英語(yǔ)字母在什么時(shí)候要大寫(xiě)
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. ● 許多人寫(xiě)英語(yǔ)文章時(shí),對(duì)大寫(xiě)字母的使用 (capitalization) ,感到有點(diǎn)「迷惑」。雖然咱們?cè)谖姆ㄑe也學(xué)過(guò)英文大寫(xiě)字母的用法,但如能把重要的規(guī)則,復(fù)習(xí)一下,也許可加深記憶! (1) 每個(gè)句子的第一個(gè)字 (first word of a sentence) 以及寫(xiě)信的地址,信中的開(kāi)頭稱(chēng)呼和結(jié)尾,都要大寫(xiě)。例如: How is everything with you today? (你今天一切都好嗎?) 25 Park Street, Silver Spring, Maryland. 寫(xiě)信開(kāi)頭稱(chēng)呼:Dear Mr. Wang, Hello, Bob, Greetings, Mary, 信中結(jié)尾:Sincerely yours, Yours truly, Best wishes, With love, Respectfully yours, 等等。 (2) 表示特定的人、地或物的專(zhuān)有名詞 (names of a specific person, place or thing) 或是屬於專(zhuān)有名詞的一部分,都要大寫(xiě)。例如: Mr. Wang Dachung was born in China. (王大中先生在中國(guó)出生。) Bob Smith sailed on the Queen Elizabeth for a trip to France. (Bob Smith 乘伊莉沙白郵輪到法國(guó)旅游。) 其他如: Yale School of Law (耶魯法學(xué)院) Declaration of Independence (獨(dú)立宣言) The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. (美國(guó)防止虐待動(dòng)物協(xié)會(huì)) 等等。 註:專(zhuān)有名詞中的冠詞、介詞、連接詞都不必大寫(xiě),除非是名字的開(kāi)頭與結(jié)尾。 (如上句裡的 for, the, of, to) 但是指普通名詞時(shí),則不必大寫(xiě)。例如: The two men sailed on a ship for a trip to some foreign countries. (兩位男子乘船到外國(guó)旅行。) (即句中的 men,ship,countries 都是普通名詞) (3) 一星期七天,十二個(gè)月份,以及假日 (seven days of the week, 12 months and holidays) 都要大寫(xiě)。例如: The Chens came to see me on Fathers Day. (父親節(jié)陳家來(lái)看我。) He works on Saturdays and Sundays. (星期六和星期天他都要上班。) His store closed during January and February. (元月和2月,他的商店不開(kāi)。) 但是春夏秋冬四季,則不要大寫(xiě):例如: Mr. A will stay in Florida next winter. (下個(gè)冬天 A 先生將住在佛州。) The fall semester starts in September. (秋季班 9 月開(kāi)始。) In Maryland July and August are summer months. (在馬里蘭州7月和8月是夏天。) 註:地球 (earth) 、太陽(yáng) (sun) 、月亮 (moon) 也不要大寫(xiě)。 (4) 學(xué)校的特指課程名稱(chēng)以及各國(guó)的語(yǔ)文,都要大寫(xiě)。例如: Her daughter will take Math Ⅱ and Algebra Ⅲ this semester. (她女兒本學(xué)期選修數(shù)學(xué)Ⅱ和代數(shù)Ⅲ。) All new students have to take History 101. (所有新生都要選修歷史 101。) Did you study English literature and American history? (你讀過(guò)英國(guó)文學(xué)和美國(guó)歷史嗎?) Many American students now take Chinese in the big universities. (在大的大學(xué)裡,許多美國(guó)學(xué)生選修中文。) 但是指一般性的課程或一般知識(shí),則不必大寫(xiě)。例如: Many Chinese students are good at mathematics. (許多中國(guó)學(xué)生數(shù)學(xué)很棒。) High school students are encouraged to take music and history. (鼓勵(lì)高中生選修音樂(lè)和歷史。) (5) 地理上特有的名稱(chēng) (geographical names) ,諸如國(guó)家、州、省、城市、山脈、湖、河流、公園等都要大寫(xiě)。例如: Have your parents ever been to Africa? (你的父母去過(guò)非洲嗎?) His dream trip would be a cruise across the Atlantic Ocean. (他的理想旅游是坐郵輪橫渡大西洋。) We have lived in Maryland for over 25 years. (我們住在馬里蘭州已超過(guò)25年。) The company is located in the middle of Fifth Avenue. (公司坐落於第五大道的中間。) 