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摘要
我國是個(gè)用煤大國，隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)和國力的迅速發(fā)展，對能源的需求不斷的提高。煤炭的使用量也水漲船高。我國煤炭的質(zhì)量是參差不齊的，不同質(zhì)量的煤，價(jià)格也是差異很大的。所以本次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)是面向煤料采樣進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)的，使用電控系統(tǒng)對煤料進(jìn)行自動化采樣，用以取代人工采樣，彌補(bǔ)人工采樣的不足。
設(shè)計(jì)中主要使用了西門子s7-300PLC，對設(shè)備進(jìn)行控制。PLC控制現(xiàn)在在工業(yè)上也使用的頻繁，其有許多的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，可以適應(yīng)不同的工作環(huán)境，工作要求，使用方便。次設(shè)計(jì)具有手動/自動，本地/遠(yuǎn)程，聯(lián)動/解鎖模式。
本次設(shè)計(jì)仍有許多的不足，在通訊，仿真等方面做的不夠，采樣也沒能實(shí)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)場的分析，處理。
關(guān)鍵詞： PLC，采樣
1
Abstract
In the world, a few of the countries with coal as an important energy sources in China in which 75% of energy production and consumption in China and coal related and can not be separated from the coal in the short term. With the rapid development of economy, the demand of coal is more and more large, and the quality requirement of coal is increased, so the application of the belt sampling system in power plant is increased. The main use of coal conveying device in belt belt head or central coal sampling system, used for sampling and sample preparation.
Due to the rapid development of computer, microprocessor and digital technology, PLC is becoming more and more popular in industrial control, PLC is widely used, easy to use and powerful. PLC control of coal sampling system has the advantages of high reliability and strong anti-interference ability. Sampling process using PLC control, with manual and automatic control of the two different models, but also with the upper computer network control.
In the coal belt conveyor central sampling system design, mainly to S7-300PLC based, used to control the sampling system.
目 錄
摘要 1
ABSTRACT 2
1控制系統(tǒng)概述 3
1.1設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容 3
1.1.1設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容 3
1.2系統(tǒng)的組成 3
1.3系統(tǒng)控制原理 6
1.4系統(tǒng)工作流程 7
2 PLC簡介與選型 10
2.1 PLC技術(shù)及產(chǎn)生 10
2.1.1 PLC的結(jié)構(gòu) 10
2.3 PLC的選型 10
3系統(tǒng)的軟件設(shè)計(jì) 14
3.1PLC軟件設(shè)計(jì)要求 14
3.2接線圖 14
3.3符號表 19
3.4梯形圖 20
參考文獻(xiàn) 33
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16
1控制系統(tǒng)概述
1.1設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容
39
1.1.1設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容
煤料皮帶運(yùn)輸中部采樣系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)中，主要應(yīng)用了PLC，控制技術(shù)等相關(guān)的知識。本次設(shè)計(jì)需要實(shí)現(xiàn)在運(yùn)行中的皮帶上進(jìn)行自動化采樣，要實(shí)現(xiàn)以下幾個(gè)控制功能：
