35致 謝37參考文獻(xiàn)38前言在目前金融危機的大環(huán)境下,伴隨著汽車行業(yè)的發(fā)展,輕型貨運汽車在國民生產(chǎn)中扮演著更重要的角色。輕型載貨汽車各個領(lǐng)域得到了廣泛應(yīng)用,對于它的設(shè)計是依據(jù)以往理論知識及實踐經(jīng)驗,在滿足其功用的前提下來進(jìn)行的。轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)是用來保持或改變汽車行駛方向的機構(gòu),它在整體設(shè)計中亦有其重要地位,對轉(zhuǎn)向時車輪正確運動和汽車的安全行駛有重大影響,這就要求其工作可靠、操縱輕便。在目前的設(shè)計和使用方面,轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)由機械式和動力式兩類,由于動力式轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)能減輕駕駛員的負(fù)擔(dān),而且操作方便,所以到廣泛使用。機械式轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)由于造價低廉,而且能夠滿足輕型貨車等一大部分汽車的轉(zhuǎn)向需要,固也得到了廣泛的使用。機械式轉(zhuǎn)向系由操縱機構(gòu)、轉(zhuǎn)向器和轉(zhuǎn)向傳動機構(gòu)組成,其重點是轉(zhuǎn)向器和傳動機構(gòu)的設(shè)計?,F(xiàn)今國內(nèi)輕型汽車多才用整體式循環(huán)球式轉(zhuǎn)向器,整體式后置梯形。本畢業(yè)設(shè)計說明書,主要講述了前橋前懸和轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)的選擇設(shè)計和方案分析。對前橋前懸和轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)的分類和工作原理進(jìn)行了深入的對比和分析,選出最優(yōu)方案來進(jìn)行設(shè)計;對于轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)的重要組成部分轉(zhuǎn)向器和轉(zhuǎn)向傳動機構(gòu)進(jìn)行分析設(shè)計,選擇合適的機構(gòu)和零件。第一章 概述從動橋通過懸架與車架相聯(lián),兩側(cè)安裝著從動車輪,用以在車架與車輪之間傳遞鉛垂力、縱向力和橫向力。從動橋還要承受和傳遞制動力矩。 根據(jù)從動車輪能否轉(zhuǎn)向,從動橋分為轉(zhuǎn)向橋與非轉(zhuǎn)向橋。一般汽車多以前橋為轉(zhuǎn)向橋。為提高操縱穩(wěn)定性和機動性,有些轎車采用全四輪轉(zhuǎn)向。多軸汽車除前輪轉(zhuǎn)向外,根據(jù)對機動性的要求,有時采用兩根以上的轉(zhuǎn)向橋直至全輪轉(zhuǎn)向。 一般載貨汽車采用前置發(fā)動機后橋驅(qū)動的布置形式,故其前橋為轉(zhuǎn)向從動橋。轎車多采用前置發(fā)動機前橋驅(qū)動,越野汽車均為全輪驅(qū)動,故它們的前橋既是轉(zhuǎn)向橋又是驅(qū)動橋,稱為轉(zhuǎn)向驅(qū)動橋。 從動橋按與其匹配的懸架結(jié)構(gòu)的不同,也可分為非斷開式與斷開式兩種。與非獨立懸架相匹配的非斷開式從動橋是一根支承于左、右從動車輪上的剛性整體橫梁,當(dāng)又是轉(zhuǎn)向橋時,則其兩端經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)向主銷與轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)相聯(lián)。斷開式從動橋與獨立懸架相匹配。 為了保持汽車直線行駛的穩(wěn)定性、轉(zhuǎn)向輕便性及汽車轉(zhuǎn)向后使前輪具有自動回正的性能,轉(zhuǎn)向橋的主銷在汽車的縱向和橫向平而內(nèi)都有一定傾角。在縱向平面內(nèi),主銷上部向后傾斜一個角,稱為主銷后傾角。在橫向平面內(nèi),主銷上部向內(nèi)傾斜一個角,稱為主銷內(nèi)傾角。還有車輪外傾角及前束。在汽車的設(shè)計、制造、裝配調(diào)整和使用中必須注意防止可能引起的轉(zhuǎn)向車輪的擺振,它是指汽車行駛時轉(zhuǎn)向輪繞主銷不斷擺動的現(xiàn)象,它將破壞汽車的正常行駛。轉(zhuǎn)向車輪的擺振有自激振動與受迫振動兩種類型。前者是由于輪胎側(cè)向變形中的遲滯特性的影響,使系統(tǒng)在一個振動周期中路面作用于輪胎的力對系統(tǒng)作正功,即外界對系統(tǒng)輸入能量。如果后者的值大于系統(tǒng)內(nèi)阻尼消耗的能量,則系統(tǒng)將作增幅振動直至能量達(dá)到動平衡狀態(tài)。這時系統(tǒng)將在某一振幅下持續(xù)振動,形成擺振。其振動頻率大致接近系統(tǒng)的固有頻率而與車輪轉(zhuǎn)速并不一致,且會在較寬的車速范圍內(nèi)發(fā)生。通常在低速行駛時發(fā)生的擺振往往屬于自攝振動型。當(dāng)轉(zhuǎn)向車輪及轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)受到周期性擾動的激勵,例如車輪失衡、端面跳動、輪胎的幾何和機械特性不均勻以及運動學(xué)上的干涉等,在車輪轉(zhuǎn)動下都會構(gòu)成周期性的擾動。在擾動力周期性的持續(xù)作用下,便會發(fā)生受迫振動。當(dāng)擾動的激勵頻率與系統(tǒng)的固有頻率一致時便發(fā)生共振。其特點是轉(zhuǎn)向輪擺振頻率與車輪轉(zhuǎn)速一致,而且一般都有明顯的共振車速,共振范圍較窄(35km/h)。通常在高速行駛時發(fā)生的擺振往往屬于受迫振動型。轉(zhuǎn)向輪擺振的發(fā)生原因及影響因素復(fù)雜,既有結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計的原因和制造方面的因素如車輪失衡、輪胎的機械特性、系統(tǒng)的剛度與阻尼、轉(zhuǎn)向輪的定位角以及陀螺效應(yīng)的強弱等;又有裝配調(diào)整方面的影響,如前橋轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)各個環(huán)節(jié)間的間隙(影響系統(tǒng)的剛度)和摩擦系數(shù)(影響阻尼)等。合理地選擇這些有關(guān)參數(shù)、優(yōu)化它們之間的匹配,精心地制造和裝配調(diào)整,就能有效地控制前輪擺振的發(fā)生。在設(shè)計中提高轉(zhuǎn)向器總成與轉(zhuǎn)向拉桿系統(tǒng)的剛度及懸架的縱向剛度,提高輪胎的側(cè)向剛度,在轉(zhuǎn)向拉桿系中設(shè)置橫向減震器以增加阻尼等,都是控制前輪擺振發(fā)生的一些有效措施。 第二章 從動橋的方案確定2.1 從動橋總體方案確定轉(zhuǎn)向從動橋的主要零件有前梁,轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié),主銷,注銷上下軸承及轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)襯套,轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)推力軸承,輪轂等。轉(zhuǎn)向前橋有斷開式和非斷開式兩種。斷開式前橋與獨立懸架相配合,結(jié)構(gòu)比較復(fù)雜但性能比較好,多用于轎車等以載人為主的高級車輛。非斷開式又稱整體式,它與非獨立懸架配合。它的結(jié)構(gòu)簡單,承載能力大,這種形式再現(xiàn)在汽車上得到廣泛應(yīng)用。因此本次設(shè)計就采用了非斷開式從動橋。作為主要零件的前梁是用中碳鋼或中碳合金鋼的,其兩端各有一呈拳形的加粗部分為安裝主銷的前梁拳部;為提高其抗彎強度,其較長的中間部分采用工字形斷面并相對兩端向下偏移一定距離,以降低發(fā)動機從而降低傳動系的安裝位置以及傳動軸萬向節(jié)的夾角。為提高其抗扭強度,兩端與拳部相接的部分采用方形斷面,而靠近兩端使拳部與中間部分相聯(lián)接的向下彎曲部分則采用兩種斷面逐漸過渡的形狀。中間部分的兩側(cè)還要鍛造出鋼板彈簧支座的加寬文承面。 轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)用中碳合金鋼模級成整體式結(jié)構(gòu)。轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)通過主銷與前梁的拳部相連,使前輪可以繞主銷偏轉(zhuǎn)一定的角度使汽車轉(zhuǎn)向。為減小磨損,轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)銷孔內(nèi)設(shè)計時壓入青銅襯套,襯套上的潤滑油槽在上面端部是切通的,用裝在轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)上的油嘴注入潤滑脂潤滑,為使轉(zhuǎn)向輕便,在轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)和前梁拳部設(shè)有圓錐推力滾子軸承。主銷的幾種結(jié)構(gòu)型式如圖2-1所示,本次設(shè)計用(a)。 (a) (b) (c) (d)圖2-1主銷結(jié)構(gòu)形式(a)圓柱實心型 (b) 圓柱空心型 (c) 上,下端為直徑不等的圓柱,中間為錐體的主銷 (d)下部圓柱比上部細(xì)的主銷 車輪輪轂通過兩個圓錐滾子軸承支撐在轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)外端的軸頸上,軸承的松緊度可通過調(diào)整螺母進(jìn)行調(diào)整。輪轂外端用沖壓的金屬外罩罩住。