其餘如:Asia, China, Lake Michigan (密西根湖) ,Black Sea (黑海) ,Rocky Mountains (洛磯山脈) ,Yellowstone National Park (黃石國(guó)家公園) 等等的特別名稱(chēng),還有東、南、西、北地區(qū)和位置 (region and location) 也要大寫(xiě)。例如: Living in the East I have never seen high mountains. (我住在東部,沒(méi)有見(jiàn)過(guò)高山。) The North of China is experiencing a serious drought. (中國(guó)北部旱災(zāi)嚴(yán)重。) 但是 east, west, north, south 只指方向 (direction) 時(shí),則不必大寫(xiě)。例如: Drive south for one mile and you will see the building. (往南開(kāi)一哩路,就可以看到樓房。) Please turn north at the next corner. (請(qǐng)?jiān)谙乱唤锹?,往北轉(zhuǎn)。) (6) 社會(huì)上的職位或?qū)I(yè)上的頭銜 (social and professional titles) 包括學(xué)位和得獎(jiǎng)名稱(chēng) (award) ,都要大寫(xiě)。例如: Professor Lee,Ph.D.,is from Taiwan. (李教授博士,來(lái)自臺(tái)灣。) Dr. Anderson, M.D., is well-liked by his patients. (醫(yī)學(xué)博士安德生醫(yī)師,深受病患喜愛(ài)。) President Bush, MBA from Harvard, was a business man. (哈佛大學(xué)企管碩士的布??偨y(tǒng),過(guò)去是位商人。) His Reverend Smith and Father Jackson were both present at the meeting. (Smith 牧師和 Jackson 神父都參加開(kāi)會(huì)。) 其他頭銜如:Sir, Mister, Miss, Madame (夫人) ,Congressman (國(guó)會(huì)議員) ,Senator (參議員) ,Governor (州長(zhǎng)) ,Mayor (市長(zhǎng)) ,Secretory of State (國(guó)務(wù)卿) ,Attorney (律師) ,Judge (法官) ,Bishop (主教) ,Sister (修女) ,Sergeant (士官) ,Corporal (下士) ,Lieutenant (中尉) 等等。 注意:如果不跟個(gè)人名字一同使用,或不是特指某人的頭銜時(shí),則不必大寫(xiě)。例如: He is a professor at a university. (他是大學(xué)教授。) The mayor of a large city has a tough job. (大城市的市長(zhǎng)難為。) The presidents of many companies attended the conference. (許多公司的董事長(zhǎng)都來(lái)參加會(huì)議。) (上面的 professor, mayor, presidents,都是指一般性的。) (7) 書(shū)名、文章題目、報(bào)章雜誌中的主要字 (key words) ,都要大寫(xiě)。還有短篇故事 (short story) ,詩(shī) (poem) ,戲劇 (play) ,電影 (movie) ,歌曲 (song) ,繪畫(huà) (painting) ,雕刻 (sculpture) 等名稱(chēng),也要大寫(xiě)。例如: Mr. Wang has authored a book entitled My Life in America. (王先生寫(xiě)了一本書(shū)叫:「我的美國(guó)生活」。) Did you read the latest issue of Time Magazine? (你看了最新一期的「時(shí)代雜誌」嗎?) 其他如: The Sound of Music (歌名) ,Mona Lisa (蒙娜麗莎肖像畫(huà)名) ,Bird in Space (雕刻名稱(chēng)) ,Popular Mechanics (雜誌名稱(chēng)) ,Death of a Salesman (戲劇名稱(chēng)) ,The Tale of Two Cities (雙城記) ,The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (湯姆歷險(xiǎn)記) 等等。 註:文章題目裡的冠詞、介詞和連接詞都不必大寫(xiě)。但不定詞的 to,通常要大寫(xiě)。例如:Did you read Mr. Wangs article“Ways To Make Money”? (你讀過(guò)王先生大作「賺錢(qián)之道」嗎?) (「to make」是 infinitive) (8) 談到神 (God or Deity) 或宗教與種族 (religion and race) 時(shí),名詞及代名詞都要大寫(xiě)。例如: He said that God will take good care of his wife. (他說(shuō)上帝會(huì)好好照顧他的太太) We pray Lords (或 Gods) help and His blessings upon her. (我們祈求上帝幫助以及對(duì)她的祝福。) (His blessing 是指上帝的祝福。) Many people say that the Japanese are more aggressive than the Chinese. (許多人認(rèn)為日本人比中國(guó)人更有侵略性。) (指 race) 其他如: Roman Catholic (天主教) ,Baptist (浸信會(huì)教友) ,Christianity (基督教) ,Hinduism (印度教) 等。 