1手動控制，用于維修，調(diào)試。
2自動控制模式，實(shí)現(xiàn)自啟動，進(jìn)行自動化采樣。
3遠(yuǎn)程控制功能，實(shí)現(xiàn)遠(yuǎn)程控制啟動停止。
4聯(lián)動模式，皮帶啟動時(shí)，系統(tǒng)也定時(shí)啟動。
5自動化程度高，大大的減少人力的使用。
6系統(tǒng)安全，可靠，可以進(jìn)行長時(shí)間的工作。
7設(shè)計(jì)緊湊，所占空間小。
8每個(gè)控制模式都能做到急?？刂?。
9 控制方便，便于操作人員進(jìn)行控制。
1.2系統(tǒng)的組成
本次設(shè)計(jì)的采樣系統(tǒng)安裝在皮帶中部，對皮帶上是煤料進(jìn)行直接采樣。系統(tǒng)主要由采樣機(jī)器，粉碎機(jī)器，輸送機(jī)器和收集裝置組成。采樣機(jī)器有一級采樣機(jī)，二級采樣機(jī)。輸送機(jī)器有一級給料機(jī)，二級給料機(jī)，棄料提升機(jī)。其他輔助設(shè)備有管道，推桿等。
系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)選用封閉式的，充分的保護(hù)了樣品是狀態(tài)，為之后的檢測分析提供了科學(xué)的依據(jù)。機(jī)器的選用也充分的考慮現(xiàn)實(shí)生產(chǎn)條件，減少了系統(tǒng)的故障率，提高了系統(tǒng)穩(wěn)定性。
圖1-1 系統(tǒng)組成圖
1） 一級采樣機(jī)
設(shè)計(jì)選用的一級采樣機(jī)主要組成有采樣頭，電機(jī)，機(jī)架，位置開關(guān)，機(jī)罩等，如圖1-2：
圖 1-2 一級采樣機(jī)
2）粉碎機(jī)
粉碎機(jī)主要由錘頭，電動機(jī)，滾筒，外罩，調(diào)節(jié)器等組成，如圖1-3：
圖1-3 破碎機(jī)
3）:一級給料機(jī)
一級給料機(jī)主要由電機(jī)，滾筒，皮帶，機(jī)器外罩等組成，如圖1-4：
圖1-4初級給料機(jī)
4）二級給料機(jī)
二級給料機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)與一級給料機(jī)相差不大，但其尺寸更小，在其組成中還包含進(jìn)行篩分的機(jī)構(gòu)，對粉碎后的煤料進(jìn)行篩分，將符合采樣標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的樣品篩分出，進(jìn)行儲存。
5）收集裝置
本次選用是是八罐的樣品儲存罐，收集裝置由電機(jī)，罐體，位置開關(guān)，限位裝置，上蓋板組成。收集裝置采用密封式的，使樣品水分等要素不發(fā)生變化，以保證樣品的質(zhì)量，裝置如圖1-5：
圖1-5 收集器
6）棄料提升機(jī)
棄料提升機(jī)主要由電機(jī)，提升斗，提升機(jī)外罩，提升皮帶等組成。棄料提升機(jī)的密封性好，不會出現(xiàn)撒料，堵料等現(xiàn)象，對環(huán)境的影響小。
1.3系統(tǒng)控制原理
此次設(shè)計(jì)的采樣電控系統(tǒng)，由選用的西門子300PLC進(jìn)行控制動作，以完成所需求的控制要求?？刂品绞街邪ㄊ謩涌刂颇Ｊ剑詣涌刂颇Ｊ?，遠(yuǎn)程控制模式，本地控制模式，聯(lián)動模式，解鎖模式。手動控制模式用設(shè)備是維修，調(diào)試等個(gè)別人工需求和升級需求。自動控制模式用于設(shè)備的自動啟動與停止，在自動模式下，系統(tǒng)設(shè)備將依次啟動停止。當(dāng)人員按下啟動按鈕時(shí)，間隔5秒后啟動棄料電機(jī)，棄料電機(jī)啟動10秒后啟動二級給料機(jī)，再次間隔10秒后，啟動收集裝置，等收集裝置啟動后15秒后，啟動粉碎機(jī)，之后等待10秒，啟動一級給料機(jī)，10秒后，啟動一級采樣機(jī)，之后系統(tǒng)啟動完成。
當(dāng)有人員按下停止按鈕或采樣到達(dá)所設(shè)定的時(shí)間時(shí)，系統(tǒng)啟動停止程序，按照啟動時(shí)相反的順序進(jìn)行停止。當(dāng)接收到停止信號是，首先停止一級采樣機(jī)，等待15秒后，停止一級給料機(jī)，間隔15秒時(shí)，停止粉碎機(jī)，再次間隔15秒，停止二級給料機(jī)，等待15秒后，停止棄料提升機(jī)，系統(tǒng)停止。
設(shè)計(jì)的系統(tǒng)的模式具有互鎖功能，使系統(tǒng)不會發(fā)生干擾。
1.4系統(tǒng)工作流程
圖1-6 PLC控制啟動流程圖
圖1-7 PLC控制停止流程圖
2.手動控制方式
手動控制方式時(shí)，在操作箱內(nèi)，進(jìn)行單機(jī)操作，當(dāng)?shù)谝淮伟聪掳粹o時(shí)，啟動一級采樣機(jī)，第二次按下時(shí)，啟動一級給料機(jī)，停止一級采樣機(jī)，第三按下時(shí)，啟動粉碎機(jī)，停止一級給料機(jī)，第四次按下時(shí)，啟動二級給料機(jī)，停止粉碎機(jī)，第五次按下時(shí)，啟動棄料提升機(jī)，停止二級給料機(jī)，第六次按下時(shí)，所有機(jī)器的電機(jī)停止。
第2章
2 PLC簡介與選型
2.1 PLC技術(shù)及產(chǎn)生
2.1.1 PLC的結(jié)構(gòu)
設(shè)計(jì)選用的西門子的PLC，其主要結(jié)構(gòu)包括有：CPU處理器，程序存儲器，輸入輸出模塊，驅(qū)動模塊，電源模塊，組成如圖2-1：
圖2-1 西門子PLC結(jié)構(gòu)組成
2.3 PLC的選型
在PLC的選用上，考慮到今后的升級與維護(hù)，對輸入輸出端口的需求量（輸入需要24個(gè)接點(diǎn)，輸出需要13個(gè)接點(diǎn)），綜合考慮本次設(shè)計(jì)，選用s7-300plc供此次設(shè)計(jì)使用。