輪轂內(nèi)側(cè)有油封,以防潤滑油進(jìn)入制動器內(nèi)。第三章 轉(zhuǎn)向系的方案確定3.1 轉(zhuǎn)向系整體方案確定 用來改變或恢復(fù)汽車行駛方向的專設(shè)機構(gòu)即稱作汽車的轉(zhuǎn)向系。轉(zhuǎn)向系可按轉(zhuǎn)向能源的不同分為機械轉(zhuǎn)向系和動力轉(zhuǎn)向系兩大類。在現(xiàn)代汽車結(jié)構(gòu)中,常用機械式轉(zhuǎn)向系。機械式轉(zhuǎn)向系依靠駕駛員的手力轉(zhuǎn)動方向盤,經(jīng)過轉(zhuǎn)向器和轉(zhuǎn)向傳動機構(gòu)使轉(zhuǎn)向輪偏轉(zhuǎn)。有些汽車裝有防傷機構(gòu)和轉(zhuǎn)向減振裝置。還有一些汽車的專門裝有動力轉(zhuǎn)向機構(gòu),并借助此機構(gòu)來減輕駕駛員的手力,以降低駕駛員的勞累程度。本次設(shè)計采用機械式轉(zhuǎn)向器。對轉(zhuǎn)向系的主要要求有:一、操縱輕便。本次設(shè)計針對輕型載貨貨車,要求方向盤最大手力不超過360N,方向盤的回轉(zhuǎn)圈數(shù)要少。二、工作安全可靠。三、在轉(zhuǎn)向后,方向盤有自動回正能力,能保持汽車有穩(wěn)定的直線行駛能力。四、在前輪受到?jīng)_擊時,轉(zhuǎn)向系傳遞反向沖擊到方向盤上要小。五、應(yīng)盡量減小轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)連接處的間隙,間隙應(yīng)能自動補償即調(diào)整,除了設(shè)計應(yīng)正確的選擇導(dǎo)向輪的定位角外,轉(zhuǎn)向盤在中間式的自由行程應(yīng)當(dāng)保證直線行駛的穩(wěn)定性和轉(zhuǎn)向盤相對導(dǎo)向輪偏轉(zhuǎn)角的靈敏度。3. 2轉(zhuǎn)向器結(jié)構(gòu)形式及選擇 根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)向器所用傳動副的不同,轉(zhuǎn)向器有多種。常見的有循環(huán)球式球面蝸桿蝸輪式、蝸桿曲柄銷式和齒輪齒條式等。轉(zhuǎn)向器的結(jié)構(gòu)形式,決定了其效率特性以及對角傳動比變化特性的要求。選用那種效率特性的轉(zhuǎn)向器應(yīng)有汽車用途來決定,并和轉(zhuǎn)向系方案有關(guān)。經(jīng)常行駛在好路面上的轎車和市內(nèi)用客車,可以采用正效率較高的、可逆程度大的轉(zhuǎn)向器。效率高、工作可靠、平穩(wěn),蝸桿和螺母上的螺旋槽在淬火后經(jīng)過磨削加工,所以耐磨且壽命較長。齒扇和齒條嚙合間隙的調(diào)整工作容易進(jìn)行。和其它形式轉(zhuǎn)向器比較,其結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜,對主要零件加工精度要求較高。 蝸桿曲柄銷式轉(zhuǎn)向器角傳動比的變化特性和嚙合間隙特性變化受限制,不能完全滿足設(shè)計者的意圖。 齒輪齒條式轉(zhuǎn)向器的結(jié)構(gòu)簡單,因此制造容易,成本低,正、逆效率都高。為了防止和緩和反向沖擊傳給方向盤,必須選擇較大的傳動比,或裝有吸振裝置的減振器。 本設(shè)計采用循環(huán)球式轉(zhuǎn)向器。3.3 循環(huán)球式轉(zhuǎn)向器結(jié)構(gòu)及工作原理 循環(huán)球式轉(zhuǎn)向器中一般有兩級傳動副。第一級是螺桿螺母傳動副,第二級是齒條齒扇傳動副。 轉(zhuǎn)向螺桿的軸頸支撐在兩個圓錐滾子軸承上。軸承緊度可用調(diào)整墊片調(diào)整。轉(zhuǎn)向螺母的下平面上加工成齒條,與齒扇軸內(nèi)的齒扇部分相嚙合。通過轉(zhuǎn)向盤轉(zhuǎn)動轉(zhuǎn)向螺桿時,轉(zhuǎn)向螺母不轉(zhuǎn)動,只能軸向移動,并驅(qū)使齒扇軸轉(zhuǎn)動。為了減小轉(zhuǎn)向螺桿和轉(zhuǎn)向螺母之間的摩擦,其間裝有小鋼球以實現(xiàn)滾動摩擦。二者的螺旋槽能配合形成近似圓形斷面輪廓的螺旋管狀通道。轉(zhuǎn)向螺母外有兩根導(dǎo)管,兩端分別插入螺母的一對通孔。導(dǎo)管內(nèi)裝滿了鋼球。兩根導(dǎo)管和螺母內(nèi)的螺旋管狀通道組合成兩條各自獨立的封閉的鋼球流道。轉(zhuǎn)向器工作是兩列鋼球只是在各自封閉的流道內(nèi)循環(huán),而不脫出。轉(zhuǎn)向螺母上的齒條式傾斜的,因此與之嚙合的齒應(yīng)當(dāng)是分度圓上的齒厚沿齒扇軸線按線性關(guān)系變化的變厚齒扇。因為循環(huán)球轉(zhuǎn)向器的正傳動效率很高,操作輕便,使用壽命長。經(jīng)常用于各種汽車。綜上最后本次設(shè)計選定循環(huán)球式轉(zhuǎn)向器。第四章 從動橋的設(shè)計計算4.1從動橋主要零件尺寸的確定轉(zhuǎn)向從動橋采用工字形斷面的前梁,可保證其質(zhì)量最小而在垂向平面內(nèi)的剛度大,強度高。工字形斷面尺寸的推薦值,見圖5-1,圖中虛線繪出的是其當(dāng)量斷面。該斷面的垂向彎曲截面系數(shù)和水平彎曲截面系數(shù)(單位為)可近似取為 (4-1) 式中 a-工字形斷面的中部尺寸,a=11.5mm;由經(jīng)驗公式: (4-2)式中 m-作用于前梁上的簧上質(zhì)量,m=806kg; l-車輪中線至板簧中線的距離,l=335mm。 4.2 從動橋主要零件工作應(yīng)力的計算主要是計算前梁、轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)、主銷、主銷上下軸承(即轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)襯套)、轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)推力軸承或止推墊片等在制動和側(cè)滑兩種工況下的工作應(yīng)力。繪制計算用簡圖時可忽略車輪的定位角,即認(rèn)為主銷內(nèi)傾角、主銷后傾角,車輪外傾角均為零,而左右轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)軸線重合且與主銷軸線位于同一側(cè)向垂直平面內(nèi)。如下所示:圖 41轉(zhuǎn)向從動橋在制動和側(cè)滑工況下的受力分析簡圖1-制動工況下的彎矩圖 2-側(cè)滑工況下的彎矩圖制動工況下的前梁應(yīng)力計算:制動時前輪承受的制動力和垂直力傳給前梁,使前梁承受彎矩和轉(zhuǎn)矩??紤]到制動時汽車質(zhì)量向前,轉(zhuǎn)向橋轉(zhuǎn)移,則前輪所承受的地面垂直反力為: (4-3)式中:汽車滿載靜止于水平路面時前橋給地面的載荷,N;汽車制動時對前橋的質(zhì)量轉(zhuǎn)移系數(shù),對轎車和載貨汽車的前橋可取1.5;質(zhì)量分配給前橋35%;= 前輪所承受的制動力: (4-4)式中:輪胎與路面的附著系數(shù)取為0.6;=5942.10.6=3554.5N由于和對前梁引起的垂向彎矩和水平方向的彎矩在兩鋼板彈簧座之間達(dá)最大值,分別為: (4-5) Nmm (4-6)式中:見圖41,取=335 mm車輪(包括輪毅、制動器等)所受的重力,N;取=980N; 前輪輪距取 B=1320 mm; S前梁上兩鋼板彈簧座中心間的距離取為650 mm則 Nmm制動力還使前梁在主銷孔至鋼板彈簧座之間承受轉(zhuǎn)矩T:T= Nmm (4-7)式中:輪胎的滾動半徑取=635/2=317.5 mm則有 T=3554.5317.5=1129000Nmm圖4-1給出了前梁在制動工況下的彎矩圖及轉(zhuǎn)矩圖。前梁在鋼板彈簧座附近危險斷面處的彎曲應(yīng)力(單位為M Pa)為:MPa (4-8)式中: ,T 見式(4-1)扭轉(zhuǎn)應(yīng)力為:MPa (4-9)式中:- 前梁在危險截面處的扭轉(zhuǎn)截面系數(shù),mm; -前梁橫斷面的最大厚度,mm; -前梁橫截面的極慣性矩,對工字型斷面: =0.4=3.956 (4-10) h-工字型斷面矩形元素的長邊長,mm; -工字型斷面矩形元素的短邊長,mm;前梁應(yīng)力的許用值【】=340500MPa 【】=150240MPa前梁可采用45,30,40等中碳鋼或中碳合金鋼制造,硬度241285HB 4.3 在最大側(cè)向力(側(cè)滑)工況下的前梁應(yīng)力計算 當(dāng)汽車承受最大側(cè)向力時無縱向力作用,左、右前輪承受的地面垂向反力和 與側(cè)向反力,(此時,向右作用),各不相等,前輪的地面反力(單位都為N)分別為: (4-11) (4-12) (4-13) (4-14)式中:-汽車質(zhì)心高度取為800 mm; -車輪與地面附著系數(shù)取為0.6; -前軸輪距取為1320mm; -滿載時車廂分配給前橋的前軸載荷 806Kg;側(cè)滑時左、右鋼板彈簧對前梁的垂直作用則有 :(4-15) (4-16)汽車側(cè)滑時左右前輪輪轂內(nèi)外軸承的徑向力(單位為N)分別為 (4-17) (4-18) (4-19) (4-20) 公式中:-車輪的滾動半徑; a-至車輪中線的距離,mm; b-至車輪中線的距離,mm; 求得即可求得左右前輪輪轂內(nèi)軸承對輪轂的徑向支承和外軸承對輪轂的徑向支承,這樣就求出了輪轂軸承對軸輪的徑向支承反力。根據(jù)這些力及前梁在鋼板彈簧座處的垂向力可繪出前梁與輪軸在汽車側(cè)滑時的垂向受力彎矩圖(4-1-2),汽車的最大彎矩發(fā)生在側(cè)滑方向一側(cè)的主銷孔處,另一處在鋼板彈簧座處,可以按下式求得:= (4-21)= (4-22)公式中:-左右車輪承受地面的垂直反力,N; -左右車輪承受側(cè)滑的反力,N; 4.4 轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)在制動和側(cè)滑工況下的應(yīng)力計算 如圖52所示,轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)的危險斷面在軸徑為的輪軸根部即III-III剖面處。 