但如果,god 及 goddess 是指古代的神話 (mythology) 人物時(shí),則不必大寫(xiě)。例如: The gods of ancient Rome, the god Jupiter, the goddess Juno (女神朱諾,即主神Jupiter之妻) (9) 學(xué)校,政府機(jī)關(guān),政黨或公司 (schools,government bodies, political parties and companies) 是指專(zhuān)有名詞時(shí),都要大寫(xiě)。例如: Stanford University has a well-known business school in the U. S. (史丹福大學(xué)的商學(xué)院很有名。) She graduated from Parkside High School last year. (她去年自Parkside高中畢業(yè)。) Are you a member of the Lions Club? (你是獅子會(huì)的成員嗎?) 其他如: the Republican Party (共和黨) ,the Democratic Party, the Senate (參議會(huì)) ,the Congress (國(guó)會(huì)) ,Boy Scouts of America (美國(guó)男童軍) 等等。 但是學(xué)校、樓房、公司、機(jī)構(gòu)等,當(dāng)做普通名詞時(shí),就不必大寫(xiě)。例如: His son will go to a junior high school this fall. (他兒子今秋上初中) (即七、八年級(jí)) This organization was founded in 1995. (這機(jī)關(guān)是於 1995 年成立的) (high school 和 organization 都是普通名詞) (10) 特別的地方,諸如紀(jì)念碑 (monuments) 或有紀(jì)念性的建筑物 (memorials&buildings) 或是引人注目的標(biāo)記 (trademark) 以及歷史上的文件、事件或年代,都要大寫(xiě)。例如: Many tourists like to see the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial. (許多觀光客都愛(ài)參觀華盛頓紀(jì)念塔和林肯紀(jì)念堂。) The Empire State Building is located in New York City. (帝國(guó)大廈坐落在紐約市。) 其他諸如: Revolutionary War (美國(guó)獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)) ,Middle Ages (中世紀(jì)) ,Constitution of the United States (美國(guó)憲法) ,World WarⅡ (二次世界大戰(zhàn)) ,Renaissance (文藝復(fù)興) 等。 (11) 國(guó)家和城市名字,當(dāng)專(zhuān)有形容詞 (proper adjective) 時(shí),也要大寫(xiě)。例如: There are many Chinese restaurants in our community. (我們社區(qū)有許多中國(guó)餐館。) (Chinese 形容 restaurant) Mr. A knows some Italian language. (A 先生知道一些義大利文。) (Italian 形容 language) The favorite Maryland dish seems to be the blue-leg crabs. (馬里蘭州好吃的菜也許是藍(lán)腳螃蟹。) (Maryland 形容 dish) The mild California climate has attracted many young people. (加州溫暖的氣候,吸引許多年輕人。) There were many World WarⅡ battles in China. (二次世界大戰(zhàn)的許多戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)是在中國(guó)。) 註:可見(jiàn)上面句子裡的普通名詞 dish, climate, battles 被前面專(zhuān)有名詞形容時(shí),都不必大寫(xiě)。 (12) 第一人稱(chēng)代名詞"I" 以及感嘆字 "O",不論在句子裡什麼地方出現(xiàn),都必須大寫(xiě)。例如: I told her I will help her and I mean it. (我告訴她我會(huì)幫她,我是真心的。) "Today, O my fellow Chinese, we should help and not hurt one another." he said. (他說(shuō):「中國(guó)的同胞啊,今天我們應(yīng)該互相幫忙,不能彼此傷害!」) Hear my prayer, O Lord. (主啊,聽(tīng)我的禱告吧!) (13) 直接引句 (direct quotation) ,也就是引用他人真正所說(shuō)的話 (a persons exact words) ,那麼引句裡第一個(gè)字要大寫(xiě)。例如: He said, "Here is my project." (他說(shuō):「這是我的計(jì)畫(huà)?!? The boss said, "All staff members must be here tomorrow morning by seven oclock." (老板說(shuō):「所有員工明早七點(diǎn)前要到這裡來(lái)」。) Mr. A announced today: "Five employees will be laid off as of July 1, 2002." (A 先生今天宣布:「自 2002 年 7 月 1 日起,五位員工將被解雇。」) Academic Dean issued this statement:"Foreign students are required to take an English test." (教務(wù)長(zhǎng)發(fā)出通知:「外國(guó)學(xué)生要考英文。」) 