（1）西門子300 PLC簡介
300系列的產(chǎn)品采用的是模塊化的設(shè)計(jì)，使用人員可以根據(jù)個(gè)人設(shè)計(jì)的實(shí)際需求進(jìn)行個(gè)性化的選擇，可以滿足不同場合下的應(yīng)用，模塊化的設(shè)計(jì)同時(shí)方便的用戶的設(shè)計(jì)，維修和安裝，如圖2-2，是300PLC的集成圖
圖2-2 300PLC集成圖
（2）300PLC電源選型
圖2-3 300PLC電源
本次設(shè)計(jì)選用的電源模塊是PS307電源模塊，選用次電源對CPU，I/O模塊，檢測開關(guān)等敏感元件進(jìn)行供電。
所選的電源模塊可以將220V電壓，轉(zhuǎn)換成24V電壓。
（3）300PLCCPU選型
圖2-4 300PLCCPU
所選的PLC的CPU為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)型，型號為CPU315-2DP，其功能參數(shù)如表2-5：
表2-5 CPU參數(shù)
（4）信號模塊選型
設(shè)計(jì)選用了兩個(gè)數(shù)字量輸入SM321與兩個(gè)數(shù)字量輸出SM322模塊，關(guān)于其具體的參數(shù)數(shù)據(jù)如下表2-6，2-7：
表2-6 SM321輸入模塊
表2-7 SM322輸出模塊
第3章
第3章
3系統(tǒng)的軟件設(shè)計(jì)
3.1PLC軟件設(shè)計(jì)要求
此次設(shè)計(jì)的電控系統(tǒng)，不僅要實(shí)現(xiàn)自動化控制，還需要具有手動，遠(yuǎn)程等操控手段。
手動控制時(shí)，要求在控制柜中進(jìn)行操作，按下按鈕時(shí)啟動相應(yīng)的電機(jī)，用以調(diào)試編程與維修操作。
自動控制時(shí)設(shè)備按照預(yù)先設(shè)定的程序進(jìn)行順序啟動，順序停止。
1.聯(lián)鎖模式實(shí)現(xiàn)皮帶啟動時(shí)，系統(tǒng)也隨之其的啟動，減少啟動操作。
2.手動模式需要將開關(guān)打在手動放向，才可以進(jìn)行手動操作，手動操作時(shí)，與自動運(yùn)行互鎖，兩者互不干擾。
手動時(shí)，按下按鈕設(shè)備逐一啟動，即初級采機(jī)——>初級給料機(jī)——>次級給料機(jī)—— >破碎機(jī)——>樣品收集器——>斗式提升機(jī)。
3. 自動控制時(shí)，控制開關(guān)需打到自動擋，之后才可進(jìn)行自動化操作。自動模式下，電機(jī)啟動按從后往前的順序啟動，停止時(shí)按照從前往后的順序停止。
4. 自動模式下當(dāng)接收到停止或設(shè)定采樣時(shí)間到達(dá)后，系統(tǒng)逐一停止電機(jī)。
3.2接線圖
本次設(shè)計(jì)的圖有電機(jī)配電圖，PLC端子接線圖。端子接線圖主要包括兩個(gè)SM321輸入模塊與兩個(gè)SM322輸出模塊的接線圖。設(shè)計(jì)采用三相四線電對所需電機(jī)進(jìn)行供電。
圖3-1 配電圖1
圖3-2 配電圖2
圖3-3 sn321模塊1
圖3-4 sm321模塊2
圖3-5 sm322模塊1
圖3-6 sm322模塊2
3.3符號表
表3-7系統(tǒng)符號表
3.4梯形圖
參考文獻(xiàn)
參考文獻(xiàn)
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設(shè)計(jì)（論文）題目：
煤料皮帶運(yùn)輸中部采樣系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)
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4．任務(wù)書內(nèi)有關(guān)“學(xué)院”、“專業(yè)”等名稱的填寫，應(yīng)寫中文全稱，不能寫數(shù)字代碼。學(xué)生的“學(xué)號”要寫全號，不能只寫最后2位或1位數(shù)字。
5．任務(wù)書內(nèi)“主要參考文獻(xiàn)”的填寫，應(yīng)按照《金陵科技學(xué)院本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）撰寫規(guī)范》的要求書寫。
?6．有關(guān)年月日等日期的填寫，應(yīng)當(dāng)按照國標(biāo)GB/T 7408—94《數(shù)據(jù)元和交換格式、信息交換、日期和時(shí)間表示法》規(guī)定的要求，一律用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字書寫。如“2002年4月2日”或“2002-04-02”。
畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)（論 文）任 務(wù) 書
1．本畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）課題應(yīng)達(dá)到的目的：
? 通過畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)初步掌握系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)方法和步驟。同時(shí)學(xué)習(xí)新的知識運(yùn)用到設(shè)計(jì)中去，并提高分析解決問題的能力。
2．本畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）課題任務(wù)的內(nèi)容和要求（包括原始數(shù)據(jù)、技術(shù)要求、工作要求等）：
?