圖42 轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié),主銷及轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)襯套的計算用圖4.4.1、在制動工況下轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)應(yīng)力計算IIIIII剖面處的軸徑僅受垂向彎矩和水平方向的彎矩而不受轉(zhuǎn)矩,因制動力矩不經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)的輪軸傳遞而直接由制動底板傳給在轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)上的安裝平面。這時的,及IIIIII剖面處的合成彎矩應(yīng)力(MPa)為: (4-23) (4-24) =(4-25)式中:轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)的輪軸根部軸徑取為50mm,=40 mm,=550 MPa, 得: 故50mm的軸頸滿足要求。轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)采用30Cr,40Cr等中碳合金鋼制造,心部硬度HRC241285,高頻淬火后表面硬度HRC5765,硬化層深1.52.0mm。輪軸根部的圓角液壓處理。4.4.2、在側(cè)滑工況下轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)應(yīng)力計算在側(cè)滑時左、右轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)在危險斷面IIIIII處的彎矩是不等的,可分別下式求得: (4-26) (4-27)左右轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)在危險截面處的彎曲應(yīng)力為: (4-28) (4-29) =500MPa,故左右轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)均滿足要求;4.5 主銷與轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)襯套在制動和側(cè)滑工況下的應(yīng)力計算在制動和側(cè)滑工況下,在轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)上、下襯套的中心,即與輪軸中心線相距分別為c,d的兩點處,在側(cè)向平面(圖42(c)和縱向平面(圖42(d)內(nèi),對主銷作用有垂直其軸線方向的力。一、在制動工況下 地面對前輪的垂向支承反力所引起的力矩,由位于通過主銷軸線的側(cè)向平面內(nèi)并在轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)上下襯套中點處垂直地作用于主銷的力所形成的力偶矩(c+d)所平衡(見圖42(b),故有 (4-30)式中取150,c取70mm,d=70 mm;制動力矩由位于縱向平面內(nèi)并作用于主銷的力所形成的力偶(c+d)所平衡(見圖42(c)。故有(4-31)而作用于主銷的制動力,則由在轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)上下襯套中點處作用于主銷的力,平衡(見圖42(c),且有: (4-32) (4-33)由轉(zhuǎn)向橋的俯視圖(圖42(d)的下圖 取=80,=115)可知,制動時轉(zhuǎn)向橫拉桿的作用力N為: N= (4-34)力N位于側(cè)向平面內(nèi)且與輪軸中心線的垂直距離為,如將N的著力點移至主銷中心線與輪鈾中心線的交點處則需對主銷作用一側(cè)向力矩N (見圖42(b)。力矩N由位于側(cè)向平面內(nèi)并作用于主銷的力偶矩所平(c+d)衡,故有 (4-35)而力N則內(nèi)存整向節(jié)上下襯套中點處作用于主銷的力,所平衡,且有:= (4-36) = (4-37)由圖42(b)可知,在轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)上襯套的中點作用于主銷的合力和下襯套的中心作用于主銷的合力分別為: =12500N (4-38)=16600N (4-39)公式中:-汽車左右前輪承受地面垂直反作用力,N; -車輪中心線到主銷軸線的距離,mm; -輪胎的滾動半徑,mm; -汽車左右前輪承受地面的側(cè)向反力,N; 由上兩式可見,在汽車制動時,主銷的最大載荷發(fā)生在轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)下襯套的中點處,其值為=16600N。二、在側(cè)滑工況下 僅有在側(cè)向平面內(nèi)起作用的力和力矩,且作用于左右轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)主銷的力是不相等的,它們可分別按下式求得: (4-40) (4-41) 取最大的作為主銷的計算載荷,計算主銷在前梁拳部下端面應(yīng)力和剪切應(yīng)力: (4-42) ; (4-43)式中:-主銷直徑取為24 mm; h-轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)下襯套中點至前梁拳部下端面的距離,(見圖42(a))取h=21mm; 其中主銷的許可彎曲應(yīng)力=440MPa;許可剪切應(yīng)力=66MPa。 主銷采用20cr,20CrNi,20crMnTi等低碳合金鋼制造,滲碳淬火,滲碳層深1.01.5mm,HRC5662。 轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)襯套的擠壓應(yīng)力為: (4-44)式中:-襯套長為80mm; -取中最大值; -主銷直徑;在靜載荷下,上式的計算載荷取 N (4-45)。 (4-46)4.6轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)推力軸承的計算 對轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)推力軸承,取汽車以等速40kmh,沿半徑R50m的圓周行駛的工況作為計算工況。如果汽車向右轉(zhuǎn)彎,外輪即左前左輪的地面垂向反力增大。 , (4-47) 將上述計算工況的有關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)代入上式,并設(shè)0.5,則有: , (4-48)可近似地認(rèn)為推力軸承的軸向載荷等于上述前外輪的地面垂向外力,即:。鑒于轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)推力軸承在工作中的相對轉(zhuǎn)角不大及軸承滾輪使圓周破壞帶來的危險性,軸承的選擇按其靜承載容量進(jìn)行,且取當(dāng)量靜載荷 ,故此推力軸承滿足要求。第五章 轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計計算5.1 轉(zhuǎn)向系主要性能參數(shù)5.1.1轉(zhuǎn)向器的效率功率從轉(zhuǎn)向軸輸入,經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)向器輸出所求得的效率稱為正效率,用符號表示,;反之稱為逆效率,用符號表示,。其中,為轉(zhuǎn)向器中的摩擦功率;為作用在齒條軸上的功率。為了保證轉(zhuǎn)向時駕駛員轉(zhuǎn)動方向盤輕便,要求正效率高;為了保證汽車轉(zhuǎn)向后轉(zhuǎn)向輪和轉(zhuǎn)向盤能自動回正,又需要一定的逆效率。為了減輕在不平路面上行駛時駕駛員的疲勞,車輪與路面之間的作用力傳至方向盤時應(yīng)盡可能小,防止打手,這又要求此逆效率盡可能低。轉(zhuǎn)向器的正效率:影響轉(zhuǎn)向器正效率的因素有:轉(zhuǎn)向器的類型、結(jié)果特點、結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)和制造質(zhì)量等。轉(zhuǎn)向器類型、結(jié)構(gòu)特點與效率 在前述的幾種轉(zhuǎn)向器中,齒輪齒條式、循環(huán)球式的正效率比較高。同一類型的轉(zhuǎn)向器,因結(jié)構(gòu)不同效率也不一樣。轉(zhuǎn)向器逆效率:根據(jù)逆效率大小的不同,轉(zhuǎn)向器又分為可逆式、極限可逆式、和不可逆式三種。齒輪齒條式轉(zhuǎn)向器屬于可逆式轉(zhuǎn)向器,其逆效率相當(dāng)高,它能保證轉(zhuǎn)向后,轉(zhuǎn)向輪和轉(zhuǎn)向盤自動回正。這既減輕了駕駛員的疲勞,又提高了行駛的安全性。但是,在不平路面上行駛時,車輪受到的沖擊力能大部分傳至轉(zhuǎn)向盤,造成駕駛員“打手”,使之精神緊張;如果長時間在不平路面上行駛,易使駕駛員疲勞,影響安全駕駛。5.1.2傳動比的變化特性1. 轉(zhuǎn)向系傳動比轉(zhuǎn)向系的傳動比包括轉(zhuǎn)向系的角傳動比和轉(zhuǎn)向系的力傳動比。2. 力傳動比與轉(zhuǎn)向系角傳動比的關(guān)系輪胎與地面之間的轉(zhuǎn)向阻力和作用在轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)上的轉(zhuǎn)向阻力矩之間的關(guān)系 (5-1)式中,a為主銷偏移距此處a=72,指從轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)主銷軸線的延長線與支撐平面的交點至車輪中心平面與支撐平面交線間的距離。