假如 quotation 包括一個(gè)以上的句子,那麼每一句的第一個(gè)字都要大寫(xiě)。例如: "Please distribute these handbooks to everyone", explained the boss, "They show everything you have to know." (「請(qǐng)把這些手冊(cè)分給每個(gè)人,」老板說(shuō),「這些手冊(cè)有你們應(yīng)該知道的一切。」) 當(dāng)一個(gè) quotation 包括兩部分時(shí),只要第一部份第一個(gè)字大寫(xiě)即可。例如: "Helping others", said my wife, "is the foundation of happiness." (我老婆說(shuō),「助人為快樂(lè)之本」。) (14) 為了加強(qiáng)另一句話的語(yǔ)氣,在冒號(hào) (colon) 后第一個(gè)字要大寫(xiě)。例如: Lets think of this:Student enrollment is now decreasing. (我們要想到這點(diǎn):學(xué)生入學(xué)人數(shù)正在減少。) Consider this: Our business has declined this year. (要考慮這個(gè):我們的生意今年已在下降。) 不過(guò),在冒號(hào)后的句子,只是為了解釋前句的意義時(shí),那麼第一個(gè)字就不必大寫(xiě)。例如: The president of our university has given us two reasons: annual budget cut and faculty retrenchment. (大學(xué)校長(zhǎng)給我們兩點(diǎn)理由:年度預(yù)算的緊縮以及教師的削減。) (15) 家庭親屬關(guān)系的稱(chēng)呼 (family relationship) ,如果放在某人的姓名前或直接稱(chēng)呼時(shí),那麼要大寫(xiě)。例如: We respect Uncle Chens opinions. (我們尊重陳叔叔的意見(jiàn)) (uncle 放在 Chen 之前。) Is Cousin Lin visiting us for the weekend? (林表兄週末來(lái)看我們嗎?) (cousin 放在 Lin 的前面) (cousin 可指表兄弟,表姐妹,堂兄弟,堂姐妹。) May I attend the dance party, Mother? (媽媽?zhuān)夷軈⒓游钑?huì)嗎?) (直接稱(chēng)呼) My problem, Dad, is that I am not interested in chemistry. (爸,我的問(wèn)題是我不喜歡化學(xué)。) (直接稱(chēng)呼) I am sorry, Son, but you should not do that. (孩子,抱歉,你不能做那件事。) (直接稱(chēng)呼) How long must he stay in bed, Doctor? (醫(yī)師,他要在床上多久?) 但是 father,mother 前面有代名詞所有格時(shí),則不必大寫(xiě)。例如: Your father wants you to be a physician. (你父親要你當(dāng)醫(yī)生。) (代名詞所有格 your) Her mother will be in charge of this department. (她媽媽將要負(fù)責(zé)本部門(mén)。) (代名詞所有格 her) (16) 書(shū)籍、文章或戲劇的一部份,如果后面跟隨著縮寫(xiě)或羅馬數(shù)字時(shí),則要大寫(xiě)。例如: This set of the encyclopedia Volume V focuses on human relationship. (這部百科全書(shū)的第五卷,焦點(diǎn)集中在人際關(guān)系。) I found Act Ⅲ, Scene Ⅱ, of the play quite interesting. (我發(fā)覺(jué)這戲劇裡第三幕第二場(chǎng)很有趣。) According to Maryland Marriage Law, Article Ⅴ, Section 3, deals with divorce. (按照馬里蘭州婚姻法,第五條第三節(jié)是處理離婚案件。) In this math book, we need to discuss Unit Ⅹ, Part 7. (在這數(shù)學(xué)書(shū)本裡,我們要談?wù)摰谑畣卧谄卟糠荨? 但是書(shū)的頁(yè)數(shù)、行數(shù)、段數(shù)、句子的數(shù)目等,則不必大寫(xiě)。例如: When you look at sentence 5, line 8, you will find a spelling mistake. (當(dāng)你看到第五句第八行,你會(huì)找出一個(gè)拼字錯(cuò)誤。) (sentence 和 line 都不必大寫(xiě)。) Please turn to paragraph 3, page 25. (請(qǐng)翻到第三段,第25頁(yè)。) (paragraph 和 page 都不必大寫(xiě)) .- 1.請(qǐng)仔細(xì)閱讀文檔,確保文檔完整性,對(duì)于不預(yù)覽、不比對(duì)內(nèi)容而直接下載帶來(lái)的問(wèn)題本站不予受理。
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