在掌握皮帶中部受控對象、主令設(shè)備及控制邏輯等基礎(chǔ)上，設(shè)計(jì)出使用可靠的以PLC為中心的皮帶中部采樣電控系統(tǒng)。
畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)（論 文）任 務(wù) 書
3．對本畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）課題成果的要求〔包括圖表、實(shí)物等硬件要求〕：
一、系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)總圖及主要部件圖。
二、設(shè)計(jì)說明書一份。
三、英文資料翻譯。
4．主要參考文獻(xiàn)：
[1]陳建俊.電機(jī)與電氣控制.北京：北京交通大學(xué)出版社，2004
[2]牛永奎,冷芳.傳感器與應(yīng)用.北京：清華大學(xué)出版社，2007
[3]朱梅,朱光力.液壓與氣動技術(shù).西安電子科技大學(xué)出版社,2007
[4]耿文學(xué),華容扁.微機(jī)可編程序控制器原理、使用及應(yīng)用實(shí)例.北京：電子工業(yè)出版社，1990
[5]汪曉光.可編程序控制器原理及應(yīng)用.北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，1994
[6]常斗南,李全利,張學(xué)武.可編程控制器【原理◎應(yīng)用◎?qū)嶒?yàn)】.北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，1999年
[7]工程材料實(shí)用手冊，手冊編委會，中國標(biāo)準(zhǔn)出版社，1988年。
[8]新編實(shí)用材料手冊，藤志斌，山東科學(xué)出版社，1994年。
[9]航空材料手冊(中譯本)，耐熱鋼及合金，BNAM, 1975年
[10]回火溫度對2Crl3等鋼性能的影響，新都機(jī)械廠，1983年。
[11]鏈傳動，鄭志峰 王義行 柴邦衡 編著，機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，1986年
[12]機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊，徐擷主編，機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，1992年.
[13]機(jī)械零件，濮良貴主編，高等教育出版社，1986年。
[14]理論力學(xué)，哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué)理論力學(xué)教研室編，高等教育出版社，1986年。?????????????????????????????????????????????????
[15]孫可文.帶式輸送機(jī)的傳動理論及設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算
畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)（論 文）任 務(wù) 書
5．本畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）課題工作進(jìn)度計(jì)劃：
20xx.12.16-20xx.1.10 領(lǐng)任務(wù)書、開題
20xx.2.25-2.16.3.9 畢業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)調(diào)研，完成開題報(bào)告、中英文翻譯、論文大綱
20xx.3.19-20xx.4.25 提交論文草稿，4月中旬中期檢查
20xx.4.26-20xx.5.6 提交論文定稿
20xx.5.6-20xx.5.13 準(zhǔn)備答辯
20xx.5.13-20xx.5.26 答辯，成績評定，修改完成最終稿
所在專業(yè)審查意見：
?通過?
負(fù)責(zé)人： ??????????? ? 年??? ?月??? ?日
畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)（論 文）外 文 參 考 資 料 及 譯 文
設(shè)計(jì)(論文)題目： 煤料皮帶運(yùn)輸中部采樣系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)
學(xué)生姓名： 學(xué) 號：
專 業(yè)：
所在學(xué)院：
指導(dǎo)教師：
職 稱：
20xx年 2月 27日
PLC technique discussion and future development
With the development of science and technology, the belt middle sampling system has been widely used in power plants, steel mills, coal mine with coal as energy and minerals, food and other industries, and has broad application prospects. The middle and the head belt middle sampling system is suitable for the coal conveyer belt system of sampling and sample preparation.
The people see in produce practice, automate brought the tremendous convenience and the product quantities for people up of assurance, also eased the personnel's labor strength, reduce the establishment on the personnel. The target control of the hard realization in many complicated production lines, whole and excellent turn, the best decision etc., well-trained operation work, technical personnel or expert, governor but can judge and operate easily, can acquire the satisfied result. The research target of the artificial intelligence makes use of the calculator exactly to carry out, imitate these intelligences behavior, moderating the work through person's brain and calculators, with the mode that person's machine combine, for resolve the very complicated problem to look for the best path.
We come in sight of the control that links after the electric appliances in various situation, that is already the that time generation past, now of after use in the mold a perhaps simple equipments of grass-roots control that the electric appliances can do for the low level only; And the PLC emergence also became the epoch-making topic, adding the vivid software control through a very and stable hardware, making the automation head for the new high tide.
The PLC biggest characteristics lie in: The electrical engineering teacher already no longer electric hardware up too many calculations of cost, as long as order the importation that the buttonswitch or the importation of the sensors order to link the PLC up can solve problem, pass to output to order the conjunction contact machine or control the start equipments of the big power after the electric appliances, but the exportation equipments direct conjunction of the small power can.