作用在方向盤上的手力為為 (5-2) 式中,為作用在方向盤上的力矩;為方向盤的直徑。將式(5-1)、 (5-2)代入后得到 (5-3)有 (5-3)知,當(dāng)主銷偏移矩a小時,力傳動比應(yīng)取大些才能保持轉(zhuǎn)向輕便。5.2 主要參數(shù)的確定5.2.1 給定的主要計算參數(shù) 軸距 L=2880mm 輪距 前輪1320mm 輪胎 6.00-20 D=635mm B=293mm 最小轉(zhuǎn)彎半徑小于等于5m 5.2.2 選擇主要轉(zhuǎn)向參數(shù) 汽車在轉(zhuǎn)向時需要有自動回正能力,這需要轉(zhuǎn)向主銷在汽車的縱向和橫向平面內(nèi)各有一定的傾角。所以選定主銷后傾角為230,主銷內(nèi)傾角為7,車輪外傾角為1,前輪前束為10mm。轉(zhuǎn)向盤由輪轂、輪緣和輪輻構(gòu)成,方向盤的直徑D有一系列尺寸(如表5-1)表5-1 轉(zhuǎn)向盤直徑汽車類型方向盤直徑D,mm轎車、小型客車、小載重量貨車400中型大客車、中等載重量貨車450、500大型客車、大載重量貨車550可選擇方向盤直徑400mm , 轉(zhuǎn)向軸是用雙萬向節(jié),軸與萬向節(jié)的連接用花鍵來實現(xiàn)。5.2.3 車輪的左右最大轉(zhuǎn)角確定為了避免在汽車轉(zhuǎn)向時產(chǎn)生路面對汽車行駛的附加阻力和輪胎的過快磨損,要求轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)能保證汽車轉(zhuǎn)向時所有車輪均做純滾動,這就需要所有車輪的軸線都交于一點才能實現(xiàn)。此輕型貨車應(yīng)滿足轉(zhuǎn)向時候最小轉(zhuǎn)彎半徑小于5米,而理想的車輪轉(zhuǎn)角與應(yīng)滿足理想關(guān)系式: (5-6)式中為車輪外轉(zhuǎn)角,為車輪內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)角,K為兩側(cè)主銷軸線與地面相交點之間的距離 (K=1320-272=1176mm),為2880mm 。又因為理想情況下,最小轉(zhuǎn)彎半徑與外轉(zhuǎn)向輪最大偏轉(zhuǎn)角的關(guān)系為: (5-7)聯(lián)立(5-6)(5-7)式得到: =35.17, =44.68 圖5-1 理想內(nèi)外輪轉(zhuǎn)角關(guān)系簡圖車輪的內(nèi)外轉(zhuǎn)向角度均大于35度,滿足設(shè)計任務(wù)的要求。5.3 轉(zhuǎn)向梯形的選擇設(shè)計 圖5-2 整體式轉(zhuǎn)向梯形1- 轉(zhuǎn)向橫拉桿 2-轉(zhuǎn)向梯形臂 3-前軸轉(zhuǎn)向梯形選擇的是整體式后置梯形(如圖5-2),圖視為兩軸式時的圖形,L為假想的軸線距離,即是上圖的l,為轉(zhuǎn)向梯形的底角,S為兩個梯形臂延長線與汽車中心線的交點與前軸的距離,一般為2/3l.由公式 cot=0.75 (6-8)得轉(zhuǎn)向梯形的底角 =72.98轉(zhuǎn)向梯形臂的長度m,是參考現(xiàn)有汽車梯形臂長度與主銷中心距K之比的統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)后進(jìn)行選擇,一般范圍是: m=(0.110.15)K=(129.36176.4)mm。由于是輕型載重汽車,固可取梯形臂長度 m=150mm 。由圖形可知,轉(zhuǎn)向橫拉桿的長度跟K和有關(guān),其關(guān)系式為: =K-2mcos=1088mm (5-9) 則橫拉桿長度為1088 mm。5.4 轉(zhuǎn)向梯形的優(yōu)化 轉(zhuǎn)向梯形機構(gòu)用來保證汽車轉(zhuǎn)彎行駛時所有車輪能繞一個瞬時轉(zhuǎn)向中心,在不同的圓周上做無滑動的純滾動。兩軸汽車轉(zhuǎn)向時,若忽略輪胎側(cè)偏影響,兩轉(zhuǎn)向前軸的延長線。轉(zhuǎn)向梯形機構(gòu)的優(yōu)化問題是一個小型的約束非線性規(guī)劃化問題,可用符合形法來求解。優(yōu)化設(shè)計程序如下:#include#includemath.h#define HUDU 3.1415926/180main( )int m1;int m;double r;double g;double fx=0;double a;double b;double c;double d;double e;double f;double n;double r1;double min=100000; for(m=246;m=336;m+) for(r=69.5;r=90;r+=0.5) for(g=1;g1)|fabs(f)1 e=1; f=1; if(g=10) fx+=1.5*fabs(r-asin(e)/c-acos(f)/c-1); else if(10gfx) if(n=0) min=fx;j=m;r1=r ; printf(%dn%f,m1,r1); 優(yōu)化的結(jié)果為: 轉(zhuǎn)向梯形臂長m=149.72mm,轉(zhuǎn)向梯形底角72335.5 循環(huán)球式轉(zhuǎn)向器的設(shè)計5.5.1 轉(zhuǎn)向器(循環(huán)球式)的效率為保證轉(zhuǎn)向時駕駛員轉(zhuǎn)動轉(zhuǎn)向盤的輕便,要求正效率高;為了保證汽車轉(zhuǎn)向后轉(zhuǎn)向輪和轉(zhuǎn)向盤能自動回正,又需要一定的逆效率;為減輕駕駛員在不平路面上的疲勞,防止打手,又要求逆效率盡可能低。正效率的計算公式: (5-10)其中為螺桿的螺線導(dǎo)程角,選6;為摩擦角,=;為摩擦因數(shù),選0.04,則=2.29。數(shù)據(jù)代入(4-10)解得 =72.1%。逆效率的計算公式: =71.3% (5-11) 5.5.2 主要參數(shù)的選擇 主要參數(shù)參考汽車設(shè)計表7-1 模數(shù)搖臂軸 直徑 螺桿 外徑 鋼球 直徑 螺距 工作 圈數(shù) 環(huán)流數(shù) m=4 D=25=25d=6.350P=9.525 1.5 b=2 螺母 長度 齒扇 齒數(shù)齒扇整圈齒數(shù) 齒扇壓力角 切削角齒扇寬 46 5 13 27.5 6.5 B=25 5.5.3 螺桿、鋼球和螺母傳動副螺母內(nèi)徑=+8%=27mm (5-12)每個環(huán)路中鋼球的數(shù)量為: =19 (5-13)其中為螺桿的螺線導(dǎo)程角,選6。接觸角是鋼球與螺桿滾道接觸點的正壓力方向與螺桿滾道法向截面軸線間的夾角,一般取45,以使軸向力和徑向力分配均勻。 圖5-3 螺桿,鋼球,螺母傳動副轉(zhuǎn)向盤轉(zhuǎn)動角,對應(yīng)螺母移動距離s為: (5-14) 與此同時齒扇節(jié)圓轉(zhuǎn)過的弧長等與s,相應(yīng)搖臂軸轉(zhuǎn)過角,其關(guān)系: S=r (5-15)其中r為齒扇節(jié)圓半徑。聯(lián)立(5-14)(5-15)得= ,將對求導(dǎo),得轉(zhuǎn)向器角傳動比為: =17.142 (5-16)5.5.4 齒條、齒扇傳動副設(shè)計循環(huán)球式轉(zhuǎn)向器的齒扇為變厚齒扇,它的齒頂和齒根的輪廓是圓錐的一部分,分度圓上的齒厚是變化的,所以此傳動副的設(shè)計主要是變厚齒扇的設(shè)計。 圖5-4 變厚齒扇齒形計算簡圖 將中間剖面1-1規(guī)定為基準(zhǔn)剖面。由1-1剖面向右時,變位系數(shù)為正,向左則正變?yōu)榱悖?-0剖面),再變?yōu)樨?fù)。在切削角一定的情況下,各剖面的變位系數(shù)取決于距基準(zhǔn)剖面1-1的距離a; 一、在0-0剖面處的齒形系數(shù) 齒頂高系數(shù):=0.8; 齒頂高=3.2mm; (5-17) 齒根高系數(shù):=0.95; 齒根高=3.8mm;(5-18)頂隙系數(shù):=0.25; 全齒高h(yuǎn)=7mm (5-19)分度圓直徑: =52mm (5-20)齒頂圓直徑: =58.4mmm; (5-21) 齒根圓直徑:: =44.4mm: (5-22) 二、變厚齒扇小端(3-3剖面)齒形系數(shù): 變位系數(shù): (5-23) 齒頂圓直徑: (5-24)齒根圓直徑:mm (5-25)小端齒厚 :m=5.59mm (5-26)三、變厚齒扇大端(2-2剖面)處齒形系數(shù):變位系數(shù): (5-27)齒頂圓直徑: (5-28)齒根圓直徑: (5-29)大端齒厚 :m=7.56mm (5-30)5.6 轉(zhuǎn)向系主要性能參數(shù)確定5.6.1 轉(zhuǎn)向系的角傳動比= (5-31)式中為轉(zhuǎn)向器的角傳動比,=17.142;為轉(zhuǎn)向傳動機構(gòu)的角傳動比,一般選擇=1。代入(6-9) 得 =17.142其中 式中為轉(zhuǎn)向搖臂長(mm),所以=162mm。5.5.2 轉(zhuǎn)向盤旋轉(zhuǎn)圈數(shù)n (5-32)式中為轉(zhuǎn)向盤從一個極限位置到另一個極限位置所轉(zhuǎn)過的角度,且: =17.142(35.17+44.68)=1368.79 所以 n=1368.79360=3.8 (圈)5.6 循環(huán)球式轉(zhuǎn)向器零件強度的校核 為了進(jìn)行強度計算,首先要確定其計算載荷,可利用汽車在干燥硬路面上作原地轉(zhuǎn)向時轉(zhuǎn)向輪的轉(zhuǎn)向阻力矩,利用它可求得轉(zhuǎn)向搖臂上的力矩和在轉(zhuǎn)向盤上的切向力。他們均可作為轉(zhuǎn)向系的最大載荷。5.6.1鋼球與滾道間的接觸應(yīng)力用下式計算鋼球與滾道之間的接觸應(yīng)力: 式中: k系數(shù),根據(jù)值查汽車設(shè)計表7-3查出, , ; -滾道截面半徑; r-鋼球半徑; -螺桿外半徑; E-材料彈性模量,等于; -鋼球與螺桿之間的正壓力,可用下式計算 式中:-螺桿螺線導(dǎo)程角; -接觸角; -參與工作的鋼球數(shù); -作用在螺桿上的軸向力。 