PLC internal containment have the CPU of the CPU, and take to have an I/ O for expand of exterior to connect a people's address and saving machine three big pieces to constitute, CPU core is from an or many is tired to add the machine to constitute, mathematics that they have the logic operation ability, and can read the procedure save the contents of the machine to drive the homologous saving machine and I/ Os to connect after pass the calculation; The I/ O add inner part is tired the input and output system of the machine and exterior link, and deposit the related data into the procedure saving machine or data saving machine; The saving machine can deposit the data that the I/ O input in the saving machine, and in work adjusting to become tired to add the machine and I/ Os to connect, saving machine separately saving machine RAM of the procedure saving machine ROM and dates, the ROM can do deposit of the data permanence in the saving machine, but RAM only for the CPU computes the temporary calculation usage of hour of buffer space.
The PLC anti- interference is very and excellent, our root need not concern its service life and the work situation bad, these all problems have already no longer become the topic that we fail, but stay to our is a concern to come to internal resources of make use of the PLC to strengthen the control ability of the equipments for us, make our equipments more gentle.
PLC language is not we imagine of edit collected materials the language or language of Cs to carry on weaving the distance, but the trapezoid diagram that the adoption is original after the electric appliances to control, make the electrical engineering teacher while weaving to write the procedure very easy comprehended the PLC language, and a lot of non- electricity professional also very quickly know and go deep into to the PLC.
Is PLC one of the advantage above and only, this is also one part that the peoplecomprehend more and easily, in a lot of equipments, the people have already no longer hoped to see too many control buttons, they damage not only and easily and produce the artificial error easiest, small is not a main error perhaps you can still accept; But lead even is a fatal error greatly is what we can't is tolerant of. New technique always for bringing more safe and convenient operation for us, make we a lot of problems for face on sweep but light, do you understand the HMI? Says the HMI here you basically not clear what it is, also have no interest understanding, change one inside text explains it into the touch to hold or man-machine interface you knew, and it combines with the PLC to our larger space.
HMI the control not only is reduced the control press button, increase the vivid of the control, more main of it is can sequence of, and at can the change data input to output the feedback with data, control in the temperature curve of imitate but also can keep the manifestation of view to come out. And can write the function help procedure through a plait to provide the help of various what lies in one's power, the one who make operate reduces the otiose error. Currently the HMI factory is also more and more, the function is also more and more strong, the price is also more and more low, and the noodles of the usage are wide more and more. The HMI foreground can be thinked well.
At a lot of situations, the list is a smooth movement that can't guarantee the equipments by the control of the single machine, but pass the information exchanges of the equipments and equipments to attain the result that we want. For example fore pack and the examination of the empress work preface, we will arrive wrapping information feedback to examine the place, and examine the information of the place to also want the feedback to packing. Pass the information share thus to make both the chain connect, becoming a total body, the match of your that thus make is more close, at each other attain to reflect the result that mutually flick.
The PLC correspondence has already come more body now its value, at the PLC and correspondence between PLCs, can pass the communication of the information and the share of the dates to guarantee that of the equipments moderates mutually, theresult that arrive already to repair with each other. Data conversion the adoption RS232 between PLC connect to come to the transmission data, but the RS232 pick up a people and can guarantee 10 meters only of deliver the distance, if in the distance of 1000 meters we can pass the RS485 to carry on the correspondence, the longer distance can pass the MODEL only to carry on deliver.
The PLC data transmission is just to be called a form to it in a piece of and continuous address that the data of the inner part delivers the other party, we, the PLC of the other party passes to read data in the watch to carry on the operation. If the data that data in the watch is a to establish generally, that is just the general data transmission, for example today of oil price rise, I want to deliver the price of the oil price to lose the oil ally on board, that is the share of the data; But take data in the watch for an instruction procedure that controls the PLC, that had the difficulty very much, for example you have to control one pedestal robot to press the action work that you imagine, you will draw up for it the form that a procedure combine with the data sends out to pass by.
The form that information transport contain single work, the half a work and the difference of a workers .The meaning of the single work also is to say both, a can send out only, but a can receive only, for example a spy he can receive the designation of the superior only, but can't give the superior reply; A work of half is also 2 and can send out similar to accept the data, but can't send out and accept at the same time, for example when you make a phone call is to can't answer the phone, the other party also; But whole pair works is both can send out and accept the data, and can send out and accept at the same time. Be like the Internet is a typical example.
The process that information transport also has synchronous and different step cent: The data line and the clock lines are synchronous when synchronous meaning lie in sending out the data, is also the data signal and the clock signals to be carry on by the CPU to send out at the same time, this needs to all want the specialized clock signal each other to carry on the transmission and connect to send, and is constrained, the characteristics of this kind of method lies in its speed very quick, but correspondwork time of take up the CPU and also want to be long oppositely, at the same time the technique difficulty also very big. Its request lies in canting have an error margins in a dates deliver, otherwise the whole piece according to compare the occurrence mistake, this on the hardware is a bigger difficulty. Applied more and more extensive in some appropriative equipments, be like the appropriative medical treatment equipments, the numerical signal equipments...etc., in compare the one data deliver, its result is very good.
And the different step is an application the most extensive, this receive benefit in it of technique difficulty is opposite and want to be small, at the same time not need to prepare the specialized clock signal, its characteristics to lie in, its data is partition, the long-lost send out and accept, be the CPU is too busy of time can grind to a stop sex to work, also reduced the difficulty on the hardware, the data throw to lose at the same time opposite want to be little, we can pass the examination of the data to observe whether the data that we send out has the mistake or not, be like strange accidentally the method, tired addition and eight efficacies method etc., can use to helps whether the data that we examine to send out have or not the mistake occurrence, pass the feedback to carry on the discriminator.
A line of transmission of the information contains a string of and combine the cent of: The usual PLC is 8 machines, certainly also having 16 machines. We can be an at the time of sending out the data a send out to the other party, also can be 88 send out the data to the other party, an and 8 differentiations are also the as that we say to send out the data and combine sends out the data. A speed is more and slowly, but as long as 2 or three lines can solve problem, and can use the telephone line to carry on the long range control. But combine the ocular transmission speed is very quick of, it is a string of ocular of 25600%, occupy the advantage in the short distance, the in view of the fact TTL electricity is even, being limited by the scope of one meter generally, it combine unwell used for the data transmission of the long pull, thus the cost is too expensive.
Under a lot of circumstances we are total to like to adopt the string to combine the conversion chip to carry on deliver, under this kind of circumstance not need us to carry on to deposited the machine to establish too and complicatedly, but carry on the data exchanges through the data transmission instruction directly, but is not a very viable way in the correspondence, because the PLC of the other party must has been wait for your data exportation at the time of sending out the data, it can't do other works.
The conversion chip to carry on deliver, under this kind of circumstance not need us to carry on todeposited the machine to establish too and complicatedly, but carry on the data exchanges through the data transmission instruction directly, but is not a very viable way in the correspondence, because the PLC of the other party must has been wait for your data exportation at the time of sending out the data, it can't do other works.
When you are reading the book, you hear someone knock on door, you stop to start up of affair, open the door and combine to continue with the one who knock on door a dialogue, the telephone of this time rang, you signal hint to connect a telephone, after connecting the telephone through, return overdo come together knock on door to have a conversation, after dialogue complete, you continue again to see your book, this kind of circumstance we are called the interruption to it, it has the authority, also having sex of have the initiative, the PLC had such function .Its characteristics lie in us and may meet the urgently abrupt affairs in the operation process of the equipments, we want to stop to start immediately up of work, the whereabouts manages the more important affair, this kind of circumstance is we usually meet of, PLC while carry out urgent mission, total will keep the current appearance first, for example the address of the procedure, CPU of tired add the machine data etc., be like to stick down which the book that we see is when we open the door the page or simply make a mark, becausewe treat and would still need to continue immediately after book of see the behind. The CPU always does the affair that should do according to our will, but your mistake of give it an affair, it also would be same to do, this we must notice.
The interruption is not only a, sometimes existing jointly with the hour several inside break, break off to have the preferred Class, they will carry out the interruption of the higher Class according to person's request. This kind of breaks off the medium interruption to also became to break off the set. The Class that certainly break off is relevant according to various resources of CPU with internal PLC, also following a heap of capacity size of also relevant fasten.
The contents that break off has a lot of kinds, for example the exterior break off,correspondence in of send out and accept the interruption and settle and the clock that count break off, still have the WDT to reset the interruption etc., they enriched the CPU to respond to the category while handle various business. Speak thus perhaps you can't comprehend the internal structure and operation orders of the interruption completely also, we do a very small example to explain.
Each equipment always will not forget a button, it also is at we meet the urgent circumstance use of, which is nasty to stop the button. When we meet the Human body trouble and surprised circumstances we as long as press it, the machine stops all operations immediately, and wait for processing the over surprised empress recover the operation again. Nasty stop the internal I/ O of the internal CPU of the button conjunction PLC to connect up, be to press button an exterior to trigger signal for CPU, the CPU carries on to the I/ O to examine again, being to confirm to have the exterior to trigger the signal, CPU protection the spot breaks off procedure counts the machine turn the homologous exterior I/ O automatically in the procedure to go to also, be exterior interruption procedure processing complete, the procedure counts the machine to return the main procedure to continue to work. Have 1:00 can what to explain is we generally would nasty stop the button of exterior break off to rise to the tallest Class, thus guarantee the safety.