其中, 當(dāng)接觸表面硬度為5864HRC時,許用接觸應(yīng)力=2500。5.6.2齒的彎曲應(yīng)力用下式計算齒扇齒的彎曲應(yīng)力: 式中:-作用在齒扇上的圓周力; -齒扇的齒高; B-齒扇的齒寬; -基圓齒厚。其中,, 取mm,顯然符合要求。許用彎曲應(yīng)力為。螺桿和螺母用20CrMnTi鋼制造,表面滲碳。前軸負(fù)荷不大的汽車,滲碳層深度在0.81.2mm;前軸負(fù)荷大的汽車,滲碳層深度在1.051.45mm。表面硬度為5863HRC。 5.7 轉(zhuǎn)向系其他元件的選擇及材料的確定轉(zhuǎn)向主銷選用圓柱實心型,D=40mm;一般選用20Cr。轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)臂和梯形臂有中碳鋼或中合金鋼如35Cr,40,40Cr等模鍛加工而成,一般選用40Cr。轉(zhuǎn)向縱、橫拉桿應(yīng)選用質(zhì)量較輕剛性較好的20,30或40無縫鋼管制造,選用40鋼。球頭銷用合金結(jié)構(gòu)鋼12CrNiB、15CrMo 車輛與動力工程學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計說明書外文資料及翻譯Steering system (1)To change the control mechanism basically mainly by the steering wheel, the steering axle, the steering tube column and so on to be composed. (2) Diverter becomes steering wheels rotation steering arms swinging or the rack axis straight reciprocating motion, and to changes the control force to carry on the enlargement the organization. The diverter fixes generally on the automobile frame or the automobile body, changes the control force after the diverter generally will also change the transmission direction. (3) Steering transmission system the strength which and the movement outputs the diverter passes to the wheel (knuckle), about and causes the wheel to carry on the deflection according to certain relations the organization.Type Crooked to energy difference, the steering system may divide into the machinery steering system and the power steering system two broad headings crooked. Mechanical steering system: And changes the transmission system by the diverter to be composed. Diverter: By the steering wheel, the steering wheel steering axle, changes meshing to pay (diverter) to be composed. Steering transmission system: By drop arm (drop arm), drag link, drag link arm, about trapezoidal arm, steering knuckle tie rod, if a dry bulb joint composes.Power steering system: Changes the augmenter constitution by mechanical steering system Canada.1.Mechanical steering system The mechanical steering system changes the energy by pilots physical strength achievement, all power transmission are the machinery. The mechanical steering system by changes the control mechanism, the diverter and changes the transmission system three major part to be composed.(1) steering control mechanismChanges the control mechanism by the steering wheel, the steering axle, the steering tube column and so on to be composed, its function is rotates the pilot steering wheels control force to pass to the divertor.(2) Divertor The diverter (also often is called steering unit) is completes from the rotary motion to the translation (or approximate straightline motion) a group of gear mechanism, simultaneously is also in the steering system speed reducer drive. At present the commonly used toothed wheel rack type, follows round the world the crank to refer to sells the type, the worm bearing adjuster crank to refer to sells the type, to follow round the world - the tooth rack tooth fan type, the worm bearing adjuster hoop type and so on. We mainly introduce the first several kinds.1) Gear rack type divertorThe gear rack type diverter divides the both sides output type and among (or single end) the output type two kinds .The both sides outputs gear rack type diverter, changes the gear shaft as the transmission vice-host moving parts and installs through the bearing in the diverter shell, its upper extreme through spline and universal joint sliding yoke and steering axle connection. With the steering gear meshing steering rack level arrangement, the both sides with change the steering knuckle tie rod through a ball place to be connected. The spring presses through the briquetting the rack depending in the gear, guarantees ceaseless meshing.Springs pretightening up force available adjustment thread plug adjustment. When rotates the steering wheel, the diverter gear-driven, causes with it meshing rack along the end motion, thus about causes the steering knuckle tie rod to lead about the knuckle to rotate, causes to change the wheel deflection, thus realizes motor turning.Middle output gear rack type diverter, its structure and principle of work and both sides output gear rack type diverter basic same, the difference lies in it to change the steering knuckle tie rod in steering racks middle with the bolt with about to be connected. On