When we are work a work piece, giving the PLC a signal, counting PLC inner part the machine add 1 to compute us for a day of workload, a count the machine and can solve problem in brief, certainly they also can keep the data under the condition of dropping the electricity, urging the data not to throw to lose, this is also what we hope earnestly.
The PLC still has the function that the high class counts the machine, being us while accept some dates of high speed, the high speed that here say is the data of the in all aspects tiny second class, for example the bar code scanner is scanning the data continuously, calculating high-speed signal of the data processor DSP etc., we will adopt the high class to count the machine to help we carry on count. It at the PLC carries out the procedure once discover that the high class counts the machine toshould of interruption, will let go of the work on the hand immediately. The trapezoid diagram procedure that passes by to weave the distance again explains the high class for us to carry out procedure to count machine would automatic performance to should of work, thus rise the Class that the high class counts the machine to high one Class.
The PLC development has already entered for network ages of correspondence from the mode of the one, and together other works control the net plank and I/ O card planks to carry on the share easily. A state software can pass all se hardwires link, more animation picture of keep the view to carries on the control, and cans pass the Internet to carry on the control in the foreign land, the blast-off that is like the absolute being boat No.5 is to adopt this kind of way to make airship go up the sky. The development of the higher layer needs our continuous effort to obtain. The PLC emergence has already affected a few persons fully, we also obtained more knowledge and precepts from the top one experience of the generation, coming to the continuous development PLC technique, push it toward higher wave tide.
可編程控制器技術(shù)討論與未來發(fā)展
隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展，皮帶中部采樣系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)廣泛應(yīng)用于電廠、鋼廠、煤礦等以煤為能源以及礦石、糧食等各個(gè)行業(yè)，并且擁有廣闊的應(yīng)用前景。皮帶中部采樣系統(tǒng)適用于皮帶輸煤系統(tǒng)的中部及頭部采樣、制樣。
人們在生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐中看到,自動化給人們帶來了極大的便利和產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量上的保證,同時(shí)也減輕了人員的勞動強(qiáng)度,減少了人員上的編制.在許多復(fù)雜的生產(chǎn)過程中難以實(shí)現(xiàn)的目標(biāo)控制、整體優(yōu)化、最佳決策等,熟練的操作工、技術(shù)人員或?qū)＜摇⒐芾碚邊s能夠容易判斷和操作,可以獲得滿意的效果.人工智能的研究目標(biāo)正是利用計(jì)算機(jī)來實(shí)現(xiàn)、模擬這些智能行為,通過人腦與計(jì)算機(jī)協(xié)調(diào)工作,以人機(jī)結(jié)合的模式,為解決十分復(fù)雜的問題尋找最佳的途徑。
我們在各種場合看到了繼電器連接的控制，那已經(jīng)是時(shí)代的過去，如今的繼電器只能作為低端的基層控制模塊或者簡單的設(shè)備中使用到；而PLC的出現(xiàn)也成為了劃時(shí)代的主題，通過極其穩(wěn)定的硬件穿插靈活的軟件控制，使得自動化走向了新的高潮。
PLC的最大特點(diǎn)在于：電氣工程師已不再電氣的硬件上花費(fèi)太多的心計(jì)，只要將按鈕開關(guān)或感應(yīng)器的輸入點(diǎn)連接到PLC的輸入點(diǎn)上就能解決問題，通過輸出點(diǎn)連接接觸器或繼電器來控制大功率的啟動設(shè)備，而小功率的輸出設(shè)備直接連接就可以。
PLC的內(nèi)部包含了具有中央處理器的CPU，并帶有外部I/O口擴(kuò)展的I/O接口地址和存儲器三大塊組成，CPU的核心是由一個(gè)或者多個(gè)累加器組成，它們具有邏輯的數(shù)學(xué)運(yùn)算能力，并能讀取程序存儲器的內(nèi)容通過計(jì)算后去驅(qū)動相應(yīng)的存儲器和I/O接口；I/O口將內(nèi)部累加器和外部的輸入和輸出系統(tǒng)連接起來，并將相關(guān)的數(shù)據(jù)存入程序存儲器或者數(shù)據(jù)存儲器中；存儲器可以將I/O口輸入的數(shù)據(jù)存入存儲器中，并在工作時(shí)調(diào)轉(zhuǎn)到累加器和I/O接口上，存儲器分程序存儲器ROM和數(shù)據(jù)存儲器RAM,ROM可以將數(shù)據(jù)永久的存入存儲器中，而RAM只能作為CPU計(jì)算時(shí)臨時(shí)計(jì)算使用的緩沖空間。
PLC的抗干擾是極其優(yōu)秀的，我們根本不用去關(guān)心它的使用壽命和工作場合的惡劣，這些所有的問題已不再成為我們失敗的主題，而留給我們的是關(guān)心如何來利用PLC的內(nèi)部資源為我們加強(qiáng)設(shè)備的控制能力，使我們的設(shè)備更加的柔性。
PLC的語言并不是我們所想象的匯編語言或C語言來進(jìn)行編程，而是采用原有的繼電器控制的梯形圖，使得電氣工程師在編寫程序時(shí)很容易就理解了PLC的語言，而且很多的非電氣專業(yè)人士也對PLC很快認(rèn)識并深入。
以上僅僅是PLC的優(yōu)點(diǎn)之一，這也是人們比較容易理解的一部分，在很多的設(shè)備中，人們已不再希望看到太多的控制按鈕，它們不但容易損壞而且極易產(chǎn)生人為的失誤，小的并不是主要的失誤也許你還能夠接受；但過大的甚至是致命的失誤是我們無法容忍的。新的技術(shù)總是為了給我們帶來更安全和便捷的操作，使得我們面臨的一大堆問題一掃而光，你有了解過HMI嗎？這里說HMI你根本不清楚它是什么，也沒有興趣了解，換一個(gè)中文把它說明為觸摸屏或者人機(jī)界面你就知道了，它和PLC的結(jié)合給了我們更大的空間。
HMI控制不僅僅是減少了控制按鈕，增加控制的靈活性，更主要的它是可順序性的，而且在能夠改變數(shù)據(jù)輸入和數(shù)據(jù)輸出反饋，在溫度控制曲線的模擬也能直觀的顯示出來。并且能夠通過編寫功能幫助程序來提供各種力所能及的幫助，使得操作者減少不必要的失誤。HMI的廠商目前也越來越多，功能也越來越強(qiáng)，價(jià)格也越來越低，使用的面越來越廣。HMI的前景可以說十分的被看好。
在很多場合，單靠單機(jī)的控制是無法保證設(shè)備的順暢運(yùn)行，而通過設(shè)備與設(shè)備的信息交流達(dá)到我們想要的效果。比如在前包裝和后工序的檢測，我們就要將包裝的信息反饋到檢測處，而檢測處的信息也要反饋到包裝來。這樣通過信息共享來使得兩者之間鏈接起來，形成一個(gè)共體，從而使的兩者間的配合更加的緊密，在彼此間達(dá)到映影相揮的效果。
PLC的通信已經(jīng)愈來愈體現(xiàn)它的價(jià)值，在PLC與PLC之間的通信，能夠通過信息的溝通和數(shù)據(jù)的共享來保證設(shè)備之間的相互協(xié)調(diào)，已達(dá)到互補(bǔ)的效果。PLC之間的數(shù)據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)換采用RS232接口來傳送數(shù)據(jù)，而RS232接口只能保證10米的傳輸距離，如果在1000米的距離內(nèi)我們可以通過RS485來進(jìn)行通信，更長的距離只能通過MODEL來進(jìn)行傳輸。
PLC的數(shù)據(jù)傳送只是將內(nèi)部的數(shù)據(jù)傳送到對方的一塊連續(xù)的地址中，我們把它稱為一個(gè)表，對方的PLC通過讀取表中的數(shù)據(jù)來進(jìn)行操作。如果表中的數(shù)據(jù)是一個(gè)一般設(shè)置的數(shù)據(jù)的話，那只是一般的數(shù)據(jù)傳送，比如今天的油價(jià)上升了，我要把油價(jià)的價(jià)格傳送到所有的輸油機(jī)上，那就是數(shù)據(jù)的共享；而當(dāng)表中的數(shù)據(jù)是一段控制PLC的指令程序，那就很有難度了，比如你要控制一臺機(jī)器人來按你想象的動作工作，你會給它編制一段程序并以數(shù)據(jù)的形式發(fā)送過去。
信息輸送的形式有單工位、半雙工位和全雙工位的分別。單工位的意義也就是說兩者之間，一個(gè)只能發(fā)送，而一個(gè)只能接收，比如一個(gè)特務(wù)他只能接收上司的指示，而無法給上司回復(fù)；半雙工位也就是兩個(gè)能都能發(fā)送和接受數(shù)據(jù)，但不能同時(shí)發(fā)送和接受，比如你打電話時(shí)是不能接電話,對方也一樣；而全雙工位是兩者之間都能發(fā)送和接受數(shù)據(jù)，并可同時(shí)發(fā)送和接受。像互聯(lián)網(wǎng)就是典型的例子。
信息輸送的過程也有同步和異步之分：同步的意義在于發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù)時(shí)數(shù)據(jù)線和時(shí)鐘線是同步的，也就是數(shù)據(jù)信號和時(shí)鐘信號同時(shí)由CPU進(jìn)行發(fā)送，這需要彼此都要專門的時(shí)鐘信號來進(jìn)行傳送和接送，并且是強(qiáng)制性的，這種方法