single-ended outputs gear rack type diverter, a racks end with changes the steering knuckle tie rod through the inside and outside bracket to be connected.2) Follows round the world-like the divertor Follows round the world-like the diverter is one of present domestic and foreign application most widespread structure patterns, generally has two-stage drive, the first level is screw rod nut transmission, the second level is tooth rack tooth fan transmission. In order to reduce between the steering screw steering nuts friction, the twos thread immediate contact, during is loaded with many steel balls, realizes the rolling friction. On the steering screw and the nut processes the profiled outline is two section or three section of not concentric circular arc composition approximate semicircle spiral groove. The twos spiral groove can coordinate to form the approximate circular cross section the spiral tubular channel. The nut side has two pair of through holes, may henceforth the vent plug enter the steel ball in the helix channel. Outside the steering nut has two steel ball drive pipes, each drive pipes both sides insert the nut side separately in a pair of through hole. In the drive pipe has also packed the steel ball. Thus, in two drive pipes and nuts spiral tubular channels combine two respectively independent seals the steel ball the flow channel . When the steering screw rotates, passes to the steering nut through the steel ball the strength, the nut namely along the end motion. At the same time, friction couple function between the screw rod and the nut and under the steel ball, all steel balls then rolls in the spiral tubular channel, formation ball class . When the diverter works, two rows steel balls are only in the respective seal flow channel internal recycling, will leave.3) The worm bearing adjuster crank refers to sells the type diverter The worm bearing adjuster crank refers to sells the type diverters transmissionvice-(by the steering worm primarily moving parts, it is installs from the moving parts in the rocker arm shaft crank nose refers to sells. When the steering worm rotates, refers to with it meshing sells namely circles the rocker arm shaft spool thread along the circular, and leads the rocker arm shaft rotation.(3) Steering transmission system Steering transmission system the function is the strength which and the movement outputs the diverter passes to the steering axle both sides the knuckle, causes the both sides wheering wheel deflection, and causes two wheering wheel deflection angles according to certain relational change, guarantees when motor turning the wheel and the ground relative sliding is as far as possible small.1) Uses for parts with the non-independent suspension fork changes the transmission system mainly to include the steering arm, to change the drag link, the steering, and the steering trapezium. In the front axle is only in the steering axle situation, by changes the steering trapezium general arrangement which the steering knuckle tie rod and the left and right trapezoidal arm are composed after the front axle, when the wheering wheel is in with the automobile straight line travel corresponding neutral point, trapezoidal arm and steering knuckle tie rod in and path parallel plane (horizontal plane) in angle of intersection 90.In the engine position is low or in the steering axle concurrently sufficient driving axles situation, to avoid the movement interference, often steering trapezium arrangement before the front axle, this time above angle of intersection 90, if the steering arm is not around swings in the automobile fore-and-aft plane, but is shaking right toward left with the path parallel plane, then may change the drag link horizontal, and sells taking advantage of ball leads directly changes the steering knuckle tie rod, thus pushes somebody into doing something the both sides trapezoidal arm rotation.2) Uses for parts with the independent suspension fork changes the transmission systemWhen wheering wheel independent suspension, each wheering wheel needs to be opposite in the frame makes the independence movement, thus the steering axle must be the separation type. With this corresponding, changes in the transmission system the steering trapezium also to be the separation type.,As shown in Figure 9 b. If Pitman is not in the vehicle longitudinal plane backwards and forwards, but is in the plane parallel to the road to shake, you can bring the steering linkage 3 exhaust, and ball head pin directly driven steering tie rod 6, thus pushing the sides of a trapezoid arm. 2) and independent suspension with the steering linkage when steering wheel independent suspension, each steering wheel needs relative to the frame for independence movement, thereby steering bridge must be disconnected. And accordingly, steering linkage of steering or must be disconnected. The role of steering lever is passed from the Pitman force and motion to steering arm (or steering). It force existing tension and pressure, so direct lever is is the use of high-quality special steel manufacturing, in order to ensure reliable operation. Linkage of typical structure as shown in Figure 11. In the steering wheel to deflect or elastic deformation due to the suspension and relative to the frame beats, steering lever and Pitman and steering relative movements are spatial movement, in order not to occur, the interference of the three connections takes the ball PIN. 4) Steering damper as speed increases, the modern automobile steering wheel sometimes generate shimmy (steering wheel around the kingpin axis reciprocating swing, even whole body vibration), which not only affect vehicle stability, but also affected comfort, aggravate the nose wheel wear and tear. In the steering linkage in setting steering damper is to overcome the steering wheel shimmy of effective measures. Steering damper side of the body (or front axle) articulated, the other end and steering lever (or articulated steering). Use mechanical steering can implement steering, when steering axle load larger that the pilots manual as steering energy is difficult to turn smoothly. Power steering system is in mechanical steering system on the basis of a set of steering device. Steering device reduces driver operated steering wheel. Steering energy from the drivers physical strength and motor (or motors), engine (or motors) accounted for the major part, through the steering device. Normally, pilots can easily control the steering. But in the steering device failure, I went back to mechanical steering system state, in general but also by the drivers steering tasks independently. (1) hydraulic power steering systems-which belongs to the steering device part is: steering pump 7, steering tubing 8, steering, and is located in the integral oil tank 6 EPS 4 internal steering control valve and steering power cylinder 5, etc. When the pilot turned the steering wheel 1 by mechanical steering makes steering tie rod 9 mobile, and driven steering, the steering wheel deflection, thus changing the car driving direction. At the same time, the steering shaft also driven steering internal rotation of the steering control valve, the hydraulic steering power cylinder produces helps the drivers steering forces. Because of the role of the steering device, the driver simply than mechanical steering system is much smaller, steering torque of the steering wheel deflection. Advantages and disadvantages: high energy consumption, especially when slow turning, think the comparison engine driving direction also relatively easy. And because the hydraulic pump pressure, is also easier to damage to the power system. (2) electric power steering system, referred to as EPS or EPS (electric, Electronic Power Steering system) in mechanical steering mechanism, increase signal sensor, electronic control unit and the Steering Body. EPS is the use of electric motor as a power source, depending on the speed of help and steering parameters, and other factors, by the electronic control unit to complete the power-assisted control, its principles can be summarized as follows: when handling and steering wheel, mounted on the steering wheel shaft torque sensor constantly measured steering shaft torque signal, the signal and the vehicle speed signal input to the electronic control unit. The electronic control unit according to the input signal, determine power torque in magnitude and direction, which is the selected motor currents and rotation direction, adjusting the size of the auxiliary power steering. Motor torque by electromagnetic clutch by gear reducer by moments later, the cars steering mechanism, to achieve a vehicle condition of steering forces. For example, Foxs EHPAS e hydraulic system from a computer according to engine speed and vehicle speed and steering angle and other signal, drive e pump to deliver power steering system. Power feel very natural. So many people on Fox in the direction of the feeling is quite good, feeling of steering control can be as long as you want. Some vehicles also claims the use of electronic power, but just motor power, no hydraulic aided, prone to noise. Power effects are far behind Fox this type of electronic power. 轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng) 汽車轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng):汽車上用來改變或恢復(fù)其行駛方向的專設(shè)機構(gòu)稱為汽車轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)。汽車的轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)是用來改變汽車行駛方向和保持汽車直線行駛的機構(gòu)基本組成(1)轉(zhuǎn)向操縱機構(gòu)主要由轉(zhuǎn)向盤、轉(zhuǎn)向軸、轉(zhuǎn)向管柱等組成。(2)轉(zhuǎn)向器將轉(zhuǎn)向盤的轉(zhuǎn)動變?yōu)檗D(zhuǎn)向搖臂的擺動或齒條軸的直線往復(fù)運動,并對轉(zhuǎn)向操縱力進(jìn)行放大的機構(gòu)。轉(zhuǎn)向器一般固定在汽車車架或車身上,轉(zhuǎn)向操縱力通過轉(zhuǎn)向器后一般還會改變傳動方向。(3)轉(zhuǎn)向傳動機構(gòu)將轉(zhuǎn)向器輸出的力和運動傳給車輪(轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)),并使左右車輪按一定關(guān)系進(jìn)行偏轉(zhuǎn)的機構(gòu)。類型按轉(zhuǎn)向能源的不同,轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)可分為機械轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)和動力轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)兩大類。機械轉(zhuǎn)向系:由轉(zhuǎn)向器和轉(zhuǎn)向傳動機構(gòu)組成.轉(zhuǎn)向器:由方向盤,方向盤轉(zhuǎn)向軸,轉(zhuǎn)向嚙合付(轉(zhuǎn)向器)組成.轉(zhuǎn)向傳動機構(gòu):由轉(zhuǎn)向臂(轉(zhuǎn)向垂臂),直拉桿,直拉桿臂,左右梯形臂,橫拉桿,若干球頭關(guān)節(jié)組成.動力轉(zhuǎn)向系:由機械轉(zhuǎn)向系加轉(zhuǎn)向加力裝置構(gòu)成.1機械轉(zhuǎn)向系 機械轉(zhuǎn)向系以駕駛員的體力作為轉(zhuǎn)向能源,其中所有傳力件都是機械的。機械轉(zhuǎn)向系由轉(zhuǎn)向操縱機構(gòu)、轉(zhuǎn)向器和轉(zhuǎn)向傳動機構(gòu)三大部分組成。(1)轉(zhuǎn)向操縱機構(gòu) 轉(zhuǎn)向操縱機構(gòu)由方向盤、轉(zhuǎn)向軸、轉(zhuǎn)向管柱等組成,它的作用是將駕駛員轉(zhuǎn)動轉(zhuǎn)向盤的操縱力傳給轉(zhuǎn)向器。(2 )轉(zhuǎn)向器 轉(zhuǎn)向器(也常稱為轉(zhuǎn)向機)是完成由旋轉(zhuǎn)運動到直線運動(或近似直線運動)的一組齒輪機構(gòu),同時也是轉(zhuǎn)向系中的減速傳動裝置。 目前較常用的有齒輪齒條式、循環(huán)球曲柄指銷式、蝸桿曲柄指銷式、循環(huán)球-齒條齒扇式、蝸桿滾輪式等。我們主要介紹前幾種。1)齒輪齒條式轉(zhuǎn)向器 齒輪齒條式轉(zhuǎn)向器分兩端輸出式和中間(或單端)輸出式兩種。 兩端輸出的齒輪齒條式轉(zhuǎn)向器,作為傳動副主動件的轉(zhuǎn)向齒輪軸通過軸承和安裝在轉(zhuǎn)向器殼體中,其上端通過花鍵與萬向節(jié)叉和轉(zhuǎn)向軸連接。與轉(zhuǎn)向齒輪嚙合的轉(zhuǎn)向齒條水平布置,兩端通過球頭座與轉(zhuǎn)向橫拉桿相連。彈簧通過壓塊將齒條壓靠在齒輪上,保證無間隙嚙合。 彈簧的預(yù)緊力可用調(diào)整螺塞調(diào)整。當(dāng)轉(zhuǎn)動轉(zhuǎn)向盤時,轉(zhuǎn)向器齒輪轉(zhuǎn)動,使與之嚙合的齒條沿軸向移動,從而使左右橫拉桿帶動轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)左右轉(zhuǎn)動,使轉(zhuǎn)向車輪偏轉(zhuǎn),從而實現(xiàn)汽車轉(zhuǎn)向。 中間輸出的齒輪齒條式轉(zhuǎn)向器,其結(jié)構(gòu)及工作原理與兩端輸出的齒輪齒條式轉(zhuǎn)向器基本相同,不同之處在于它在轉(zhuǎn)向齒條的中部用螺栓與左右轉(zhuǎn)向橫拉桿相連。在單端輸出的齒輪齒條式轉(zhuǎn)向器上,齒條的一端通過內(nèi)外托架與轉(zhuǎn)向橫拉桿相連。2)循環(huán)球式轉(zhuǎn)向器 循環(huán)球式轉(zhuǎn)向器是目前國內(nèi)外應(yīng)用最廣泛的結(jié)構(gòu)型式之一, 一般有兩級傳動副,第一級是螺桿螺母傳動副,第二級是齒條齒扇傳動副。 為了減少轉(zhuǎn)向螺桿轉(zhuǎn)向螺母之間的摩擦,二者的螺紋并不直接接觸,其間裝有多個鋼球,以實現(xiàn)滾動摩擦。轉(zhuǎn)向螺桿和螺母上都加工出斷面輪廓為兩段或三段不同心圓弧組成的近似半圓的螺旋槽。二者的螺旋槽能配合形成近似圓形斷面的螺旋管狀通道。 螺母側(cè)面有兩對通孔,可將鋼球從此孔塞入螺旋形通道內(nèi)。轉(zhuǎn)向螺母外有兩根鋼球?qū)Ч?,每根?dǎo)管的兩端分別插入螺母側(cè)面的一對通孔中。導(dǎo)管內(nèi)也裝滿了鋼球。這樣,兩根導(dǎo)管和螺母內(nèi)的螺旋管狀通道組合成兩條各自獨立的封閉的鋼球流道。 轉(zhuǎn)向螺桿轉(zhuǎn)動時,通過鋼球?qū)⒘鹘o轉(zhuǎn)向螺母,螺母即沿軸向移動。同時,在螺桿及螺母與鋼球間的摩擦力偶作用下,所有鋼球便在螺旋管狀通道內(nèi)滾動,形成球流。在轉(zhuǎn)向器工作時,兩列鋼球只是在各自的封閉流道內(nèi)循環(huán),不會脫出。3)蝸桿曲柄指銷式轉(zhuǎn)向器 蝸桿曲柄指銷式轉(zhuǎn)向器的傳動副(以轉(zhuǎn)向蝸桿為主動件,其從動件是裝在搖臂軸曲柄端部的指銷。轉(zhuǎn)向蝸桿轉(zhuǎn)動時,與之嚙合的指銷即繞搖臂軸軸線沿圓弧運動,并帶動搖臂軸轉(zhuǎn)動。(3)轉(zhuǎn)向傳動機構(gòu) 轉(zhuǎn)向傳動機構(gòu)的功用是將轉(zhuǎn)向器輸出的力和運動傳到轉(zhuǎn)向橋兩側(cè)的轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié),使兩側(cè)轉(zhuǎn)向輪偏轉(zhuǎn),且使二轉(zhuǎn)向輪偏轉(zhuǎn)角按一定關(guān)系變化,以保證汽車轉(zhuǎn)向時車輪與地面的相對滑動盡可能小。1)與非獨立懸架配用的轉(zhuǎn)向傳動機構(gòu) 與非獨立懸架配用的轉(zhuǎn)向傳動機構(gòu)主要包括轉(zhuǎn)向搖臂、轉(zhuǎn)向直拉桿、轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)臂、和轉(zhuǎn)向梯形。在前橋僅為轉(zhuǎn)向橋的情況下,由轉(zhuǎn)向橫拉桿和左、右梯形臂組成的轉(zhuǎn)向梯形一般布置在前橋之后,當(dāng)轉(zhuǎn)向輪處于與汽車直線行駛相應(yīng)的中立位置時,梯形臂與橫拉桿在與道路平行的平面(水平面)內(nèi)的交角90。 在發(fā)動機位置較低或轉(zhuǎn)向橋兼充驅(qū)動橋的情況下,為避免運動干涉,往往將轉(zhuǎn)向梯形布置在前橋之前,此時上述交角90,若轉(zhuǎn)向搖臂不是在汽車縱向平面內(nèi)前后擺動,而是在與道路平行的平面向左右搖動,則可將轉(zhuǎn)向直拉桿橫置,并借球頭銷直接帶動轉(zhuǎn)向橫拉桿,從而推使兩側(cè)梯形臂轉(zhuǎn)動。2)與獨立懸架配用的轉(zhuǎn)向傳動機構(gòu) 當(dāng)轉(zhuǎn)向輪獨立懸掛時,每個轉(zhuǎn)向輪都需要相對于車架作獨立運動,因而轉(zhuǎn)向橋必須是斷開式的。與此相應(yīng),轉(zhuǎn)向傳動機構(gòu)中的轉(zhuǎn)向梯形也必須是斷開式的。3)轉(zhuǎn)向直拉桿 轉(zhuǎn)向直拉桿的作用是將轉(zhuǎn)向搖臂傳來的力和運動傳給轉(zhuǎn)向梯形臂(或轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)臂)。它所受的力既有拉力、也有壓力,因此直拉桿都是采用優(yōu)質(zhì)特種鋼材制造的,以保證工作可靠。在轉(zhuǎn)向輪偏轉(zhuǎn)或因懸架彈性變形而相對于車架跳動時,轉(zhuǎn)向直拉桿與轉(zhuǎn)向搖臂及轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)臂的相對運動都是空間運動,為了不發(fā)生運動干涉,上述三者間的連接都采用球銷。 8
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